Travel to Tallinn potx

Download free ebooks at bookboon.com5 A visit to Tallinn www.tourism.tallinn.ee www.visitestonia.com Tallinn is unique in Europe because of its medieval city centre.. The old Town Ha

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Download free ebooks at bookboon.com

Translation: Frances østerfelt

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ISBN 978-87-7061-411-5

2nd edition

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Stig Albeck.

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A visit to Tallinn

www.tourism.tallinn.ee

www.visitestonia.com

Tallinn is unique in Europe because of its medieval

city centre It has a special atmosphere created by

the many buildings dating back to the 15th and 16th

centuries when commerce brought great treasure to

the city

The old Town Hall, St Olai Church, which was once

the tallest building in the world, and the more than

2-kilometre-long preserved city walls are just some

of Tallinn’s many attractions The modern Tallinn,

with its parks, walking streets and shopping centres

lies just next to the old centre, and the short

distances can make an ordinary walk feel like

time-travel

During the centuries, many different peoples have

ruled in the Tallinn area, and there is a lot to see

from different eras The castles of the Teutonic

Order and magnificent Russian Baroque buildings

are found both in the city and along the coast of the

Finnish Bay

Have a Nice Trip!

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Historical Outline

Tallinn was mentioned first time in connection with

the Danish fleet’s landing near Lyndanisse June

1219 Led by King Valdemar II, Denmark won a

battle at Tallinn On this occasion, it is said, the

Danish flag, displaying a white cross on a red

background, fell from the sky and signalled a

reversal of fortune in favour of the Danes The

Danes built a fortress on Toompea Hill, and

Andreas Sunesen, Bishop of Lund, became the first

regent of Tallinn

In 1248, Erik IV gave Tallinn Lübeck city rights,

which helped forge the city’s commercial links with

the German cities on the Baltic Later in the 13th

century, Tallinn became a member of the Hanseatic

League

Tallinn’s attainment of city rights led to the

establishment of a local government in the small city,

which was strategically located in relation to the

trade between the German Hanse towns and Russia

In 1346, the Danish king sold Tallinn and the

northern part of Estonia to the Teutonic Knights,

whose governor moved in at Toompea Hill as

representative of the Livonian part of the Order

However, the local town government still continued

in its function It consisted of some of Tallinn’s

wealthiest people, including many merchants

During the following centuries, Tallinn continued to

progress The city had become a transit destination,

which created jobs and economic growth The

Danes destroyed one of Tallinn’s competitors, Visby

in Gothland, in 1361, which meant that Tallinn

became even more dominant in the area

The increasing population consisted mainly of people arriving from rural areas availing themselves

of job opportunities in workshops and with the many merchants With the addition of many new institutional buildings, such as the Town Hall and guild houses, the original 13th century town, grew beyond the old wall, which protected only a small area around the town hall square, and a new wall was built Following a large fire in 1433, a new wave

of expansion was initiated

The 15th century was Tallinn’s pinnacle as Hanse Town Henceforth it gradually lost its significance

During the Livonian war in 1558-1583, the Baltic Powers fought over the Estonian territory Tallinn became Swedish in 1561, and later defended itself against Russian invasion in 1557-1571 and in 1577 Sweden made Estonia a dominion with Tallinn as capital The city progressed quickly; a grammar school was established and books were printed in Estonian

Tallinn’s old part of town had survived the Livonian War with minimal damages, but the plague of 1602-

1603 and the great fire on Toompea Hill in 1684 slowed down the city’s development

The Great Nordic War in 1700-1721 was hard on Tallinn There was hunger and epidemics; in 1708-

1710 alone the population decreased from 10,000 to 2,000

In 1710, the Russian Army conquered the city, but the town government and rights were maintained until the 19th century, when a more comprehensive integration into the Russian empire began

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Russia was investing heavily in Tallinn Peter the

Great expanded the city’s harbour in 1714-1722, and

a shipyard was built In the 19th century, factories

were built in the city, and in 1870 the Baltic railroad

connecting Tallinn with St Petersburg was

established Tallinn bloomed economically and

culturally Several new theatres were built, and the

population increased from 44,000 to 160,000

between 1881 and 1917

The Estonian push for self-determination began

with the election of the first Estonian mayor of

Tallinn in 1906 At the beginning of 1918, when the

Russian Revolution had shaken the political

structure in Tallinn, Estonia declared its

independence, but was invaded by Germany shortly

after Following World War I, the Republic of

Estonia was established with Tallinn as capital

Lack of access to the Russian market had negative consequences for Tallinn’s economy Financial growth did not resume until the end of the 1930s, but in 1940 Estonia became the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic In the period 1941-1944 Tallinn was occupied by Germany, and many buildings were destroyed in the bombardments, but the old part of town escaped relatively unscathed

