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Please click the advertC# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language Contents Designed for high-achieving graduates across all disciplines, London Business School’s Masters in Ma

Poul Klausen

C# 1

Introduction to programming and the C# language

C# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language

© 2012 Poul Klausen & bookboon.com (Ventus Publishing ApS)

ISBN 978-87-403-0250-9

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C# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language Foreword

Foreword

his book is the irst in a series of books on sotware development for the NET platform he programming

language is C#, and although the books thus focuses on the language C# and the selected platform, then programming in general play a large role, and the books has also focused on concepts such as algorithms,

design and program quality I have sought that each book must be read independent of each other, but the current book or similar substance may be regarded as a prerequisite for the subsequent, and that applies to some extent also C# 2

he books is aimed at anyone who wants to deal with programming and the NET platform, but because

of selection of the examples the books are primarily intended as either teaching or supplemental materials

in higher education he books are not directed at any particular education, but it can be used in all courses which include courses in programming Finally, the books could be used by professional sotware

developers either as inspiration or as a reference regarding speciic technologies

he books have a practical purpose, so that the primary goal is to show how to do Of course there are also more theoretical explanations, but I have tried to minimize the theoretical material in order to quickly

reach what you need to write a program Most of the material is presented through a large number of examples and the explanations, which are associated therewith, and the books are largely divided into corresponding to these examples All examples have a bland name, that is name of the project for which they were created during the development tool, but in the book each example has a subtitle in the form

of a word or phrase which briely explains what the example shows, explains or deals with here are references to these titles in the table of content

All examples are developed using Visual Studio, but the tool is only considered to the extent necessary to

be able to write programs using Visual Studio Although the books may well be read with proit, if you use another development tool I would recommend that you have Visual Studio available All the books examples are as complete Visual Studio projects for download from publisher’s website he projects related to a speciic book are downloaded together as a zip ile

he current book is, as the title suggests, an introduction to programming and the language C# he book requires no special assumptions of the reader and is aimed at anyone who wants or needs to learn about programming It is thus not a prerequisite that the reader has knowledge of programming, but only

that the reader is interested in programming and would have Visual Studio installed on his computer All the book’s examples are written using Visual Studio 11 beta

he aim of the book is the language and programming in general and to consider the basics and what

is necessary knowledge for being able to write programs herefore, all examples are simple console programs When you have to give an introduction to programming, you can choose

C# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language Foreword

• only to look at console programs as a way to keep focus on the basics regarding substance of programming and the language

• quickly to introduce the necessary to be able to write programs with a graphical user interface and thus to arrive quickly to write more interesting and realistic programs

I chose the irst way because the other has a tendency to obscure the basic and almost drown all the basic ingredients in the incredible number of concepts and details related to the development of a program with a graphical user interface It is simply my experience that it is the right way, and what it takes to write Windows programs has got its own book he price is that the examples in this book seems a little boring – depending on the eye of the beholder You have to start somewhere, and I would recommend that you have the basics in place before tackling the more advanced topics It should be added that you can easily work with the material in C# 3 ater reading this book Parts 1 and 2

he book is divided into 5 parts:

• he irst part is a brief introduction to programming and C# he goal is to introduce all the basic concepts without taking every detail Stated slightly diferently, the goal is that ater part

1 you should be in a position to be able to write simple console programs

• Part 2 deals with object oriented programming which masks the way to program today and the concepts associated with them he substance of part 2 must be regarded as basic knowledge which should be in place, before you are able to develop complete applications in practice

• Part 3 deals with collection classes that are part of every modern language he book has only

at a limited extent focus on the individual classes implementation, including the advantages and

disadvantages, but focuses instead on how the classes are used For a more detailed discussion

of the classes characteristics, see C# 7

• he book’s fourth part deals with iles Files do not play the same role in practice programming

as before, yet there are situations where it is necessary to work with iles he book focuses primarily on the treatment of text iles and object serialization If a program needs to deal with major external data volumes, it will in practice always be in the form of databases, and here refers to C# 4

