W ith a plural or an uncountable noun we use some.. uncountabỉe The goes vvith both singular and plural nouns and vvith uncountable nouns.. A + singular noun: a note Some + plural noun:
Trang 18 3 A/an and the (1)
1 In troduction
Read this true story about an American tourist in Britain.
A m a n from Caliỷornia was spenảing a m onth in Britain One day he booked ỉnto a hoteỉ iĩĩ Cheỉtenharĩĩy a nice oỉd tow n in the West o f Engỉand Then he went out to ỉook around the place But the m an d id n t return
to th e hoteỉ He disappeareả, leaving a suitcase fuỉỉ o f clothes behind The poíice were caìỉeả iriy but they were unabỉe to fin d out what had happened to the m issing tourist ỉt was a m ysterỵ But two weeks ỉater the m an waỉkeả into the poỉice statỉon in Cheltenham He expỉaineả that he was very sorrỵ, hut whiỉe walking arounả
th e tow n, he had got lost He had also [orgotten the nam e o f the hotel he had booked inĩo So he had deciảed
to continue with his tour o f the countrỵ and had gone to visit a ỷriend in Scoíỉand beỷore returning to pick up the case he haả left behind.
A/an goes onlỵ w ith a singuỉar noun W ith a
plural or an uncountable noun we use some
He left a case. (singular)
He ỉeỷt some cases. (plurai)
He left some ỉuggage. (uncountabỉe)
The goes vvith both singular and plural nouns and vvith uncountable nouns.
He needed the case. (singular)
He neeảeả the cases. (plural)
He needed the ìuggage. (uncountable)
2 Use
w hen the story íưst mcntions somcthing, thc noun has a or an.
A m an booked inĩo a hotel in Cheỉtenham
rhese phrases are new inform ation We do not know vvhich man or which hotcl.
But vvhen the same thing is mcntionod again, the noun has the.
The m a n d i ả n ĩ r e ĩ u r n ÍO the hoteỉ
These phrases are old iníorm ation Now we kiiơw which man and \vhich hotcl - the ones aiready
m entioned earlier in the story We use the vvhen it is clear vvhich one vve mean.
a/an
Wouỉd you like to see a show?
(I don*t say vvhich show.)
The cyclist was hit by a car.
(I don’t say which car.)
ĩn the office a phone was rirĩging
(The office has lots o f phones.)
Has M eỉanừ got a garden?
(We do not know if there is one.)
The train stopped at a station.
(We don’t know which station.)
We tơok a taxi.
We couỉd hear a noừe.
Ị wrote the numher on an enveìope.
THF
Wouỉd you ỉike to see the show?
( * the shovv vve alreađy mentioned)
Whose is th e car outsiảe?
( ‘Outside’ explains vvhich car I mean.) / was in bed when the ph o n e rang.
(= the phone in my house)
She was at home in the garden.
(We knovv she has one.)
Turn left hereỷor the station.
(= the slation in this town)
We went in the car (= m y/our car)
We could hear the noise o f a partỵ.
I wrote it orĩ the back o f an enveỉope.
3 A m a n /h e and the m an/som eone
We use a/an + noun o r someone/something when
we aren*t saying vvhich one.
He ỉeft a caseỊsomething behind.
We use the + noun or he/she/it when we know which one.
The man!He d id n t reĩurn ĨO the hotel.
The case/It contained cỉothes.
PAGE 1 9 6 • N O U N S A N D A R T I C L E S
Trang 2A The use of a/an and the (1-3)
Complete thỉs true story Put in a/an or the.
(►) A man decided to rob (1) bank in the town where he lived He walked into
(5) cashier read (6) note, w hich told her to give (7) man somemoney Atraid that he mìght have (8) gun, she did as she was toid ( 9 ) manthen vvalked out of (1 0 ) building, leaving (11) note behind However, he had
no tim e to spend (1 2 ) money because he was arrested (1 3 ) same day Hehad made (1 4 ) mistake He had vvritten (15) note on (16) back of(1 7 ) enveiope And on (1 8 ) other side o f (1 9 ) envelope was hisname and address This clue was quite enough for (20) detectives on the case
B A m an/he and the m an/som eone (3)
Repỉace the sentences which contain an underlined word Use a/an or the with the word in brackets.
We did n ’t have much tim e for lunch David made som ething for us (omeỉette)
HAííe P M e le tte ĩ o r M S
They ran the race beíore they held the tong jum p M atthew won ịt easily (race)
2 The driver turned left Suddenly someone ran into the road (child)
3 Vicky was lying on the sofa She was vvatching som ething on televislon (fịlm)
4 I had to take a train and then a bus Ịt was half an hour late (bus)
5 A shoplifter tried to steal some cíothes The camera videoed her (thief)
The use of a/an and the (1-3)
Complete the conversations Put In a/an or the.
► Laura: Look outside The sky is getting very dark
Trevor: I hope there isn’t going to be A storm
1 Mike: 1’m going out f o r walk Have you seen my shoes?
Harriet: Yes, theyVe o n tloor i n kitchen
2 Melanie: Would you lik e tom ato? There’s one in ữidge
David: Oh, yes, please ril make m yse!f cheese and tomato sandwich.
3 Sarah: !f youYe going in to City centre, can you post these letters for me?
Mark: Yes, r il take them to main post office
4 Rita: l’ve g o t problem with my phone bill Can I see som eone about it?Receptionist: Yes, go to fifth floor Iift is along the corridor
5 Tom: I didn*t know Melanie had dog
David: It isn’t hers She's just taking it for a walk while ovvner is away
6 Vicky: iV e g o t headache I’ve had it all day
Rachei: Why don’t you go to health centre? It*s open until six.
7 Andrew: Guess what I fo u n d £50 note on the pavement this morning.
Jessica: You really ought to take it t o poiice station, you know
Trang 38 4 A/an and the (2)
1 Introduction
We use a/an and the vvhen we aren’t saying vvhich one, and we use the when we knovv vvhich one.
A tou rist arrived in Cheỉĩetiham to ỉook around the town.
Look again at the story and the examples in ư n it 83.
2 The sun, etc.
\Vhen there is only one o f the things we are talking about, we use the.
The sun was going down The governm ent is unpopular.
Á drive in the countrỵ wouỉd be nìce We shouỉdnt poỉỉute the environm ent.
N orm aliy there is onlỵ one sun or one government in the conlext.
We mean the government o f our country and the sun in our solar system.
Wc norm aliy say: the country(side), the earth> the environm ent, the governm ent, the moon»
the ozone layer, the Prime Minister, the sea(side), the sky, the sun, the weather
We also use the with cinema, theatre and (news)paper
Do ỵou oỷten go to the cinema? I read aboxiĩ the accident in thepaper.
Note that we say a/the police officer but the police
A p o lice offỉcer came to the hotel NOT A poỉicc came to thứ hotel
T h e p o ỉice cam e to the h o tei (= One or more poiice officers)
3 A nice day, etc.
A phrase vvhich describes something has a/an.
/ í was a lo vely day Cheỉtenham ÍS a nice oỉd tow n.
/f s a big hoteỉ This is a better photo.
But we use the vvith a superlative.
ỉt*s the biggest hoteỉ in town This is the best photo.
We aiso use aVan to classiíy something, to say what kind o f thing it is.
The pỉay was a comedy The mart's disappearance vvưs a mystery.
We use a/an to say what someone’s job is.
M y sister is a secretary Nick is a car salesman.
4 A or an?
'ĩhe choice o f a o r an and the pronunciation o f the depend on the next sound.
a /^/ or the /Õ3/ + consonant sound an /an/ or the /ỏi/ + vowei sound
It is thc sound o f the ncxt word that matters, not thc spelling.
Trang 4The sun, etc (1-2)
C om plete these sentences about pollution and the envíronment Put in a/an o r the.
►
1
2
3
There was A programme on television about dangers to t k environment
ozone layer wiH continue to disappear if we don’t find way to stop it
w orld’s vveather is changing Pollution is h a v in g effect on our climate
4 Last week oil tanker spilled oil in to sea, damaging wildlife
5 Some protessors have signed letter of protest and have sent it to
a/an and the (1-3)
conversations Put In a/an or the.
How was your trip to tl»e coast?
Wonderful sun shone all day We had A great time
No, thanks IVe given up smoking It’s
W hat’s your brother doỉng now? Has he gotYes, he’s soldier He’s ìn
great life, he says
I went to see Doctor Pascoe yesterday She’s She’s very nice, isn't she? You couldn’t meet
Why were you late for your meeting?
Well, first I had to go to hote! rd booked into ỉ took
airport, and driver got completely lost It was
Is this book you were telling me about?
Yes, it’s reaỉly interestỉng story
What did you say it's about?
I k n e w you weren’t lis te n in g t o me It’s S c ie n c e í ic t io n s to ry
2 a Very im portant Person
3 an ỉrish Republican Army member
4 a Personal Computer
5 a Los Angeles suburb
6 an Unidentiíied Plying Object
7 an Annua! General Meeting
Trang 58 5 A/an, one and some
1 A/an and some
Look at this example.
Trevor hasfound some m oney ỉn his oỉd trousers.
Theres a note and sotne coins.
We use a/an w ith a singular noưn and some with a pỉural
o r an uncountabỉe noun (see 4).
A + singular noun: a note
Some + plural noun: some coins
Some + uncountablc noun: some money
2 A/an and one
A/an and one both refer to one thing ưsing one puts more emphasis on the number.
Henry gave the taxi drivera note, (not a coin)
He?iry gave the taxi driverone note. (not two)
We use one (not a/an) when we mean one o f a larger number.
One question/O ne o f the questions in the exam was more ảifficuỉt than the others.
The ĩeam w a sn t a t/u ỉỉ strength One pỉayer/One o f the players was ỉnịured,
3 A dog = all dogs
We oíten use a pluraì noun on its own to express a gencral meaning (see ư n it 86).
Dogs make wonảerfuỉ pets Oranges contain vìtamin c.
Here dogs means ‘all dogs, dogs in general’
These sentences vvith a/an express the same general meaning.
A dog makes a wonảerfuỉ pet A n orange contains vitamin c.
A butcher is someone who seỉỉs meat A kitten is a baby cat.
A dog here is less usual than the structure w ith dogs, but we oíten use a/an when explaining the meaning o f
a word, e.g a butcher.
4 Some
Some w ith a plural noun means ‘a number o f’, and some w ith an uncountable noun means ‘an aniount of*
Cỉaire took som e photos, We went out with som eỊrienảs.
Henry bought som e fỉowers Ị had some chips with m y steak.
Can you lend me som e money? Andrew is ảoing some work.
Let's p laysom e music Theres some m ilk in the ỷridge.
Cỉaire took some photos means that she took a number o f photos, although we may not knovv the exact
number.
We do not use some when we are describing something or saying what kind o f thing it is.
