Ld mot xu hudng nghien ciru mdi, linh vuc ndy chi bdt ddu duac quan tdm a Viet Nam trong vdi ndm trd lgi ddy Lich sic mdi trudng ciia Viit Nam ciing duac quan tdm bdi cdc hpc gid nude n
Trang 1Nghien ciru lich sir moi trafrng 6* Viet Nam
LuVTAnC'
Tdm tat; Lich su mdi trudng Id mot chuyin ngdnh hep cua sic hpc, ra ddi vdo thdp nien
1970, nhdm nghien cuu mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi moi trudng sdng xung quanh trong Ijch su Ld mot xu hudng nghien ciru mdi, linh vuc ndy chi bdt ddu duac quan tdm
a Viet Nam trong vdi ndm trd lgi ddy Lich sic mdi trudng ciia Viit Nam ciing duac quan tdm bdi cdc hpc gid nude ngoai vdi mdt vdi cdng trinh nghiin ciru tieu bieu dupe cdng bd trong khodng hai thdp nien qua Bdi viet tim hieu khdi qiidt ve tinh hinh nghien cim Ijch sic moi trudng Viet Nam ciia cdc nhd nghiin cicu Viet Nam vd hpc gid nude ngoai, qua
dd ciing di cap din triin vong ciia iTnh vuc nghien cicu ndy a Viet Nam trong tuang lai
Tii khoa: Lich sir mdi trirdng, Dieu kien ty nhien, Mdi trudng, Khi hau, Sinh thai
Abstract: Environmental history emerged in the 1970s as a sub-discipline of history
which studies human interaclion with the environment over lime While the discipline has only begun to be explored as a new trend in Vietnam in the past few years Vielnamese environmental history has already become an interest among foreign scholars during the past /wo decades which has been proved by several prominent publications This article
provides a literature review on Vietnamese environmental history by native and foreign researchers, thereby discussing future research prospects in Vietnam
Keywords: Environmental History, Natural Conditions, Environment, Climate, Ecology
1 Dan nhap yeu td mdi trudng ddi vdi nhdn loai trong
Ke tir khi dugc nhd sir hgc ngudi My Ijch su; 2) Tac dong ciia con ngudi den tai Roderick Nash neu len Idn dau vao nam nguyen mdi trudng va he qud ciia nd doi
1972, den nay lich sir mdi trudng da trd vdi xa hpi; 3) Thdi do ciia eon ngudi v l cac thdnh mot ITnh vyc nghien ciiu dugc quan van de lien quan d i n mdi trudng Trong tdm rdng rai tren the gidi Theo Roderick dd, trgng tdm nghien ciru thii nhdt dugc Nash, lich sir mdi trudng "xem xet mdi lien quan tam nhilu nhdt vdi cac vdn dl nhu;
he eiia con ngudi va tdng the mdi trudng anh hudng ciia khi hau, thdi tilt vd cac loai sdng trong qud khii" (Nash, 1972; 363) thien tai nhu dich benh, Iii hit, hda hoan, Ljch sir mdi trudng cd ba trgng tdm nghien ddng ddt, hoat ddng mii lua ddi vdi con ciru chinh, gdm: 1) Anh hudng cua cac ngudi trong lich sir (Hughes, 2019: 4-6)
Vdi tu each la mdt khoa hgc lien ngdnli,
*''Dai hoc Istanbul, Th6 NhT Ky; IJch sir mdi trudng da mang din mdt each
Trang 2ciiu va 1^ gidi nhiing thay ddi ciia xa hdi
loai ngudi trong qua khii (tnal 2011: 25)
Ciing vdi xu t h i phat triin cua nghien cim
lich sii mdi trudng tren the gidi, nghien cim
ve ljch sir mdi tnrdng Viet Nam cung dugc
quan tam tim hieu trong vdi nam trd lai day,
vdi nhfmg cdng trinh cdng bd ciia cdc hgc
gid trong va ngoai nude
2 Nghien cuu ciia cac hpc gia trong nude