Until Estonia’s independence in 1991, the country was relatively wealthy Tallinn experienced an industrial boom when it was part of the Soviet Union, and the population increased to ca 500,000 The 1980 Moscow Olympics sailing competitions were held in the city During the last couple of decades, investment has increased again, and new glass and steel constructions have been built Large areas have been developed, with business centres, shops, hotels and other constructions creating a strong contrast to the Old City, which has remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages

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Tour 1: Tallinn

1 Town Hall square/Raekoja Plats

Raekoja Plats

Town Hall is the centre of the lower part of the Old

Town The cosy Town Hall Square is teeming with

life and, in the summer season, lots of pavement

cafés The Square has traditionally been Tallinn’s

market place, and it was also there that public

executions were performed

1b Town Hall Apothecary/Raeapteek

Raekoja Plats 11

Across from Tallinn’s Town Hall lies the Town-Hall

Apothecary, which is one of the oldest apothecaries

in the world still being used for its original purpose

It was mentioned for the first time in 1422

2 Church of the Holy Ghost/Püha Vaimu Kirik

Pühavaimu 2 www.eelk.ee/tallinna.puhavaimu

This church is the only surviving original church of its kind It was finished in its pure style in the 1360s; only the spire is of a later date

Much of the interior has been preserved, including Berndt Notke’s famous altar from 1483 and several Gothic woodcarvings The Church Bell is from 1433, which makes it the oldest church bell in Estonia, and the Tower Clock was the first public clock in Tallinn

In 1531, the Church of the Holy Ghost became part

of Estonian history when the first sermon in the Estonian language was held there

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3 Estonian Historical Museum – The

Great Guild Halll/Eesti Ajaloomuuseum

– Suurgildi hoone

Pikk 17

www.eam.ee

The Great Guild Hall was the second-largest secular

building in medieval Tallinn It was built in the years

1407-1417 by the influential merchant guild, the

Great Guild, whose members for centuries were

part of Tallinn’s political and financial elite The

house is preserved in its original state both inside

and outside, and today it houses the Estonian

Historical Museum, which covers Estonian history

from the earliest times to present-day

4 Knuds Gilde/Kanuti Gild

Pikk 20 www.saal.ee

Knud’s Guild was originally a religious society, which developed into a German guild for fine crafts Knud’s Guild was wealthy and it bought the two neighbouring houses as well In 1863-1864, the present house was built in English Tudor style

5 House of Blackheads/Mustpeade Maja

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Pikk 26

www.mustpeademaja.ee

The Blackheads was a brotherhood which prepared

its members for entrance into Tallinn’s wealthy and

influential merchant guild, the Great Guild House

of Blackheads is from the 14th century, but it has

since been rebuilt The facade is in Renaissance style

from 1597 with a beautiful door from 1640

6 St Nicholas’ Orthodox Church/Püha

Nikolai Imetegija kirik (ȄȓȞȘȜȐȪ

ǿȐȭȠȖȠȓșȭ ǻȖȘȜșȎȭ ȅȡȒȜȠȐȜȞȤȎ)

Vene 24

www.stnicolas.narod.ru

This Russian Orthodox Church is located in the

Russian district The name of the street is Vene,

which means “Russian Street” As early as the 12th

century, there was a Russian market place in this

street St Nicholas’ Orthodox Church was founded

in the 15th century, and the present Neo-Classicistic

building was built in 1822-1827 The church has

several altars and a beautiful iconostasis

7 Tallinn City Museum Linnamuuseum

Vene 17 www.linnamuuseum.ee

Tallinn City Museum is located in a medieval grocer’s shop It depicts Tallinn’s history from the 13th century to present-day

The museum has some interesting permanent exhibitions on Tallinn in the Middle Ages, with many preserved artefacts There are also exhibitions focusing on themes from later centuries The City museum is an excellent background introduction to present-day Tallinn

8.The Roman-Catholic Church/Rooma Katoliku Kirik

Vene 18 www.katoliku.ee

This church is also called Church of Peter and Paul

It was built as a Catholic church in 1844 on the spot where the 13th century Dominican Monastery’s dining hall had been The building style of the church is unique in Tallinn

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9 Dominican Monastery Museum/Dominiiklaste Kloostri Muuseum