Vicky has bỉue eyes, Is this saỉt or sugar?
These are m arveỉlous photos Those peopỉe are tourists.
Compare these sentences.
/ had some chips with mỵ steak. (a number o f chips)
ỉ haả chips with m y steak. (chips, not potatoes or rice)
o 76 Countable and uncountable nouns > 83-4 A/an and the
t> 94 Some and any > 96 All> most and some
Trang 6A/an and som e (1)
Paul has painted some pictures fo r a competỉtion Say what is in the pictures
Use a or som e with these words: ỏ/rơs, cat, ftshj Aovvers, frư/f, iuggage, people
íPMe pePỊỊỊẹ
B A/an and one (2)
Put in a /a n o r O n e
► Have you only g ot oAe bedroom ? I thought you had two
1 Melanie wanted som ething to drink She was looking for caté
2 It was Sunday shop was open, but all the others were closed
3 of these photos is of you VVould you like it?
4 Shall I ta k e photo o f you tw o together?
Match each word wlth the right explanation and write sentences wỉth a/an.
carrot lỉne of people
violin book of maps
queue vegetable
atỉas tooi for dỉgging
spade musical instrument
► A C í^ rrp t i> A vei^eiAble1
2
3
4
D Some (4)
What vvould you say ín these situations? Use a noun and decide if you need some o r not.
► You and your íriend vvould like a game of cards, but neither o f you has a pack
We need ípMe c A rc ỉí
► You are describing Rachel to someone Rachers hair is dark
Rachel has IxKịr
1 You are eating nuts Offer them to your ừỉend
5 The tw o vvomen w ho live next d o o r to you are both studyỉng at the university
Tell your visitor The wom en next d o o r a r e
Trang 786 Cars or the cars?
1 In tro d u c tio n I like ice hockey
lt’s my íavourite sport
And I like old cars I love
drívlng them
I like m usic classical
music, I mean And I love
p arties, of course.
We can use a plural noun (e.g cars, parties)
or an uncountable noun (e.g ice hockey,
music) vvithout the / ỉove parties means that
I love alỉ parties, parties in general.
2 G eneral and speciíìc m eanings
GENERAL
A p lu ra l noun or an uncountable noun on
its ow n has a general meaning.
C ars are expensive tơ huy.
E ỉephants are inteỉỉigent animals
ỉ á o n t understand com puters.
(= all computers, computers in general)
You aỉways need moneỵ.
Gỉass is madeỹrom sand.
Vm quite fonả o f curry.
Natasha is studying music.
(= al! music, music in general)
SP£CIFICThe + plural n o u n or uncountable n o u n has a
speciíĩc meaning.
The cars had both broken down
We saw th e eìephants at the zoo.
T he com puters cTOshed a t work today.
(= the speciíìc computers at my vvorkplace)
Laura p u t the m o n e y in her purse.
David swept up the broken gỉass.
The curry was delicious, thank ỵou.
The m usic vvas too ỉoud. (= the music at a speciíìc time, at a party fo r exampie)
A phrase o r clause aítcr the noun often shovvs that it is spcciíìc.
Look at th e oiỉ on ỵo u r sweater T h e apples yo u gave m e were nice.
But the nouns in these sentences have a general meaning.
/ hate people who never say heỉỉo Life in the oìđ days was hard.
Life in the oỉd daỵs is stiỉl a general idea, not a speciíìc life.
A phrase w ith o f usually takes the Compare thcse two structures
a book on ỉrish historỵ a book on the h ỉstory o f Ireland
Special uses o f the
We use the + singuiar noun to make general statements about aninials and
about inventions and discoveries.
The tỉger can sw im The fỉy IS a cornmon insect.
Who invented the camera? T he eỉectron is a part o f every atom.
Here the tiger means aiỉ tigers, tigers in general VVe use this structure m ainly in w ritte n English
In speech, Tigers can sw ỉm is more usuaỉ.
VVe aỉso usc the vvith musicaỉ instruments (But for American English see page 379.)
Natasha can play the piano, the vioỉin and the cỉarinet.
We do not use the w ith sports.
S h a ỉỉ w e p ỉ a y te n n is ? NOT S k ữ ìĩ w e p ia y th e t c n n i s?
Note that we ỉisten to the radio but norm ally watch television.
Trang 8A He likes golf (1)
Look at the pictures and say what people lỉke Use these obịects: a rt, chem istry, chips, dogSj g o iỊ
B General and specitic meanings (2)
Complete the conversatíons Put in the nouns and decỉde ịf you need the.
Tom:
Melanie:
Rachel:
Vicky:
Did you see th e .fpọtbA ỊỊ (footbail) on television last night?
No, I hate fp o tt« v ỉ) (íootball) I was vvatching tfìe Aewí (news) on the other channel Did your tamily have a dog when you were younger?
No, thank goodness Tm aừaid o f .(dogs) ỉ didn’t
lik e (dogs) that were running around in the park yesterday I was atraid they were going to attack me.
Melanie: You shouldn't drive so m uch, Mark You know t h a t
(cars) c a u s e (pollutlon), d o n ’t you?
Yes, b u t (cars) these days are cleaner than theyused to be isn*t i t (aeroplanes) that are mainỉy
responsible f o r (pollution) of the atmosphere?
ỉ’ve put som e bread out in the garden fo r (birds)
You ỉik e (birds), đon’t you?
YôS I do I lo v ô (wildlỉfe), in fact r d m uch rather
live ỉn the country if I could.
YouYe alvvays reading books a b o u t (history), aren’tt
you?
It was aivvays my tavourite subject Do you know anything
a b o u t (history) o f this area?
No, but lf you like looking ro u n d (museums) and (old buildings), we could fỉnd out about it together.
Special uses of the (3)
Put in the correct noun and decide tf you need the.
Use these nouns: atom , footí!>aỉl, g u ita r, ra d lo , telescope, teievision
► I was listening to a phone-in on ihe r A d ịp
1 Rutherford s p lit in 1911.
2 Tom and his friends played in the park.
3 Mike ís quite musỉcal He can p la y
4 The children spend a ỉot of time vvatching .
5 Galileo d e v e lo p e d for use in astronomy
N O U N S A N D A R T Ỉ C L E S • PA'JE 2 0 ; 3
Trang 98 7 Prison, school, bed, etc
1 Prison o r the prison?
Compare thesc siluations.
This man ÍS in príson He went to prison two
ỵears ago.
We do not use the when we are talking about
being in prison as a prisoner.
Here are some examples w ith other buildings
Schooỉ is over at haỉf past three.
The young woman is in the prừon She has gone
to the prừon to vừit herfather.
We use the when we mean the prison as a speciíìc building The young woman is in the prison as a visitor.
The schooỉ is a mileỷrom here,
(= the school buiiđing)
The meeting was at the coỉỉege.
Melanie waited in the hospitaỉ for news.
We wanted to ỉook round the church, but it wa$ ìockeả.
We can also use ja il and university in this way But vve do not ỉeavc out the beíore other nouns for buildings, e.g the cinema, the íactory, the house, the lib ra ry, the office, the pub, the shop, the station.
2 Bed, hom e, etc.
Here are some phrases w ith other nouns.
bed: in bed, go to bed (to rest o r sleep)
home: a t home, go homey come home, ỉeave home
go to sea (as a sailor) town: in town, go into tơyvrty ỉeave ĩow n
work: at work, go to work, leave work
Đưt sit on the bed, make the bed
But in th e house, to the house, in the home
But on th e sea, hy the seo, atỉto the seasidey on/to th e coast
But th e towrt centre, the àty, the viỉlage
But the office, the /actorỵ
> page 379 American English
P AG E 2 0 4 • N O U N S A N D A R T I C L E S
Trang 10A Prison or the prison? (1)
Put in the w ords in brackets Decide if you need the.
► The four members of the gang were sent to (prison) Their vvives drove together totlìe (prison) every week to visit their husbands
1 Not many people go to (church) regularíy novvadays í saw some touristsvvalking to (church) last week, but they only wanted to take photos of it
2 A group of people came out of (cinema), crossed the road and went into
(pub)
3 When my tather was ilỉ and had to go to (hospita!), my sister went with him
in the ambulance She's a doctor, and she works at (hospital)
4 Mark has always known what he vvanted to do ỉn |ịfe After leaving
(school), he took a course ỉn business studies at (college)
B Prison, school, etc (1-2)
C om plete th is paragraph from a magazine article ab o u t M elissa Livingstone
Put in the vvords with or vvithout the.
Today Melissa Livlngstone is a popular actress and star of the TV soap opera ‘Round the Corner’ But
as a child she was very unhappy She didn’t do well at (►) (sch o o l), and she never went
to (1) (college) Her greatest pleasure was going to (2) .(cinema) Her tamily lived in an unattractive town and their home was next to (3)
(station) Melissa’s tather, Tom, was a sailor, and he spent m onths at (4) (sea)
He was hardỉy ever at (5) (home) and when he was, he didn’t do very much.Sometimes he spent all day in (6) (bed) Melissa’s mother, Susan, had to get
up at five o ’c!ock every day to go to (7) (work) When Tom lost his jo b he stole
a gold cup from ( 8 ) (church ) Susan used to go to He had to go to
(9) (prison) for a year M elissấs m other was horritied at the shame he hadbrought on the tamily
c Prison, schooí, etc (1-2)
Complete the sentences Use /n, a t or to and these vvords:
bed, church, college, íactory, home, hospitaỉ, library, príson, shọp, tow n, work
Decide ìf you need the.
► We’ll eat out tonight ril meet you tpu/í^ later
► This svveater was cheap I bought it A t tỉìe by the railvvay station.
1 The weather was awful We s ta y e d all weekend
2 Melanie had an early night !ast night She w a s at ten
3 Emma’s triend has just had a baby Emma is going
4 Vicky’s parents are religious They go
5 Laura doesn’t !lke her job She just goes
6 Tve read these books I’m takỉng them back
7 The man who did the robbery is no longer .He was let out last month
8 Jessica is a student She’s
9 lt’s very quiet when they’ve turned all the machines off
to visit her
every Sunday
to earn some money
N O U N S A N D A R T I C L E S • PAGF 2 0 5
Trang 118 8 O n Priday, for lunch, etc.
Introduction
Henry; Dontỷorget meeting on Priday for ỉurtch
Sarah: o /cơurse ỉ haventỷorgotten.
B ut remỉnả me where we're eatirĩg
íie n rỵ : The Riverside Restauranĩ Youve been there before.
Claire was with us ĩt was the Priday beỊore she
went to Austraỉia We had a good ỉunch.
Phrases o f tim e are usually vvithout a/an or the
VVeVe meetirĩg on Pridaỵ for ỉunch.
But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Priday, lunch, etc
ỉt was the Pridaỵ before she went to Austraỉia
We norm ally use a/an or the i f there is an adjective
We had a gooả ỉunch.