Nghien ciiu ljch sir mdi trudng d Viet
Nam nhu mdt ITnh vyc dac thii cdn rdt han
che vd chi mdi dugc quan tam trong thdi
gian gan ddy Tuy vay, tnrdc dd dd cd mdt
vai cdng trinh nghien cij-u lien quan din
mdi trudng sinh thai hoac anh hudng cua
dieu kien tir nhien trong ljch sir V l mat
phuang phap, eac nghien cim nay khdng
tryc tiep su dyng cdch tiep can ciia ljch su
mdi trudng, nhirng ve mat ndi dung ciing
it nhieu gidn tiep de cap hoac gidi quyet
van de nghien ciiu theo khia canh cua linh
virc nay, Cd the ke den mdt so nghien ciru
tieu bieu nhu bai "Vai trd ciia thiiy lgi
trong ljch sir cdc nude phuong Ddng" ciia
Chir Van Tan' O bai viet nay, tac gia de
cap den vai trd ciia dieu kien ty nhien ddi
vdi sy ra ddi va phat trien cua eac nen vdn
minh d phucmg Ddng, trong dd nhan manh
cdng tdc trj thuy la mdt trong nhfrng chirc
nang ca ban cua cac nhd nude chuyen che
phucmg Ddng Dang Quang Minh trong bdi
"Van de tac ddng cua dieu kien ty nhien tdi
khuynh hudng phat trien cua cac qudc gia
thdi Cd - Trung dai the gidi trong cdng tac
nghien ciiu, bien soan, giang day lich
sir"-cung de cap den vai trd dang ke (neu khdng
ndi la" quyet dinh) cua dieu kien tir nhien
ddi vdi xu hudng phdt trien ciia cac qudc gia cd dai phuong Ddng va phuang Tdy
Son Nam trong cdng trinh Lich sic khdn
hoang mien Nam (xudt ban lan ddu nam
1973 va tai ban cd chinh sua ndm 1993) nhin nhdn qua trinh khai khdn md ddt d vimg ddt Nam bd nhu lich su khai thac ty nhien thich img vdi mdi trirdng va dja hinh xung quanh (ddt phii sa, dat gidng ven sdng, dat cii lao, ddt ngap man nhiem phen, ddi nui, rimg tram, ddng cd) Ndi cdch khde, theo San Nam, nhu cdu phat trien va ciing
cd Nam bd thdi chiia Nguyen ciing nhu khai thac thuoc dia thdi Phap thuoc (dao kenh, lap ddn dien cao su) gdn chat vdi ljch sir khai thac ty nhien d viing ddt nay (Son Nam, 1993:20-22)
Bai "Hai xam bai thoai xua anh hudng den viing ddng bang Nam bd" ciia Lieu Kim Sanlv' ddnh gia mdi lien he giira bien ddi khi hau, cy the la eac dgt bdi xam hdi thodi, ddi vdi sy tdn lui ciia cdng Oc Eo thude nen van hda Phii Nam Theo do, dgt hdi xam Holoxen IV keo ddi 800 nam tii' nam 350 den nam 1150, md dinh cao la vao the ky VI-VII dugc xem la mot trong nhfmg yeu
td dnb hudng ddng ke den van menli ljch su cua 6 c Eo (Lieu Kim Sanh, 1984: 84)
Luan an Phd Tien sT Su hoc Vdn de tri
thiiy a ddng bang Bdc bp dudi thai Nguyin (Thi ky XIX) cua Dd Dire Himg'' tim hieu lich sir trj thiiy d Bac bd dudi thdi Nguyen vao nira ddu the ky XIX, trong dd de cap den sy bien ddi sinh thdi vimg ddng bang chau thd Bac bd gan vdi lich sir khai hoang
va thiiy lgi Ddng luu y, ludn dn da lien he
' dang tren tap chi Ngliien ci'ni Lick sir, so 84 (thang
3/1966) va s i 85 (thang 4/1966)
^ dang tren tap chi Nghien cim Lich sir, so 268 (ky 3,
thang V-VI, nam 1993)
' trinh bay tai Hgi nglu khoa hpc Van hoa Oc Eo vd
cdc vdn hoa cd a dong being song Cim Long dugc to chuc tai Long Xuyen, An Giang, nam 1983 '' bao ve lai Vien Sir hoc, Trung lam Khoa hoc xa hgi
va Nhan van Quoc gia, nam 1995
Trang 3sy tac ddng cua mdi tnrdng sinh thai vimg
ddng bang do h^u qud ciia nhieu the ky ddp