Vene 16 www.kloostri.ee www.mauritanum.edu.ee

Tallinn Dominican Monastery is the oldest in the city It was founded in 1246, which also makes it Tallinn’s oldest preserved building The east wing, Institutum Mauritanum, (Müürivahe 33), still has its original interior There is a library, a dormitory and a chapel

After the Reformation in 1525, the monastery was closed and the buildings gradually decayed and became ruinous Today, the area is a museum, and the old walls and the cloister Garth are some of the most atmospheric places in the city

10 Katarina (St Catherine) Passage/Katariina Käik

Vene 12/Müürivahe

The atmospheric medieval Katarina Passage goes through a mixed residential area with craft workshops located in buildings from the 15th-17th centuries In the season artists can be seen at work there

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11 The Viru Gate Tallinn/Viru Värav

Viru

The Viru Gate was the east entrance in Tallinn’s

defence wall The two beautiful towers flanking the

gate on each side of the road were built in

1345-1355 The gate is a good example of the fortress-like

entrance often found in medieval city walls

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Kino Sõprus opened in 1955 and the style is typical

of that period: a grand construction with a row of

columns at the entrance The cinema was meant to

be seen as a cultural palace for the people

13 St Michael’s Church/Rootsi-Mihkli

Kirik

Rüütsi 9

www.stmikael.ee

In the years 1526-1531, Tallinn’s Poorhouse was

built After the Great Nordic War, the building was

given to the city’s Swedish parishioners, who

converted it into a church in 1733 During Estonia’s

time as a Soviet Republic, the church was used as a

sports facility, but it was later restored and reopened

as a Swedish church in 2002

14 St Nikolai (St Nicholas)

Church/Niguliste Kirik

Niguliste 3 www.ekm.ee

Sankt Nikolai Church from the 13th century is one

of Tallinn’s large medieval buildings It was built by German merchants from Gothland The church was saved from being destroyed during the Reformation because the priest blocked the doors so the mob couldn’t get in The High Altar was made in Lübeck

in 1482, and it is adorned by images of St Nikolai

The church building was destroyed during World War II, and again by a fire in 1982, but on both occasions it was beautifully restored Today, it houses a part of the Estonian Museum of Art (Eesti Kunstimuuseum) The museum exhibits church architecture, and because of the excellent acoustics, concerts are regularly held there

15 Adamson-Eric Ericu-muuseum

Museum/Adamson-Lühike Jalg 3 www.ekm.ee

Adamson-Eric was one of Estonia’s greatest and most versatile 20th century artists His primary art form was painting, but he also designed jewellery and furniture

The Museum building is a medieval house that has been rebuilt several times During the centuries, it has been used as workshop and as an ordinary residence The museum itself was founded in 1984 when several works by Adamson-Eric were donated

by his widow

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16 The Danish King’s Garden/Taani

Kuninga Aed

Lühike jalg 9A

According to legend, the army of the Danish King

was losing a battle in Estonia on 15 June 1219, when

suddenly a red flag with a white cross fell from the

sky, and the fortune of war turned The Danes won

the battle, and the flag became the Danish national

flag, named “the Dannebrog”

The Danish King’s Garden celebrates the event, said

to have occurred in Tallinn, every year on June 15

17 Tower of the Virgin/Neitsitorn

Lühike jalg 9A

The square Tower of the Virgin was built at the end

of the 14th century as part of the city wall It has been destroyed and rebuilt several times, and today there is a nice view of Tallinn’s centre and old part

of town from the café

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18 Kiek in de Kök

Kommandandi 2

www.linnamuuseum.ee

Kiek in de Kök was the strongest artillery tower in

Northern Europe The 38-metre-tall tower was built

in the 15th century; it has a diameter of 17 metres

and the walls are 4 metres thick From the tower it

was possible to peer into the kitchens of the

neighbouring buildings, hence its name, which

means “peep into the kitchen”

The tower was damaged in the 16th century, but it

was rebuilt and used as a powder tower until the

20th century Today the tower has been restored as

it was in the 17th century, with cannon balls still

lodged in the walls Inside there is an exhibition on

Tallinn’s history and the major military events

between the 13th and 19th centuries

19 Alexander Nevskij Cathedral/Aleksander Nevski Katedraal (ǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȞȜ-ǻȓȐȟȘȖȗ ȟȜȏȜȞ)

Lossi Plats 10 www.hot.ee/nsobor

The Russian Orthodox Cathedral, (RussianǞǻǮǻǽ ǍǸǲǷǾaǺǱǽǭ ǚǲǯǾǷǻǰǻ), from the year 1900, is Tallinn’s largest cupola cathedral It is located on Toompea Hill, which makes it very prominent in the city skyline