2 Ycars, seasons and m onths
/ was horrt in 1974.
We pỉay crickeĩ in summer/in the summer
I start the C ớurse in September.
That was theỵear ỉ was born
ỉt was the winter o f ỉ 995 when things starteả to
go wrongfor the company.
3 Spccial timcs
We go away ữt Chrỉstmas
Easter is early this year.
/7/ he home for Thanksgiving.
We haả a wonảerful Christmíis
ĩ started work here the Easter beỷore ỉast.
4 D.IVS of the vvcek
Yes, Thursday wiỉl be convenient
ru see you on Thesday evening.
The storm was ơn the Thursdaỵ o f that week,
We went surfing at the weekenđ.
5 Parts of the day and night
ỉ can't sleep at night.
I prefer to travèỉ hy day/hy night
ĩ m ustget to bed before midnight.
We were on the beach at sunset
ỉ hope to get there before dark.
/ í 5 warmer in/durirìg the day.
Someone got up ỉn/during the night
We're meeting in the momittg.
They arrived at the hoteỉ in the evening
ĩt was a beautifuỉ sunset
ỉ couỉảnt see in the dark.
6 Meals
/7/ seeyou at hreakỷast.
We have supper at about eight
Vm going out aỷter ỉunch.
We had a quick breakỹast The supper Daviả C ỡoked was e x c e ỉỉe n t
The meaỉ wa$ very nice.
W ell need an evening meaỉ.
Trang 12On Priday, etc (2-5)
C om plete the conversations Put in the w ords and use a/an o r th e if you need to
Vicky: 1 think it’s tlìe P rid ^y (Priday) after that
Tom: We!l, Tm going to the m atch on (Saturday), o f course
3 llona: Does it snow here a t (Chrlstmas)?
Emma Not otten We haven’t had (vvhite Christmas) for years
4 Nick: How long have you lived here?
(1997)
Trevon Oh, 1 d on’t like driving ỉn (dark) rd much rather travel
B A/an or the with meals (6)
Lâura is talking ab o u t the food she and Trevor had on holiday
Put in the w ords and use a /an o r th e if you need to
(►)TKe Mẹ<xlố (meals) we had weren’t very good We had (1)
(breakíast) in the hoteỉ, and that wasn’t too bad We usualiy went out for (2)
(lunch) because (3 ) (lunch) they served ỉn the hotel was alvvays thesame And (4 ) (dlnner) we had at the hotel on our first evenỉng waspretty awful, so we tried a few restaurants On our last evening we had (5)
(marveHous meal) in a Chinese restaurant I wish w e ’d discovered the place a bit sooner
Put in the vvords Decỉde if you need to use the.
Hello, Henry Come in
Oh, sonry You’re having (►) (lunch)
No this is (1) (breaktast) I had a late night It was long after
(2 ) (midnight) when I got in
What a lite you iead, Claire What tim e do you leave for the airport?
Oh, in (5 ) (moming) some time About ten It's cheaper to fly at(6) (night), but I decided it would be easier during
I can drive you to the airport Tm usually free on (8) .(VVednesday)mornings l’d like to see you off
Tìiat*s sweet o f you Henry, but I can take a taxi
ril just check in my diary that it isn’t (9 ) (VVednesday) o f our nextboard meeting No, it’s OK I can do it And when wiỉl you be back?
Trang 138 9 Quite a, such a, what a, etc.
1 Introduction
Aíter quite, such and what we can use a phrase
with a/an, e.g agam e There is often an adjective
as well, e.g such a good team.
2 Very, quite, rather, etc.
A/an goes before very, fairly, reaily, etc.
/f's a verỵ oỉd house ỉt's a ỷaỉrly long walk
ỉ made a realỉỵ stupid mistake.
But a/an usually goes after quile.
/f 5 quite an old house There quite a cro w ả
.Van can go either beíore or after rather.
/ f ’s a r a t h e r o ld house OR / f 5 r a t h e r a n o ỉd house.
We can also use very, quite, rather, etc, -I- adjective + plural or uncountable noun
They^re very old houses This is quite nice coffèe.
Yes It was
quite a game.
3 So and such a
so
The structure Ì5 be + so + adjective
The test was so easỵ.
NOT i t was a so easy test
The hiỉỉ was so steep.
ỉt's so inconvenient without a car.
The weather is so nice
7óm’sỷokes are so aw ful
SUCH a /A N
The structure is such + a7an (+ adịective) + noun
ỉt was such an easy test.
NQT ỉ t Wứs a sueh easỵ test.
It was such a steep h iỉl
/r*5 such a nuisance withouĩ a car.
We can also use such + an adjective + a plural or uncountable noun.
We*re having such nice weather.
Tom teỉls such aw ful jokes.
Note these sentences vvith long, far, m any/m uch and a lot of
/ í ’s so long since / saw you ỉt*s such a ìong tim e since ĩ saw you.
We can use this structure with so (that) or such (that)
ỉ was so unỉucky you w ouldnt beỉieve it ĩ had such had ỉuck you w ouldnt believe it.
Trang 14A Very, quite, rather, so, etc (2-3)
What do you say in these situations?
► You’re tellíng som eone about the show you saw It was quite goođ
You shouíd go and see it It’s A iịoqâ
► You are describỉng Harriet to someone w ho doesn’t know her She is fairỉy talL
WeH, Harriet is a fẠ.*rly
1 You’re talking about the Savoy Hotel, whìch is very grand
Yes, 1 know the Savoy It’s
2 You are tatking about your journey It was quite tiring
1 trave!led a long way !t w a s
3 You are telling som eone about Ciaire’s flat It’s really big
I’ve been to Claire’s place It’s
4 You are teliing a triend about your meat w ith Tom It was quite nice
We went to that new restaurant We h a d
B So and such (3)
Complete the conversation Put in so or such.
Sarah: Sorry l’m (►) late We had (►)íỊẠch a lot to do at work
Mark; You shouidn’t do ( 1 ) much
Sarah: The boss gets in (2 ) a panic about things She makes (3) a big fuss.Mark: Weli, you shouldn’t be (4 ) wil!ing to work (5) long hours No w onder
you’re (6 ) tired You’ ll make yourselt ill, you know
c So tha t and such th a t (3)
Match the sentences and combine them using so or such.
Sarah was late home
M ike hadn’t cooked fo r a long time
The piano wạs heạvy
Tom was annoyed about United losing
The band was a big attractỉon
Vicky had a lot of w ork to do
The party m ade a lot of noise
All the tickets sold out
He w ouldn’t speak to anyone
He’d alm ost íorgotten w tq
It kept all the neighbours awake
Mark had already gone to bed
Mike and Harriet couldn’t m ove it
She was sure she'd never tinish it
fọ u t e ịìpỊMẹ tfụ v t ẠMrk ^ d Ạ lrcAdy ^ c ^ e t p b ^ ,
AAík.ẹ c o o Ì c Ễ d í o T í ụ c ỉ ì Ạ t Ì M ẹ t Ị ì A t K ê d
D W hat(4)
Put in w hat o r w hat a.
► Come into the sitting-room ~ Thank you Oh, wl>Ạ.t A nice room!
1 Vicky believes in ghosts ~ O h , nonsense she talks!
2 Let’s go fo r a m idnight swim ~ suggestion!
3 I think about you all the time, Emma - lies you tell me, Matthew
N O U N S A N D A R T I C L E S • P aG E 2 0 9
Trang 159 0 Place names and the
Introduction
Man: Could ỵo u teỉỉ m e where th e Cỉassic C in e m a is, pỉease?
Rachel: Yes, ifs in B ro o k Street Go aỉon% here a n d take the seconà ỉeft.
VVhether a name has the depends on ứie kind o f place it is - fo r example, a Street (Brook S treet) or a cinema
{the Classic C in e m a ), a lake (L a ke Victoria) OT a sea (th e North Sea).
Most place names do not have the
Some place names have the - for example, a name
w ith the word cinema o r sea.
Whether we use the can also depend on the structure o f the name.
Wè do not use the vvith a possessive ựs).
at Matiỉda*s Restaurant
We often use the in structures vvith of, w ith an adjective and w ith pỉural names.
W ith of: the A venue o f the Americas
W ith an adjective; the W hite House
W ith a plural: the Bahamas
2 Cxintiiients, countries, islands, states and counties
Most are vvithout the
traveììing through A ỷrica
a hoiiday in Portugal
Words ỉike repubỉic and kingdom have the
the Irísh Repubiic the United Kingdom (the ƯK)
Piural names also have the
the Canary Isỉands
3 Regions
Regions ending w ith the name o f a contincnt or
cou n lry are w ith o u t the.
We$tem Austraiia
Most olher regions have the
Phrases w ith o f have the
the South o f Prance
4 Hills and m o u n tain s
Most are \vith o u t the.
She clim bed (M ount) Everest
dowrĩ North Hỉỉỉ
H ill ranges and m ountain ranges have the
skiing in the Aìps over the Rockies
5 Lakes, oceans, seas, ri\'ers and canals
Onỉy lakes are vvithout the
near Lake M ichigan
beside Coniston Water
Seas, oceans, rivers and canals have the
the Međiterranean {Sea)
Trang 166 Citics, tovvns, suburbs and villages
Most are w ithout the
Harehilỉs is a suburb oịLeeds.
Houston /s \\fest o f New Orỉeans.
We ỉive in North London.
7 Roads, streets, squares and parks
Most are w ithout the
aỉongM orden Road
near Berkeley Square
through Central Park
There are a few exceptions
Main roads and num bered roads have the
the Bath road (= the road to Bath)
8 Bridges
Most are vvithout the
over Tower Bridge
OTĨ Brooklyn Bridge
But there are many exceptions
across the Goìđen Gate Bridge
the River Severn)
9 Stations and airports; im portant buildings
We do not use the vvith m ost stations and
airports; with reiigious, educational and ofíĩciaÌ
buiỉdỉngs or with palaces and houses
to XVaterỉoo {Station)
a t Orỉỵ {Aỉrport)
near St Marỵ^s Church
Exceptions are nam es with o f or vvith a noun
(science) or adjective (open)
the Science Museum the op en Vniversitỵ past the W hite House
10 Theatres, cinemas, hotels, gallcrics and ceiitres
A possessive form (*s) is vvithout the
St Aíartin*s (Theatre)
atD urrant's (Hoteỉ)
In the ưs, names with center are w ithout the
near Lincoln Center
But usually theatres, cinemas, etc have the
the Pỉaza (Cinema) outside the Dorckester (Hoteỉ)
in the Tate (Gaỉỉery) the Brunei shopping centre
11 Shops and restaurants
Most shops and restaurants are w ithout the
shopping at Bioomingdaỉe^s
atMatiỉda^s Restaurant
The Studio Café
Trang 17Place names and the (2-6)
H ow m uch d o you know a b o u t geography? Put in these nam es: Andes, Brussels, irísh R epublic, /ía/y,
Lake M ichìgan, Rịver NHe, N orth, P ennsylvania, Tasmania, United Kingdom , West /nd/es
D ecide ịf you need the.