de nhu mdt yeu td khach quan, ben canh
cac yeu td chit quan khdc nhu cdng tdc
quan ly vd ky thuat ddi vdi hien tugng de
vd lien tuc va tram trgng vdo the ky XIX
Lien quan den van de nay, tac gid ludn dn
cdn cd bai "Van de tri thiiy viing ddng bang
Bac bd hdi the ky XIX nhin tir gdc do sinh
thdi hgc"'
Ludn an Thdi dp - Diin trang thai Tran
(Thi ky XIII-XIV) ciia Nguyen Thj Phuong
Chi^ tuy la de tai ve che do sd hfm rudng
dat nhung cd de cap den vai trd cua yeu td
mdi trudng ty nhien, bdi canh sinh thdi ciia
Dai Viet the ky XIII-XIV va tac ddng cua
nd den quy md, phan bd, vj tri va each thirc
td chiic ciia cac thdi dp - dien trang Ben
canh do, luan an cung nhan manh vai trd
ciia cde ddng sdng ddi vdi sy hinh thanh va
phat Uien cua thai dp - dien trang thdi Trdn
Nhiing nghien cim tren tuy chua he
de cap den khai niem ljch sir mdi trudng,
nhung ve mat ndi dung it nhieu da cd lien
quan den ITnh vyc ndy hoac mdt khia canh
tuong ddng la sinh thai hgc (ecology) Trdn
Qude Vugng dirong thdi cung cho rang,
cac hien tugng van hda, kinh te - xa hdi
can dugc ly giai tir can nguyen dia ly, nhdn
manh den "triet \^ mdi trudng" va "edi nhin
sinh thai nhdn van" trong nghien cim Ijch
sii - van boa (Tran Qudc Vugng, 2000:
552-557, 585-605)
Nhfmg nghien ciru theo each tiep can
ciia ljch sir mdi trudng vdi tu each la mdt
ITnh vyc rieng biet chi mdi bat ddu dugc
quan tam trong khoang hai, ba nam gdn day
Ngudi khdi xudng khuynh hudng nghien ciiu mdi ndy cd thi ke den Vii Dire Liem
Vdi loat bai viit dang tren Tap chi Tia
SaHgvao cudi nam 2017 nhu "Ljch sir mdi trudng va thien tai d Viet Nam", "Lich su khai thac ty nhien d chau thd sdng Hdng",
"Cac dy an nha nude thiet ke viing ha luu Mekong", va "Dau miia - mdt chii giai nhd eua lich sir Viet Nam", Vii Dire Liem da bude ddu gidi thieu vdi ddc gia va gidi nghien eiai trong nude nhfrng vdn de nhu trj thiiy - ddp de d ddng bang sdng Hdng, xdy dyng kenh rach d ddng bang sdng Cim Long hoac anh hudng eiia benh dau miia ddi vdi nhirng bien chuyen trong quyen lyc chinh trj nhd Nguyen qua gdc nhin cua Ijch sir mdi trudng Tiep dd, Hoang Anh Tudn vdi bai "Vuong trieu Tran va ba Idn chien thang Mdng - Nguyen the ky 13: Gdc nhin khi hau hpc lich sir" da phan tich chien thang qudn Mdng - Nguyen ciia nha Trdn trong mdi lien he vdi yeu td mdi tnrdng khi hau duong thdi\
Dang liru y, gan day cd nhfrng luan an tien sT sir hpc dau tien thude ITnh virc lich sir mdi trudng ciia tac gia ngirdi Viet Nam
da duac bdo ve tai nude ngoai Cd thi kl (Nghien cim ve mdi trudng sinh thdi va van hda cd dai ciia Quang Nam, Viet Nam) eua
Le Thj Mai'' vd Land & Water: A History
' dang tren Thong bdo Khoa hoc cdc irirong dai hoc,
so I, nam 1993
^ bao ve tai Vien Sir hoc, Trung tam Khoa hpc xa hpi
' Bai viet trinh bay tai Hoi thao khoa hpc Bach Ddng
vd nhd Trdn trong boi cdnh the gidi ilii liy XIIL V^ van de khi hau voi de chg Mong - Nguyen, co thS tham khao bai viit ciia Li Tana (2020), "The Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Climate, 1260-1360", Irong:
The Crisis of the 14"' Ceniiiry Teleconnections between Environmenlal and Societal Changes?