• Finally I am closing the book with part 5 as two slightly larger examples Part 5 illustrates not new substances, and in order to continue reading the other books you can very well skip this part he goal is to show the many concepts that are discussed in the book, in a slightly larger context, while also showing a little bit about how to work with application development in a larger perspective and in relation to issues that are more complex than it is in the book’s other examples

Poul Klausen

C# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language Part 1 Introduction to C

As mentioned above, you write a program as a text document (in practice several or many) and the program is thus a simply document with commands Commands are also called statements Because these commands or statements are just text, the machine can not immediately execute the commands, but they must irst be translated into an internal format that the computer understands his process is called translation or compilation and executed by a program that can convert statements written in a particular programming language for the computer’s internal commands he program is usually called

a compiler During the translation the program is controlled for errors, and if there are errors, you get

an error message and the error must be corrected before the program is translated anew Not all errors are found during compilation, but only syntax errors that are errors where a statement is not written in accordance with the programming language rules A compiled program can easily contain other errors, for example a wrong calculation

To write a program, you naturally have to learn the programming language chosen, but you also must learn how to solve a task and formulate your solution using the language’s statements It is the latter that

is the hardest, and there is rarely a unique solution Solving a problem and formulating your solution by using a program language is also called writing an algorithm Programming is therefore largely a matter

of writing algorithms, something which I will return to repeatedly

When you have to write a program, you need a tool that can be used for entering the program code, and in principle one could do that with Notepad and the compiler, but in practice you will always use a speciic development tool, because it makes the job much easier In the following I will use throughout Visual Studio, that is Microsot’s general development tool for a wide variety of tasks, including writing code in C# It is an integrated package that contains all the tools necessary for the development of a number of diferent program types

C# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language Introduction

1 Introduction

C# is an object-oriented programming language he fundamental architectural element of a program is

a class, and from a programmer’s perspective is a C# program a family of classes, that collectively deine all the application’s properties and functionality Writing a program is thus to deine – design – and write the code for the program’s classes Nothing in C# exists outside a class A program will also operate by many other classes that are not written by the programmer, but classes that are coming from the NET framework, and thus is available to the programmer as inished components

One of the program’s classes have a special role as the program’s “entry point” and the place where the program starts, and this class must be written with a particular naming scheme, but it is almost the only formal requirements for the architecture of a C# program

Exam01

Hello World

A good place to start with a new programming language is the classic Hello World program that just prints

a text on the screen his program has become a mandatory part of any exposition of a programming language he program can be written as follows:

If you run the program the result is:

he program runs in a command window (prompt), where it prints the text Hello World on the screen

he program is not doing much, but it is a full-ledged program

C# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language Introduction

How to

Open Visual Studio and choose File | New | Project from the menu:

Here you must be sure:

• that you have selected the language C#

• that you have selected the project type Console Application

• selecting the directory where to create the program iles (here F:\Home\Prog01)

• that you have typed the program name (above Exam01)

Now when you click OK, Visual Studio will create a skeleton for an application:

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C# 1 Introduction to programming and the C# language Introduction

static void Main(string[] args)

{

Console.WriteLine(“Hello World”);

}

hereater, the program is inished and can be tested From the menu you select

Debug | Start Without Debugging

Explanation

Note irst that C# is case-sensitive, so that everywhere you have to distinguish between uppercase letters and lowercase letters

Every C# program consists of at least one class, here called Program (the name chosen by Visual Studio)

A class consists of variables and methods In this case, the class has only one method called Main(), which

is the method called when the program starts A method consists of statements that can be perceived

as commands that are performed on the machine hat a method is called means that its statements are executed Note that the method Main() must be preceded by the word static he explanation of that comes later In this case, Main() has only a single statement, writing a text on the screen WriteLine() is actually a method in the class Console When the program runs, there is nothing else than the WriteLine statement in Main() which print a text on the screen

360°

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