► Harrisburg is the Capital of FfeM\íylvđ.Ạịí^
are a mountain range in South America,
is England, Scotland, VVales and Northern Ireland,
is an isiand to the south of Australia
flows through Egypt
is the C a p ita l of Belgium
of Engtand
B Roads, buildings, etc (5-10)
C o m p le te these sentences from a guide to London Put in the w o rd s and d ecide if you need the,
► The train to Paris leaves from W A terlpo S iA tyo r. (VVaterloo Station)
► TKe NAtịor^í^Ị T K eA Ìre (National Theatre) ỉs South of the river
c Roads, buildings, etc (6-11)
Complete the conversation Put in the words and decide if you need the.
Sarah: We’ve just been to (► ) (States) - to (1 )
(New York)
Ciaire: Oh, really? ỉ was there at Chrístmas Were you on holiday?
Sarah: Yes, and we really needed a break It was wonderfuL We saw
Claire: Where did you stay?
Trang 18D Roads, buildings, etc (9-10)
A w om an is asking Trevor the way Put in the vvords and d e c id e if you need th e,
VVoman: Excuse me, can you telỉ me the way to (► ) Ạ Ạ illth p rt^ (M illthorpe Station)?Trevor: Yes, go along here and turn left by (1 ) (Littíe Theatre) opposite
a building called (2 ) (Kingston House) The road is
(Royal Hotel), and yo u ’ll see the station in tront of you
VVoman: Thank you verỵ much
E Roads, buildings, etc (7-11)
Look a t the addresses and w ríte th e sentences
Usetul addresses fo r vỉsỉtors to Seaport
Seaport Bus sta tio n , Queen’s Road
Grand Theatre George Street
Odeon Cinema, The Avenue
Clarendon Art Galỉery, Newton Lane
King Edward College, College Road
s t John’s Church, South Street
W ebster’s departm ent store, High Street Bristol Hotel, VVestville Way
Seaport Bus sta tio n i f ,ÌA ^(ẠeeA.V Rp<^d,
The Grand Theatre
Place names and the (2-11)
VVrite the headlines o f the article s in th is m o n th ’s edition o f ‘H oỉiday’, a travel mag£izine
► walk / along / Princes Street
► holiday / in / Bahamas
1 day / at / Blenheim Palace
2 train journey / in / North Wales
3 tour / of / VVhite House
4 beach / on / Riviera
5 shopping trip / to / Harrods
6 smaỉl tow n / in / Prance
7 trip / across / Severn Bridge
8 walk / around / Lake VVindermere
9 visit / to / Tovver Bridge
10 journey / across / Rcxĩkies
11 look / around / National Gallery
12 boat trip / along / Oxíord Canai
Ạ wạ,ịk A lp r^ PV-ị^ceí 4 ir ẹ e t
A holiplí^y tk e
Trang 19Test O: A/an and the
B
Complete the story about the thett o f a river barge Put in a, an, one o r the.
This is (► ) A true story about (1) man w ho chose (2 ) vvorst possible tim efor his crim e It happened in London in (3) sum m er o f 1972 ( 4 ) man stole abarge on (5) River Tham es (in case you d o n ’t know, (6 ) barge is a river boatused fo r carrying goods) (7) ow ner of (8) barge soon discovered that it wasmissing and im m edỉately intorm ed (9) police so that they could look for it Normally(10) river is quite (11) busy place, and it vvould be d ifficult to tin d w hat youwere looking for On this day, hovvever, there was (12) d o ck strike, and so there was only
arrested
Decide which word or vvords are correct.
► I think th a t’s AA AwfiAl thing to say
a) a awful b) an awful c) awful
1 Judy goes t o on the bus
a) w ork b) a w ork c) the w ork
2 ỉ don’t know what to do lt 's problem.
a) quite d ifficu lt b) a q uite difficuỉt c) quite a d itticult
a) Golf b) A go!f c) The go lf
a) School b) A school c) The school
a) really nice b) a realỉy nice c) really a nice
6 Nigel opened a dravver and took out
a) photos b) a photos c) som e photos
a) violin b) a violin c) the violin
8 We can íinlsh the rest o f the bread for
a) breaktast b) a breaktast c) the breakíast
9 While I w as in hospital, they gave me
a) X-ray b) a X-ray c) an X-ray
10 ỉ m ight listen t o
a) radio b) radios c) the radio
a) environm ent b) som e environm ent c) the environm ent
a) so terrible b) such terribíe c) such a terrible
Read the story about a siỉly mistake and dỡcide if a word needs to go in the space.
If a word is missing, write the word If no word is missỉng, w rite X.
This is also (►) A tm e story It shovvs how (►) ^ plans can som etim es go vvrong and how( 1 ) people can make silly m istakes This too happened quite (2 ) long tim eago - ir (3) 1979, in fact The scene was ( 4 ) o!d p e ople’s home in
Í>AGH 214 • NOUNS AND ARTÍCLES
Trang 20(5 ) small town in (6) north of Engiand called (7 ) Otley The owners of the home wanted to put (8 ) fence around it to make it more private The work began soon atter (9) Christmas when (10) vvorkmen arrived in
(11 ) lorry with planks of wood which they put up around the building Mt was (12) very nice fence/ said (1 3 ) of the old people But there was (14) problem The workmen forgot to leave a gap for the lorry to drive out through They had to come back the next day to knock dovvn part of (15) fence ‘(1 6 ) a silly mistake!’ said another resident ‘It was (1 7 ) funny we had to laugh In fact it was
(18) most fun w e’ve had for a long tim e.’
D
Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a w ord w hich should not be there
If the sentence is correct, put a tick ( /) If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word
out of the sentence and wríte it ín the space.
► The space capsule cam e down in the Pacitic
► My new job starts in 4he'April.
1 I was so tired I w ent to bed at nỉne
2 We had a vet7 good lunch in the com pany canteen
3 The life just isn’t fair sometỉmes.
4 W hat the clever children you have!
5 We went oưt and bought some pictures.
6 Tessa was still w orking at the midnight
7 I drive past the hospital evety morning.
8 A one boy was m uch taller than all the others
9 It costs such a lot of money, you know.
10 ril meet you outside the National Gallery.
11 Have you any idea w ho invented the tridge?
/
tinỂL
Complete the conversation Put in the words and decide ỉf you need â, an, som e o r ttìB
Martin; I think we ought to book (►) A h o lid A y (holiday) VVhere shall we go?
Anna: What about (►) JÍco.t)<\^d (ècotland)?
! think Edinburgh Is (1 ) (beautitul C ity) I love going there Martin: (2 ) (weather) m ight not be very good We went ttere at
(Princes Street) in đ up to (Ro/al Scottish
Anna: We could have a walk along (4 )
the castle And ỉ wanted to go to (5 )
Museum), but we never found time.
Martin: Can’t we go somevvhere different?
Anna: We could spend some time in (6 ) (Hlghlands), I sjppose Martin: When I go on holiday, I want to do something more relaxing than climbing
(7) .(mountains) And I find it pretty borlng.
Anna: How can you say such (8 ) (thing)?
Martin: Actually, rd prefer somevvhere vvarmer and by (9 ) (sea).
I think (10) (Corfu) vvould be nice We might get
(11) (sunshine) there I just want to lie on a beacỉ.
Anna: Martin, you know Tm not at all keen on ( 1 2 )
(beach holidays).
NOUNS AND A R TiC LE S •P A G E 2 1 5
Trang 2191 This, that, these and those
We use this and these fo r things near the speaker We use that and those for things íủrther away
uncountable noun, e.g this report These goes uncountable noun, e.g that íurniture Those goes
w ith a plural noun, e,g these results w ith a plural noun, e.g those curtains.
Wc can leave out ửie noun if the meaning is clear.
Vm just having a ỉook at thừ. r / iứ í 5 nice, isn t it?
Last montKsỷỉgures were bad, but these are worse.
2 Places an d people
When we are in a place or a situation, we usc this (not that) to refer to it.
There^s a wonderfuỉ vievv from this offìce Ịust come to the window.
T h is p a rty ỉsrĩ’t m uch furi, is it? Shaỉl we go horne?
We can use this to introduce people and that to idcntify people.
Ịake, th ừ is m ỵ Ịriend Rita T h a t’s Andrew over there.
On the phone we can use this to say who we are and this or that to ask who the other person is.
Heỉỉo? This Ì5 Laura speakitĩg Who*s this/that, please?
3 Time
This/these can mean ‘near in tim e’ and that/those Turther avvay in tim e’
/ ’m w o r k in g a s a t o u r is t g u iả e t h ừ s u m m e r V m p r e ư y h u s y th e s e days.
Do you remember th a t sum m er we aỉỉ went to spain? Those were the days.
J cant seeỵou on the third ofJuỉy ưm on hoỉiday th a t week.
To refer back to something that has just happened o r was just mentioned, we norm alỉy use that.
What was th a t noise? ~ ỉ didn*t hear anything.
ìessica is on a ảxet That^s why she doesĩìt w ant to eat out with us.
Vve ỉost m y key. ~ Weỉl, th a t’s a siìỉy thing to do.
To refer forw ard to something that is just going to happen or something that we are going to say,
we use this.
T hừ next programme shouỉd be quite interesting.
I ả o n ’t lik e to s a y t h is , b u t ư m n o t h a p p ỵ w it h th e S ervice here.
> 13.4 this vveek, this year, etc.
PAGE 2 1 6 • T H I S M Y S O M E A L O T O F , E T C
Trang 22A This, that, these and those (1)
W rite each o f the w ords thatt these, those) in the co rre ct place
Singular t l ì i í
Plural
B This, that, these and those (1)
C om plete the sentences Use thiSt thatt these and those, and these nouns:
cạr, dog, Aovvers, parcel, trees
► TKa.ì cAr has crashed
1 Would you llke
conversations Use this, that, these and ứìose.
Are we going out evening?
I ca n ’t really rn be vvorking late at the office
I hear you’ve got a new flat
’s right I’ve just moved in
W hat’s the matter?
fí’s boots They d o n ’t fit properly They’re hurtỉng my feet
It’s so boring here
What's happened? You look terrìble
You w on’t believe , but l ’ve just seen a ghost
What kind of planes are ?
I don’t know They're too far away to see properly
The match is three weeks from today
Sorry, I w on't be able to pỉay for the team I’lỉ be away a ! l week
2edco Can I help you?
Hello is Alan Can I speak to Fiona, please?