The Cathedral was built under the Russian Tsar by the architect Mikhail Preobrazhenski from the nearby Russian city of St Petersburg The richly decorated church has some very exquisite Icons and stained-glass windows

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The Cathedral is named in honour of St Alexander

Nevskij, who won the Battle of Lake Peipus, on the

border of Estonia and Russia, 5 April 1242 The

lake’s current name is

Peipsi järv/ǤȀǱǾǷǻǲ ǻǴǲǽǻ The battle was between

the Catholic crusaders of the Teutonic Order and

Orthodox Christians from Novgorod

20 Toompea Castle/Toompea Loss

Lossi Plats 1

The Danes built Toompea Castle in 1219 on the

foundations of an Estonian fortress from the 10th

century It is located 50 metres above the city, at the

top of Toompea Hill

The castle was originally named Taani Linn,

“Danish Castle”, from which the city name, Tallinn,

is derived

In 1773, the original castle was converted into a

residential castle in Rococo style The Parliament

building by the castle was built in 1923 in

Late-Baroque style

The 48-metre-tall tower, Long Hermann/Pikk

Hermann, was the first of the castle’s towers to be

used as prison The other towers are all still standing,

except Stur den Kerl, which was torn down to make

room for the Rococo castle

21 The Dome Church/Toomkirik

Toom-Kooli 6 www.eelk.ee/tallinna.toom

Tallinn’s Dome Church is Estonia’s most important Protestant church, and it is one of the city’ three medieval churches still in use Its full name is The Cathedral of St Mary the Virgin/Neitsi Maarja Piiskoplik Toomkirik

The Danes built the original wooden church in 1219, and ten years later they started building the stone church in the same spot In 1433, the church was expanded to become a Gothic cathedral

Inside the church there are coats of arms, memorial tablets and gravestones dating from the 13th to 18th centuries Several famous people lie buried there, such as Admiral Adam-Johann von Krusenstern

During a fire in 1684, the Dome Church was destroyed, including the cultural treasures it held The church was rebuilt, and the Baroque tower was added in 1779

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The building was designed by Georg Winterhalter with heavy Renaissance inspiration, and it was built

in 1845-1848 The house has had several occupants

in addition to the Knighthood The Land Parliament used it for a period, and between 1920-1940 it housed Estonia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Between 1948-1992, the building functioned as the Estonian National Library, and following that the Art Museum of Estonia was briefly located there

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The architect Johann Caspahr Mohr designed the house in 1784, and it was originally meant as a courthouse The manor is named in honour of the Swedish Count Jakob Pontus Stenbock, who initiated the construction Stenbock House was taken over by the state in 1924, and after a renovation it became home of the Estonian State Chancellery on 6 September 2000

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This modern museum depicts Tallinn’s and

Estonia’s history from 1939 to 1991 from various

perspectives, such as the daily lives of the people

This is the period when the country was occupied

by Germany, and later became part of the Soviet

Union

25 Kaarli Church/Kaarli kirik

Toompuiestee 4

www.eelk.ee/tallinna.kaarli

Kaarli Church is of Swedish origin There had been a

chapel in this location since the 16th century, but it

was the Swedes who build the first church there, and

they named it in honour of the Swedish King Karl XI

The present church is of a later date It was built in

the 1860s and is today regarded as one of the finest

19th century churches in Estonia

26 National Library of Estonia /Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu

Tõnismägi www.nlib.ee

The National Library of Estonia is one of Tallinn’s most monumental buildings Construction began at the end of the Soviet era, and it is a splendid example of this era’s grand, prestige-laden constructions of public institutions

The National Library, established in 1918, is Estonia’s largest library The present building is from 1985-1993, designed by the modernistic architect Raine Karp, who was behind many of Tallinn’s largest construction works in the 1970s and 1980s

27 Russian Theatre/Vene Teater (ǾȡȟȟȘȖȗ ȠȓȎȠȞ)

Vabaduse väljak 5 www.veneteater.ee

Tallinn’s Russian Theatre has performances in Russian It is famous for having the most beautiful interior of any theatre in the Baltic area The walls and ceiling in the audience hall are magnificently decorated

Tiêu đề	A visit to Tallinn
Tác giả	Stig Albeck, Ventus Publishing ApS
Trường học	Tallinn University of Technology
Chuyên ngành	Tourism
Thể loại	Essay
Năm xuất bản	2009
Thành phố	Tallinn

Định dạng
Số trang	39
Dung lượng	5,11 MB