IVe had bump on my head ever since someone threw a chair at me.Someone threvv a chair at you? w asn’t a very nicG thing to do
seats aren’t very com tortable, are they?
No, i don't think ril waní to sit here very long
Trang 239 2 My, ỵour, etc and mine, ỵours, etc.
1 Introduction
Mark: W hy have you hrought ỵ o u r work home? W ere going out.
Sarah; r i ỉ do it ỉater Lefs go now Shall we take m y car?
iMark: \Veỉỉ, Vd rather not take m ỉn e ỉ think theres som ething wrong w ừh it.
My, mine, your, etc express possession and sim ilar meanings M y car means the car beỉonging to me; your
w ork means the work you are doing My comes beíore a noun, e.g my car We use mine on its own.
First person singular:
Second person singular:
T h ird person singular:
First person plural:
Second person pluraí:
T h ird person pluraỉ:
MY, YOƯR, ETC.
T h a ù ours.
Are theseỵours?
ỉt*s theirs.
2 Its and it s
\Ve use its betore a noun to exprcss the idea oí helonging.
T h e S tre et IS a r o u n d h e re s o m e w h e r c , h iiỉ Ị ’ve ịo r\ĩo íteỉì its rm nie
It’s is a shorl form o f it is or it has.
/ think it*s tĩtne to { - it is) It*s got a ỉoĩ coỉder today, h a sn t Itĩ ( ' it has)
3 My, your vvith parts of the body and clothcs
\Ve n o r i n a l l y LÌSC m y , y o u r , ctc vviih p a r t s o t t h e b o d v a n d w i t h s o m c o n e s c ỉ o t h c s
Emrna sỉiook her head scidỉy N(V1 Enỉtna shook the hetiíỉ-ỷtttỉìỵ:
Sonieonc canìe up behind mc and ^rabhed m y orrn.
Vbtí m ust take o ff yo u r shoes hcfore you eritcr a mosiỊue.
B u t \ vc u s u a l ỉ y u s e t h e i n r h c í ol l ovvi ĩ i g s t r u c t u r e vvith a p r c p o s i t i o n a ỉ p h r a s e
VERH PERSON PREPO Sm O N AL PHRASt
4 Own
\Ve use own after lĩiy, your, etc to say that something belongs to us and to no one else
Racheỉ has got h e r o w n caỉculator She d o esn t borrow mme NOT
ỉ d o n t share any more Vve got a fỉa í o f m ỵ ow n NOT
5 A íriend o f mine
Look at these examples.
Totrĩ IS a ịr ỉe n ả o f mine. ( - o n e o f m y f r ie n d s ) NOT
ỉ borrowed some magazines o f yours. ( - some o f your magazines)
Note also ’s in this example: Rừa is aỷrienả oỊM eỉanie*s.
Trang 24B
lives It d idn’t start very
parents, and they
My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc (1)
C om plete the conversation Put in the m ỉssing vvords
Laura: Did you and (►) yowr triends have a nice holiday?
Emma; Yes, it was vvonderlul We had the best holỉday of (1)
well, though Daniel torgot to bring (2) passport
Laura: Oh, dear So what happened?
Emma: Well, luckily he doesn’t live far from the airport He rang (3)
brought the passport over in (4) car, just in time
Laura: You remembered (5) , I hope
Emma; Yes, I had (6) , even though Tm usually the one who íorgets things Actually
Rachel thought for a minute that she’d lost ( 7 ) Luckiỉy it was in (8)
suitcase Anyvvay, in the end w e had a marvellous time
Its and it’s (2)
Put in the correct form.
► Untortunately, the town has lost only cinema
► The meeting w o n ’t last long ỉ’li see you when '■t í over
1 You should return the book to ovvner immediately
2 We’d like to go out for a waìk, but raining
3 Tm not buying this tablecloth because got a hole in it
4 The board has decided that Zedco needs to im prove image
Parts of the body and clothes (3)
Put in my, your, etc or the.
I was doing keep-fit exercises when I fell dow n and hurt M.y
Matthevv served, and the ban hit Daniel on knee
A wasp stung me on neck It really hurt
The m other put both arms around the child
The fans were all shouting at the to p of voices
leg.
D My own, a triend of mlne, etc (4-5)
Correct the sentences which have a mistake.
We’re lucky
We Ve p u r pw^ 5<^rqỉẹ^•
I met some nice people Harriet intrGduced m e-to-a ừ iend of ị ìerself
2 My íriends swỉm every day TheỵV e got-th eif oníy poek
3 I enjoy rcK:k-climbing It*s a favourite hobby to-mer
4 I hope Matthevv wi(l be here r v e g o t som e-GDs ffom his
5 I don’t want to share like my very ro o m
Trang 251 Form
We Lise the p^osscssivc of' a noun in phrases like the bov^s ĩiame and Vỉcky^s roorn.
VVe torm the possessivc like tliis.
Singuỉar noLin: 's b o v h o v ^ s V ỉ c k y V i c k v * s
Pluraỉ noun ending in s: ’ boys -* hoỵs' ĩơurists tourists'
Plural noun not ending in s; *s m en ► meĩĩ*s chiỉdreri children*s
We can use thc possessive form w ith another noun or on its own.
ỉ've met Racheưs fa m iỉy, buĩ ỉ havent meĩ Vicky*$ { Vicky^s = V icky’s íamiỉy)
2 The boy’s nam e or the n am e o f the boy?
Compare these structures.
Sonietimcs vve can use either the posscssive [the boy's rĩatne) or a phrase w ith o f [the nam c o f the boỵ)y but
oíten only one is possible We norm ally use the possessive vvith pcopỉe and animals.
m y friend*s liouse Cĩaire^s ỉdea Danieưs brother o ur neighbour^s garden the dog^s ovuner the poĩicemen*s \mxforms the women^s chatĩging room the Parkers* car
We normalỊy usc o f w ith things, and not the possessive form
th e s id e o f th e h o u s e NOT tht^ housc^s s id c
the resuỉt o f the m a tch KOT miAtcWs rcsítk
th e d a y o f th e m e e t in g NOT th e m e tỉú n g ^ s d a y
But vvc use o f w ith people when there ís a long phrase
the house o f one o f our teachers a t coỉìege
the address o f those peopỉe we m e t in sp a in
We can use both structures for piaces and organizations.
Lonđotĩ*s rnuseums OR the museums o f Londort
t h e e a rth * s a tm o s p h e re OR th e a tm o s p h e r e o f t h e e a r t h
the companỵ*s íutưreoR ĩheỷuture o f the com pany
the government^s intentions OR the intentỉons o f the g o vernm ent
3 The possessive o f time
We can use the possessive to say ‘vvhen’ or ‘hovv ỉongl
last week's cotĩcert today*s T V programmes yesterday’s news
Notc also:
in tw o m o n th s' tim e (two months from now)
a week's wages (wages for a week)
9 3 The possessive form and of
IWGE 220 • THIS MY SOME A LOT 0F ETC
Trang 26A The possessive form (1)
Write descriptions of the things in the photos Use boy, g irl and children and these vvords:
-tlìÊ chilcỉ^ẹ^v
B The possessive form (1)
Laura is shovving Melanie her photos Put in the possessive form of the nouns.
Laura:
Meỉanie:
Laura:
(►)This was taken in
(my friend) garden
(the twins) birthday party
(Luke) girltriend
, , (Jason) sister Emily
(Debbie) mother
(her children) teacher
(the Lanskys) dog sitting on (Olivia) foot
The b o y’s name or the name of the boy? (2)
Ed Buckman vvrites detective stories Here are the titles of some of his stories
Write the titles using either o f o ra possessive form (with *s ors")
the mistake / the poỉiceman
►
► the bottom / the bottle
1 the gun / Mr Hillman
2 the smel! / blood
3 the car / the terrorist
4 the middle / the night
5 the death / someone important
6 the money / the gangsters
D The possessive of ti me (3)
Rewrite the underiined phrases using a possessive form.
TKe Fb!fCCMí\rsV M iítA k c
TiìỂ E>o-ttoM tí ì e Ế > ottle
► The prices this vear are even lovver
► From here it’s a drive of tw o hours
1 ỉ read about it in the paper yesterday
2 1 just want a rest for five minutes
3 lt’s the speciaí offer for this m onth
4 ril see you in a w eek
A -fcwo d riv e
THIS MY SOME, A LOT 0F ETC • PrGH 221
Trang 2794 Some and anỵ
1 Basic use
Some and any go beíore a plural or uncountable noun (see U nit 85.1)
There was a bowỉ and some cornỷỉakes on the table, but there wastĩ’t any milk.
VVe can also use some and any vvithout a noun
Trevor wanted some miỉk, but he couỉdnt jỉnd arty.
We norm ally use some in positive sentences and anỵ in negative sentences or ones w ith a negative meaning
PO S lTivt:
There^s some mUk in the ỷridge.
I need some stamps. - There are some
in the drawer
ỉ m etsom e interestmg people last Tĩight
VVeV/ have some fun at Disneyỉand.
NEíiATIVH
ỉ h a ve n ĩa n ỵ miỉk. (= I have no m iìk.)/ havent ẹof anỵ stamps Have you got any?
/ never meet any ÌTĩteresting peopỉe nowadays
We w ont have anỵ fuTì yựừhout you.
\V o u l( ỉ r o í/ lik c some n if f e c f ( a ih I ì ỉ y o n />í)>7 s o m e h ’ỉtc rỹ ịo r / ĩ/ t ’p
\N'e c a n u s e s o m e in q u e s t i o n s \ v h e n \ vc t h i n k t h c aíis\s't*r m i i í h t b c ves.
Ị)i(i y o ii huy some clotlie!>í' (Perhaps 1 kmnv thiit yoL! \ v e n t out t u h u y stimc.)
2 Somcone, anything, ctc.
\Vo choose betuccn som eone and anyone som ething aiHÌ anything, and somevvhere and
anywhcrc in thc s<imc vvay a.s bc[\\'ccn SOĨĨÌC liid any.
Som eone has spiỉt water everywhere
Wouìả you like som ething ĩo eat?
Let's go out $omewhere.
3 Another use of any
Did anỵone see what happened?
We havenĩ got anỵthing to eat
Is there anywhere we can goĩ
We can use any in a positive sentence to mean ‘it doesn’t matter which’
ỉm ỷree aỉl day Caỉỉ any tim eyou ỉike.
A ny student wiỉỉ be abỉe to ĩeỉỉ you where the coỉỉege ỉibrarỵ is.
You can buy these maps at any petroỉ station, They aỉl have them.
We say any petrol stationb e c a u s e a ll p e t r o l s ta tio n s h a v e the m a p s I t d o e s n ’t m a t t e r v v h ic h O ne y o u g o to Thcy are all equally good
Look at these exampỉes w ith anyone, anything and anyvvhere.
/ í s a v e ry simpỉe p u z z ỉe A nỵone C ỡuỉd soỉve it ( = I t d o e s n ’t m a t t e r w h o )
What shalỉ W€ have for ỉunch? o/i, anything ĩ ảorit mind.
Where do W€ have to sit? ~ We can sit anỵwhere It ảoesnt matter.
[> 85.1 AVan ancì some c> 103 Everyone, something, etc.
PAGE 222 • THIS, MY SOME A LOT 0F ETC
Trang 28Basic use (1)
Look at the p ictu re s and say w h a t people have o r haven’t got Use s o m e o r any
Use these w o rd s: cate, m o n e y , petrol, p o iso n , s a ^ \ ỵ ị c h e s
1
B Basic use (1)
Justin Cooper is a radio disc jockey Complete what he is saying Put in som e o r any.
That was ‘ I ca n ’t find {►) AAy love’ by Arlene Black Now, Tve had (►) íPMẹ- lettersasking for som ething by Express One listener says she hasn’t heard (1 ) Express songs
on this program m e for m onths Well, Tm going to put that right And this wilỉ be our last track becausethere isn’t ( 2 ) more tim e ỉeft We’ve had (3) great songs tonight, and l ’ll behere next week to play (4) more Now here’s ( 5 ) m usic from Express - ‘I
c Some, any, someone, anyone, etc (1-2)
Complete the conversations Put in some, any, anyone, som eone, som ething or anything.
You*d better go to the shop, then We need ÍPMÊ tom atoes, too
Oh, no thank you That was delicious, but ỉ co u ld n ’t e a t else
There’s at the door
Are w e e x p e c tin g visitors?
No, but l ’d be very grateíul f o r help you can glve
I was lookỉng f o r , and now I can’t remember what it was
Rachel: You saỉd you were looking for
Another use of any (3)
Put in any + noun, anyone or anything.
► The seats aren’t reserved You can have íe.Ạ i
► I don’t m ind w hat w e do today We can do
1 ỉf it’s your party, you can invite
2 Ai! the buses go ỉnto the tow n centre Take
3 This carpet is available in lots of colours You can have
4 My tather has the television on all the tim e He’ll vvatch
5 It doesn’t m atter vvhìch day you phone Ring
Trang 2995 A lot of, lots of, manỵ, much, (a) few
and (a) little
1 Introduction
A lot of, lots of, many and much mean a large quantitv.
Ron Mason owns a chain o f supermarkets He's made a h t o f money.
A íevvand a little mean a small quantitv.
better hurrv M y hus goes tn a f e w minutes.
Many and a few go beíore plural nouns Much and a little go before uncountable nouns.
A lot a f and lots o f go bcíbre both pỉural and uncountable nouns.
\Ve U5e these vvords vvithout a noiiri if it is clear \vhat we mean.
/ tũke photos, but noĩ as m a n y as Ị used to A t one tim e ỉ íook a ỉot.
Note :hat we say a iot w ithout of.
2 A lot of, many and much
As a general rule, we use a lo i o f and lots o f in positivc statemcnts and
manv and much in negatives and questions.
Positi /e: We get a lo t o f storms here \Ve ^et a ỉot o f ram herc.
Negaĩive; We do n t ị^et m a n y storms here \'Ve don't get m uch ram here.
Quesiions: Do yoii get m a n ỵ storms hereì Do yoií geĩ m uch rani here?
VVc Uíe many or much (not a lot oO aíter loo, so and as.
Thĩre are too m a n y cars /Ve got so m u c h work ỉ haverìl goỉ as m uch ỉ-ĩĩonev as ỵou.
ín ío m a i p.nglish, we can somctimí‘s usc many and much in a positive statenu-nt.
M cnỵ stucients have financiaỉ probỉems There is m uch enthusiíỉsrn for the líiea.
But tHs is Icss usual in convcrsation, where vve norm ally usc a ìot o f or lots of.
In inf3rmal Engiish, you may hear a lot o f in a ncgativc or a question.
/ a)rĩ't have m a n ỵ fricĩĩds/a ỉot o f [riends Do vou eat m uch fruit/a ỉot o f ỷruỉt?
3 Few and little vvith and \vithout a
Witằ a the meaning is positive W ithout a the meaning is negative.
A customers have come inĩo the shop ỉt has Few customers have come into the shop ỉt has
Vckỵ has made a littỉe progress and so is /eeỉing Vỉcky has made ỉittĩe progress and so is notfeeỉing
nunber o f customers
A lide progress - some progress, a small amount Littỉe progress - not much progress
o f p'Ogress
Few aid littỉe (w ithout a) can bc rather form al In iníormaì speech we can use these structures.
M í m anỵ customers have come in Vicky hasn*t made m uch progress.
Oriy a fe w customers have come in Vicky has made onỉỵ a littỉe progress.
Trang 30A A lot of, lots of, many, much, a few and a little (1)
VVrite the sentences correctly.
► Mark was oniy spending one night away He
Hê <^wick.ly 9»iaỊ A i r t p A bẠ^
1 Rachel is learning to drive She hasn 't had muoh lessQRS yet:
2 l’m m aking soup fo r tw enty people ụ\
3 I feel really tired ^ h aven *t go t many energy
4 The mixture looks rather dry
5 We’re having a big party
B A lot of, m any and m uch (1-2)
Complete the conversation Put in a io t of, m any or m uch More than one answer may be correct.
Matthevv: There are (► ) A l p t p f athletes taking part in the International Games in
London There’s been (1) coverage in the papers
Daniel: Our runners haven’t won (2 ) medals, have they?
Matthevv: No, not as (3) as last tim e But there’s plenty o f tim e There are
still (4 ) events to come I’d like to go and see som e of th e track
Daniel: No, not with exams com ing up
Matthevv: rm hoping to go at the weekend if I can get a ticket Apparently there aren’t
Daniel: l ’ve heard the cheapest tickets are £25 I think th a t’s to o (7)
c A few, few, a little and little (3)
Put in a few , few, a IHtle or littlB
► 1 don’t think ỉ can lift this box on my own I need A U i t k help.
► Few tourists visited Northern Ireland in the 1980s because o f the terrorism there
1 The postm an doesn’t often com e here We re c e iv e letters
2 The snow was quite deep There s e e m e d hope o f com pletíngour journey
3 Trevor isn't íinding it easy to fix the shelves He’s h a v in g
trouble
4 Sarah is exhausted She’s h a v in g days’ hoiiday next week
5 David quite likes golf, but untortunately he h a s ability
6 I can speak vvords of Svvedish, but rm not very fluent
D Many, few, much and little (2-3)
Complete this paragraph from a travel book Put in manỵ, few, m uch or
The main tow n on the island Is very smaỉl and does not have { ► ) MẠ,^y im portant buildings.The islanders do not have (1 ) money, and they have (2 ) c o n ta ct wjth theoutside world There is not ( 3 ) chance of the place attracting large num bers o f tourists.The roads are not very good There are lots of bicycies but not ( 4 ) cars And there arehardly any of the modern íacilities w hich visitors expect There are ( 5 ) shops, and there
is (6 ) entertainment.
THIS, MY SOME, A LOT 0F ETC • PAGE 225
Trang 319 6 All, half, most, some, no and none
1 All, most and some
We can use all, most and some beíore a pỉura! or an uncountable noun.
Alt pỉanĩs neeả water AU m atter ĨS made up o f atoms.
Most people would ỉike more monev Some food makes me iỉl
Aỉỉ plants means ‘all pỉants in generai/in the worỉdl Most people means 'mosl people in this country/in the
vvorld’ Som e food means ‘some food but not all food’ Here some is pronounced /SAm/.
2 All of, half of, most of and some of
Laura: Why do you keep aỉỉ o f these cỉothes? You never wear most o fth em Youve had some o f your
ỷackets for ten years Why d o n t ỵou throw them aỉì out? This One is compỉeteỉy out of /ashion
Trevor: Weỉỉy I thought if ỉ waited long enough, it m ight come back intoỷashion.
All o f ỉhese cỉothes has a speciíic meaning Laura is talking about Trevor s clothes»
not about clothes in generaL
\Ve can use alỉ (of), half (of), most o f and some of.
Have alỉ (of) the plants died? ~ Nơ, not aỉỉ o /th em
M ost o f the people who live around here are students.
Vve spent m ost o f my m oney aỉready.
H a lf (of) the audience leỷt beỷore the end o f the ỷiỉm.
Som e o f th a tfo o d ỷrom the party VV05 aỉỉ righĩy but Ị threw some o f it away.
VVe can leave out o f aíter all or haif, but not before a pronoun
a ĩl o f these cỉo th e s OR a lỉ th e cio th e s BƯT a ỉ l o f ĩh e m NOT a iỉ th e m
h a ỉ f o f o u r g r o u p OR h a ỉ f o u r g r o u p BUT h a ỉ f o f u s NOT h a ỉ f us
We can also use all in mid position (see ư n it 113.2) or aíter a pronoun.
These cups are aỉỉ dirty. 77/ have to clean them aỉl.
The guests have aỉỉ gone now ỉ think they aiĩ enỷoyed themseỉves.
We can use most and some on their own.
The batid sang a few songs Most were oỉd ones, but some were new.
3 Ail meaning ‘everything’ or ‘the only thing’
v /e can use alỉ w ith a clause to mean ‘everything' or 'the only thing’
Teỉl me alỉ you know Aỉỉ ỉ did was ask a simpỉe question.
Here you know and / did are clauses We do not normally ưse all vvithout the clause.
Teỉỉ m e e veryth in g NOT Teỉì me a ỉi
4 No and none
We use no vvith a noun.
WeWe rung aỉỉ the hotels, and there are no rooms availabỉe
ỉ ’m afraid /Ve got no moneỵ. ( - I haven’t got any moncy.)
We use none vvith o f or on its own.
None o fm yỷ rỉe n d s wiỉỉ be at the party Look at these cỉothes N one oỷthem are in Ịashion «ow
/ wanted some cake, but there was n o n e ỉefĩ NOT T hrrr was tĩo ỉeỷt.
t> 86 Cars or the cars? > 94 Some and any > 103 Everyone, etc
PAGE 2 2 6 • T H I S M Y S O M E A L O T 0 F E T C
Trang 32A All, m ost, half, som e and none (2, 4)
Read th is advertisem en t fo r som e new fla ts and th e n c o m p le te th e sentences
Put in all o f them , m o s t o f them , h a lf o f them , so m e o f them and none o f them
Hartley House is an oid manor house vvhich has been converted into thirty one-bedroom and tw o- bedroom tỉats Ail the tlats have a íitted kitchen, bathroom and large living-room Ten o f them have a separate dining-room Twenty-five of the flats have a view o f the sea, and fifteen have a private balcony Ail thirty flats are stitỉ for sale Ring us now fo r more detaiis
► The f!ats are modern A)) o f thejM have a titte d kitchen
5 There’s also a dining-room in
B All, most, som e and none (2, 4)
There w as a quiz evening yesterday Six trie n d s to o k p a rt, and th e y aỉl ansvvered tw e n ty q uestion s Did they g et alỉ, m ost, som e or none o f them right?
► Natasha answered all tvventy correctỉy
► Danie!'s score was fifteen
1 Uessica had onỉy eìght correct answers
2 Matthevv got them ali right except three
3 Andrew gave tw enty correct ansvvers
4 Đut poor Vicky d id n ’t get a singie one right
He íỊo t M o ỹt
All, m ost, no and none (1-4)
C om plete the co nversatlon s Use th e w o rd in b ra c k e ts w ith a//, all th e, m o s t, m o s t o f th e , no or
n o n e o f the,
I vvonder where they make this milk
It isn’t made in a íactory, Andrevv A ll MilV; (milk) com es from animals
W hat do you usually do on a Sunday?
Not much We spend M p ft p-f iiì e tiM e (time) reading the papers
fn general, people aren't interested in politics, are they?
These new flats are supposed to be fo r students
That’s ridlculous (student) in the w orld coulc possiblyafford such a high rent
W ho’s paying for the new ice-rink to be built?
W e ll, (money) wiỉl com e from the governm en:, b u t theCity has to pay a quarter o f the cost
Well, except electric ones, I suppose
What kind of fruit should you eat to stay healthy?
I d o n ’t think it m atters (íruit) is good for you is n ’t it?
I knew there had been a povver cu t because it w as so dark everywhere
Trang 339 7 Everỵ, each, whole, both, either and neither
1 Every and each
VVe use every and each beíore a singiilar noun to talk ahout a vvholc group.
Tỉie poỉice questĩonecỉ every person/each persoĩt ĩỉĩ the bìiĩỉdin^.
Every room/Each room has a nưnìber.
In manỵ contexts cithcr word is possible, but there is a đitĩcrence in meaning.
individuals, one by one.
Everỵ guest \vatched as the President carne in Each guest ( ỉn tiưĩĩ) shook hancis with him.
Every mcans three or more, usually a large Each ís more usual with smaller groups and can
There were cars parked along every Street in There w>ere cars parked aỉong each side o f the
We can usc each fbut not every) on its o\vn or w ith of.
T h e re a rc s ix fla ts E a c h has its 0 WH e n tra rìc e NOT ỉĩv e r ỵ h tìs r,-
Each o f the sixỷỉats has Its own entrance NOT Every ỡffh€ .-r:
We can aỉso say Each one/Every One has its own enĩrance.
We can also use each in mid position (see Unií 113.2) or aíter a pronoun.
W e \ e e a c h g o t OĨÌT 0 W fĩ desk T h e y g a v c u s e a c h a dcsk.
Conipare every and all before day, m orning, \veek, etc.
/ írcìvel every day (= Monđay, Tuesday, VVednesday, )
/ was traveỉỉmg all day (= trom niorning tiỉl evening)
2 Whole
We use vvhole beíore a singuỉar noun lí means ‘ali' or ‘complete’
The hiỉby cried th e w hoỉe tim e ( - all the time)
/Ve spent m ỵ w hoỉe ỉife w a itm gfo r this rnomenỉ all my !ife)
W elỉ need a w h o ỉe ỉo a f to rnake sanciwiches fo r everyotĩc.
3 Both, either and neither
We usc both, either and neither for two thiiìgs.
ưve got two bicycles B oth o f them are qiiite oỉd Vve given up cỵciirỉg, so ỉ d o n t ride e ith er o f thenĩ any more N e ith e r o f ĩhem is in very good condition, Vrn afraid.
Both rneans ‘the one and the other’ We can use it in the tblỉovving slructures.
had two ỉetters this morniriíỊ, and both letters/both the lettersỊboth oỷthe ỉetters/both o f them are biỉỉs
We can aỉso use both in m id position (see U nit 113.2) or after a pronoun.
The ìetters are both biỉỉs Vve openeả them both.
E it h e r iT ic a n s ‘ th e o n e o r th e o th e r » a n d n e it h e r n ie a n s ‘ n o t th e o n c o r th e o t h e r ’
/ haven't met either tw in/either ỡ f the tw ins/either o f them.
N either shoe fits/N either o f the shoes fiĩ(s)/N either o f them
We can use both, either and neither on their own.
The store hưs ĩwo ỉiỷts, and hoth are oiit o f order/neither is workỉỉìg.
Trang 34Every and each (1)
Complete the dialogue Put in every or each. Sometimes both are possible.
Laura: lt ’s a lot bigger than your last house, isn’t it? Did you say there are four people living here?Natasha: Yes, and we (►) have our own bedroom
Laura: Does (1) person pay a quarter of the rent?
Natasha: That’s right On the tirst of (2) month
Laura: It must be íantastic for parties
Natasha: Yes, it is We do n ’t have one (3) week, but almost!
Laura: lsn’t that rather expensive?
Natasha: Not if (4) guest brings something to eat or drink! Anyvvay, there’ll be no more
parties unti! our exams are over We’re spending (5) moment revising
B Every, all and whole (1-2)
Put in every, a llor the w hole and the word ỉn brackets Sometimes more than O ne ansvver is possible.
Meỉanie is a religious person She goes to church ạvỂ.ry (Sunday)
1 just can’t sleep 1 spent
Sarah gets the train at half past seven
lt’s eleven o ’c!ock Are you going to lie in bed
Last Saturday Trevor spent
Why are you in such a hurry
(night) lying awake
(morning)
(morning)?
(day) putting up som e shelves
(time) I see you?
c Both, either and neither (3)
There are tw o pubs In Bnckíield, The VVhite Horse and The Ship Look at the intormation
and then write the sentences Use b o th o f them , one o f them or n e ith e r o f them
(serve meals) p-f -tlìeM íc rv ẹ m ể aỊ^
(have a separate restaurant)
(serve bar snacks)
(have a íamily room)
(allow pub g a m e s )
(have live music)
(have a non-sm oking area)
D Every, each, vvhole, both, either and nelther (1-3)
Compíete the conversation Put in every, each, w hole, b o th , e ith e ror neither.
Assistant: These plain sofas com e in tw o different styles
Sarah; 1 think (►) b p tk styles are rather old-fashioned ( 1 ) of them is rea\\) w h a i
I want i do n ’t like (2) of them , !’m atraid
Assistant: What about a patterned tabric? There are some lovely colours here
Sarah: I feel more and more unsure with (3) new tabric I look at
Mark: We haven’t got tim e to look at (4 ) tabric in the shop We’ve been in here a
(5) hour already, you know
THIS, MY SOME A LOT 0F ETC Ỉ \GE 229
Trang 35A
L o o k at w h a t p e o p le are saying and c h o o s e the c o rre c t m eaning
► Polly: Let’s sit under these trees, shall we?
The trees are a) [ i ^ near Polly b) ! a long way away from Polly
1 Martin: My triend and I ate a vvhole loaf
Martin and his friend ate a) part of the !oaf b) ' _ alỉ the loaf
2 Nigel: The girls’ d og has gone m issing
T h e d o g b e lo n g s to a) J o n e g ir! b) Ị m o re th a n o n e g irl
3 Tessa: My brother has got his ow n office
Tessa’s brother a) ị ' vvorks alone in the office b) shares the ottice with another person
4 Nancy: The vveather looks a littie better, ỉ íhink
How does Nancy teel about the w eather? a) I Hopetul b) I 1 Not very hopetul
5 Ben: I c a n ’t answ er either o f these questions
How m any questions is Ben taíking about? a) 1 One b) Ị Two c) [ I More than two
6 Adrian: The children can keep any tennis balls they find
Wilỉ they find any tennis bails? a) I Yes b) ' No c) [ Adrian d o e s n ì know
D ecide vvhich w ord is c o rre c t
► W hat colour shalỉ we have? ~ I d o n ’t m ind Pick colour you ỉike
a) any b) som e c) that d) w hat
1 Peter has tw o brothers, b ut he d o e s n 't speak to of them,
a) any b) both c) either d) neither
a) Anyone b) A nything c) S om eone d) Som ething
3 I like p ictu re s here - Yes, so do I
a) th a i b) these c) th is d) those
a) a few b) a little c) few d) iittie
5 co u n trie s still have a king or a queen, d o n 't they?
a) Any b) Half c) Part d) Som e
6 Satety should com e íirst lìves sh o u ld n ’t be put at risk
a) People b) Peoples c) P e o p le ’s d) Peoples’
7 Nigel isn’t very well - Oh, \'m sorry to hear
a) so b) that c) th is d) you
8 Mr Jones is an uncle of
a) Polly b) Pollys c) Po!ly’s d) P ollys’
Tessa is vvalking a lo n g th e S tre e t w hen she sees her o ld trie n d A ngela
Read th e co n v e rs a tio n and w h te th e m issin g w ords Use one w o rd o n ly in each space
Tessa: Helio Angela H ow are you?
Angela: Tessa! Heiỉo! Shall w e have lunch together?
Tessa: I was ju st going to the bank to get (►) ếoMÊ money ỉ have to be back at the office in
(1) fe w m in u te s My life ’s One m a d ru s h
Angela: So is (2) Tm w orking for Tuffex Plastics now And my daughter has invited
three triends (3) hers to stay, ! wish I d id n ’t have so (4) things to
do at once
Trang 36Tessa: rm glad i ’ve run into you 1 never see (5) else from our old gang
(6) of them seem to be around any more
Angela: ỉ think th e y ’ve (7) m oved away, except us tw o Caroi w ent to Japan,
Tessa: Angela, w ould you like to com e for a meal some tim e?
Angela: Oh, that w ould be lovely W e’ll certainly have a (8) to talk about
Tessa: M aybe w e ’ll need a (9) day W hat a bout the Saturday atter next?
Each o f the se n te n ce s has a m ista ke in it VVrite th e c o rre c t sentence
► Afe yo u §oịn§-of> ho lỉd a y t hat yeaf-? A rỄ yoiA OÍV kalỊdAy t l ì i í yÊ A r?
1 T te t wa&-a-vefy^eo<^ -k iea -e^-you
2 You’ve g o t a4et-boG kS r+«veft^ you?
3 l- d e n 't - k n e w t h e m e e t i n g ^ t im e
4 N íg e t h a & - M u f t - # » e l e g r
5 Aếị-foo m &4n t^ ^ - t o u se w ere c o ỉd
6 Wear-evefytt>ìng-4t d oe sn ’t m a tter w hat^
7 Ễrvery o f th e fo u r d o o fS w as io c keér
8 I Iive-my4ịíe, and fn y-sis ter \w es
9 T h ^ f t r t r \ i irì t h/^fTí 1 t r O V v T * w w t 1 t t t t t l w i I ■ •
10 Here ’s a -^p y -e M I^I& -w eek -maga24fìe
12 1 wafrt -seme p a p er, but-4here *s-no ịft-hefe
E
W rite a se co n d se n te n ce so th a t it has a s im ila r m eaning to th e firs t U se th e w o rd in b ra cke ts
► When I was on hoHday, it rained all week (who!e)
Wl^er 1 vụKS o ^ koỊidAỴí tK e wi>ple w e ẹ t
1 Tve lived here m ore than half m y lite (most)
2 All the hotels were full (every)
3 The house on the corner is bigger than our house (ours)
4 l ’ve torgotten my d o c to r’s name (of)
5 We haven’t had m uch warning o f the changes (little)
6 Such a ỉarge num ber o f people have appiied fo r the job (so)
7 I m et one o f your old boyíriends at a party (an)
8 Both the chairs are uncom íortable (neither)
9 My holiday starts ten days from now (time)
T H I S MY S O M E A L O T O F , E T C • P A G E 2 : 1
Trang 379 8 Personal pronouns (I, ỵou)
1 The m e a n i n g o f the p r o n o u n s
V icky: HeỉỉOy A n d rew H a v c ỵ o u seen R acheỉ?
A n d re w : I d o n t th ín k so N o, ỉ h a v e n t seen h e r ĩoday.
V icky: W e ’re su p p o se d ĩo bc g o in g o u t a t h a ỉf p a s t seven, a n d it's n e a rly e ig h t TĨ 0W.
Andrevv; M a y b e she^s iu s t foriiotten Y ou k n o w Rachel.
V icky; W e're goirig o u t for a m e a l M a tth e y v a n d E m m a s a id t h e ỵ m xg h ĩ c o m e too.
Ị h o p e th e y h a v e n t g o n e x v ith o u t m e
I / m e m e a n s t h e s p e a k e r , a n d y o u m e a n s t h e p e r s o n s p o k e n to.
W e/us m eans the speaker and som eone elsc, H ere, we - V ic k y and Rachel
H e /h im means a m alc person and she/her a fem ale person Here, she = Rachel
I t m eans a th in g , an a ctio n , a s itu a tio n o r an idea Here, it = the tim e
They/them is the plural of he, she and it and means people or things
We can aỉso use th e y /th e m fo r a person w hen we d o n ì k n o w i f the person is m ale o r female
ỉ f a n ỵ o n e caỉỉs, a sk th e m to leave a m essage.
2 Subject and object forms
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRl) PERSON
We use th e subject fo rm (I, etc.) w h e n the p ro n o u n is ih c subject and there is a verb
Ị ả o n t th in k so M a y h e sh e 's ju s t/o r g o tte n
We use the object fo rm (m e, etc.) w h e n the p ro n o u n is the object o f a verb o r p re p o sitio n
Ị h a v e n t s e e n h e r toảaỵ ỉ h o p e th e y h a v e n t gorte w i t h o u t m e
T h e p ro n o u n o n its o w n o r aíter be usually has the object fo rm
W h o s p ilt coffee a ỉỉ over th e table? - M e /S o r r y , it w as m e
C o m p a re th is answer
W h o s p iit coffee a lỉ over th e tabỉe? - ỉ did.
3 You, one and they
W e can use y o u o r One to m ean ‘any person’ o r ‘people in g eneral’» in c ỉu d in g the speaker
Y o u sh o u ỉd n ^t heỉieve w h a t y o u re a d in th e new spapers.
OR O n e s h o u ld n 't beỉieve w h a t o n e reads in th e new spapers.
Y o u d o n t Ỉik e /O n e d o e s n t ỉike to h a v e a n a r g u m e n t in pubỉic.
Trang 38A The meaning of the pronouns (1)
Read the conversation betw een M elanie and Rita Then say w h a t the underlined pronouns mean.
Rita: No, not yet
Melanie: Nor have 1, b ut (►) it looks interesting There’s a iovely ► it = ỊKê
dress in the window, and (1) Lt isn’t expensive 1 it =
Rita: Laura bought some jeans there (2) She said 2 she =
Melanìe: (4) You ought to go along there and have a look, then 4 you =
Rita: (5) We’d better not go now or w e’ll be late 5 we =
B Subject and object forms (2)
C om plete th e conversation Put in the pronouns.
Did (►) yotẠ say that you and Harriet vvanted som e coloured lights for your pary?
Yes but (►) ’s OK Me!anie’s neighbour Jake has g ot some, and (1) ’s going
to lend (2) to (3 )
Great Is Rita C o rn in g to the party?
com e or not Her parents are flying somewhere on Saturday evening, and she might be taking
And what about Laura’s triend Emily?
I expect (8) ’1I be there And her brother (9) both came tc our last party.
Do (10) mean Jason? I don’t like (11) very much.
Oh, (12) ’s O K But(13) d o n ’t have to talk to (14)
c Subject and object forms (2)
Put in the pronouns.
► There’s no need to shout I can hear
1 You and I w ork we!l together.
2 We’ve got a bit of a problem Could
3 This is a good photo, isn’t
look ’s next to Andrevv.
4 Who did this crossvvord? “
5 Is this V icky’s bag? No,
6 ’m looking for my shoes Have
d id n ’t bring one It c a n ’t belong to
D You and they (3)
C om plete the conversation Put in you o r they.
Trevor: 1’m not going to drive in this weather It’s too icy.
Laura: {►) V o iẠ d o n ’t want to take any risks (1) can’t be too caretul.
Trevor: l ’ve just heard the w eather íorecast and (2) say th e re ’s going to be nore snow.
(3) 're better off indoors in weather like this.
Laura; 1 think (4) ought to clear the snow off the roads m ore quickly.
Trang 399 9 There and it
1 There + be
l.o o k at ihese cxam plcs
/ reaỉỉy o u ^ h t to p h o n e ỉìo m e ~ W e ỉl there^s a p h o n e box rouncỉ th e corner.
C o u ỉả ỉ m a k e m y s e ìỊ a n O ĩneỉetĩe? - O f coitrse T h e r e a r e s o m e eg^s in th e fr id g e
There^s an iniportani meeting ai work tỉiat ỉ ỉui\ e lo to.
To ta lk a b o u t th c cxistence u f s o m e th in g , \ve use there r be Be agrees w ith th e fo ỉlo w ịn g n o u n
T h c re i$ a p h o n c box BUT T h e r e a r e s o m c eggs.
Here are som e m o re exam ples
T h ere^s íì h u s a t ten to five T h e r e l ỉ b e a m e a ì w a it ỉn g f o r us
ỉs th e r e a ĩo iỉe t in íh e b ĩiild in g ? W e r e th e r e a n y b a rg a in s ĩn th c saỉe?
T h e r e h a v e b e e n s o m e b u r g la rie s receĩĩtỉv T h e r e m i g h t h a v e h e e n a n a c c id e n t.
\Ve also usc th e re w ith \vo rd s like a lo t o f, m a n y , m u c h , m o re , e n o u g h and w ith n u m b e rs
T h e r e w ere a ỉo t o f p ro b ỉe rn s to dĩscuss T ìie r e s too m u c h Tìoise in here.
W iỉỉ th e r e be e n o u g h ch a irs? T h e r e a re t h i r t ỵ ả a y s in A p riỉ.
2 ưses o f it
We use it fo r a th in g , an a c tio n , a s itu a tio n o r an idea
Vbỉ/ve b o u g h t a n e w coat It*s v e r y nice { i t = the coat}
S k iiĩìg is a n e x p e n siv e h o b b y , ì s n i ỉ ì ì
You h a v e to fi ỉỉ in a ỉl th e s e s tu p id [orrns I f s rid icu ỉo u s.
ỉ fin d a s tr o ỉo g ỵ /a s d n a ĩin g Ị 'm re a ỉỉy in ĩe r e s tc d in ỉt.
We use it to m can ‘ the u n kn o vvn p e rso n ’
D id so rn eo n e ringỉ' - I t VVÍĨ5 V icky S h e j u s t c a iỉe d ío sa v she's a r r iv e d sa/eỉy.
\Ve use it fo r the tim e , the w e a th e r an d distance
/ í 5 h a ỉf p a s t fiv e aỉready ỉ t 's S u n d a y to tn o rro w
ỉ t was m u ch w a rm er yesterday. i f 5 f i f t y m iles frorn here to B ri^hton.
We also use it in s tru c tu re s w ith a to - in fìn itiv e o r a th a t-cla u so (see aiso U n it 67.2)
It was nice to m eet yo u r friends.
/ í woidd be a good ỉdea to book in advance.
It's hnportant to sw itch o f f the eìectricỉtỵ.
W c use it w h e n we ta lk a b o u t th e detaiỉs It m eans th e p icĩu re.
H ere arc som e m o re exannples
T here^s a w o m a n a t th e door O h , it's A n n t Ịoan.
T h e r e Wfl5 a d o g in th e fie ld ỉ t w a s a b ig h ỉa c k one.
T h e r e 's a n e w o n e - w a y tr a ffìc s y s te m in th e to w n cetitre / f 5 v e r y c o n fu sin g
Trang 40A There + be (1)
Look at the pictures and com m ent on w hat you see Use these vvords: a balloon, some btoxes,
the car, ạ dinosaur, an elephant, som e ffow ers, the garden, hat, the sky, the water
► T K eríiV A !A tK e v ^ t e r
► Tlìcr'e AÍ^C- ÍOMÊ ílpvvierí 2
B There + be (1)
Put in there and a form of be, e.g /s, are, vvas, have been or vv/7/ be.
► Victor: Ạ re tK ere any restaurants here that open on a Sunday?
Rachel: I V r e V a café in the High Street vvhich is open for lunch.
1 Alan: a train at twelve thirty, isn’t there? Let’s catch that one.
3 Tom: Last night a party next door 1 couldn’t get to sleep».
Uses of it (2)
Rewrite the sentences in brackets using ịt.
We sometimes go suríỉng (Surting is really good fun.) J t V reAlIy ^pod
I bought a shirt in the market (The shirt was very cheap.]
Someone rang (The caller was Vicky.)
Our heatlng is out of order.(The situation is a nuisance.)
I’ve left my coat at home (The vveather is very w a rm )
Don’t lose your credit card (To keep it somevvhere safe is important.)
D There or it? (3)
Put in there or it.
► Is i t the fifteenth today? - No, the sixteenth.
1 The road is closed 's been an accident.
2 Take a taxi ’s a long way to the station.
3 was a motor bike outside looked very expensive.
4 VVill be any deiays because of the strike? - W e ll,
to ring the airline and check.
5 was wet, a n d was a cold east w ind
a n d w ere fe w p eo ple o n th e stree ts
would be a good idea was after midnight.
P R O N O U N S • P AGE 2 3 5