(Martin Bauch - Gerrit Jasper Schenk eds,) Walter deGruyter, Berlin, 153-168
•• bao ve tai Dai hpc Su pham Hoa Trung, Vu Han,
Trang 4of Fifteenth-Century Vietnam From An
Environmental Perspective (Dat va nude;
Lich sir Viet Nam t h i ky XV tir dac trung
mdi trudng) cua Phiing Minh H i i u ' Trong
dd, ludn an cua Le Thj Mai dya theo each
tiep can cua ljch sir mdi trudng va van hda
sinh thai, tim hieu mdi trudng sinh thai vd
van hda ciia tinh Quang Nam qua ba giai
doan ljch sii; 5.000 nam trudc Cdng nguyen
den t h i ky II, tir t h i ky II den thi ky XV
va tu t h i ky XV d i n the ky XIX Cdn luan
an cua Phiing Minh Hiiu, qua ghi chep cua
cac thu tjch nhu Du dia chi, Dgi Viet Sic
ky todn thu, da lam ro nhan thuc cua gidi
tri thiic Dai Viet thdi Le so v l mdi trudng
va sy tuong tdc giiia con ngudi vdi mdi
trudng, nhat la thai dp ddi vdi ddt va nude,
vdn dugc xem la hai yeu to can ban, phan
anh sy tuang tac giira eon ngudi vdi thien
nhien, Ngoai ra, ludn an ndy cung de cap
den nhiing nd lyc cua trieu dinh Le so trong
viec xdy dimg de dieu va ddi phd vdi cdc
thien tai cd lien quan den yeu td nude nhu
han han va Iii lyt (Hieu, 2017: ii) Mac dii
dugc thye hien tai nude ngoai nhung ddy Id
cac ludn an tien sT ddu tien cua ngudi Viet
Nam de cap tryc tiep den ITnh vyc ljch su
mdi trudng Trong khi do, tai Viet Nam den
nay chi cd luan van thac sT Tai bien thiin
nhien dudi thdi Li Sa (1428-1527) cua Mai
Thj Huyln^ Id lien quan den ljch sir mdi
trudng; theo do tac gid tim hieu ve nhiing
thien tai nhu Iii lyt, ban han dudi thdi Le
so, tac ddng ciia nd ddi vdi kinh te - xa hdi
cua Dai Viet va cac bien phap phdng chdng,
khdc phyc cua trieu dinh Le sa
Cac budi tga ddm khoa hgc lien quan
d i n lich su mdi trudng ciing bat ddu dugc
td chiic trong thdi gian vira qua Khdi ddu
' bao ve tai Dai hoc Hawaii, Hoa Ky, nam 2017
vao thang 9/2019, Khoa Ljch su cua tnrdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc xa hgi vd nhan van (Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi) da td chiic budi tga
dam khoa hpc ve Khi hdu vd mdi trudng
tgi Viet Nam (Thi ky XVII-XIX): Lich sic,
Tu lieu vd Phuang phdp tiip can vdi hai
thuyet trinh "Nhirng nguon tu lieu, chii dk
va thach thiic yong nghien ciiu ljch sii mdi trudng giai doan tien can dai d Viet Nam" ciia Hodng Anh Tudn (Dai hgc Khoa hpc
xa hdi va nhdn van, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi) va "Vai quan diem va nhdn thiic v l mdi trudng trong thdi ky can dai Viet Nam" ciia Emmanuel Poisson (Dai hgc Denis Diderot, Paris) Tga dam tilp theo dugc td
chiic vdo thang 1/2020 cd chii dh Natural
Hazard and Socio-political Dynamics in Vietnam vdi thuyet trinh "Natural Disasters, Diseases, and Social Violence in the early 19"' century Northern Vietnam" eiia Vii Due Liem (trudng Dai hgc Sir pham Ha Ndi) vd thdo ludn ciia Andrew Hardy (Vien Vien Ddng Bae ed Phdp tai Hd Ndi) Co the ndi, nhirng tga dam khoa hgc nay da ddnh
ddu s\x xuat hien chinh thirc eiia trudng phai
nghien ciiu lich sii mdi trudng tai Viet Nam, ddng thdi the hien sy quan tdm ciia gidi hpc gia trong nude ddi vdi ITnh virc nghien cuu mdi nay; qua dd hiia hen nhung trien vgng
ve sy phat trien cua nghien cim lich su mdi trudng d Viet Nam trong tirong lai
3 Nghien ciiu ciia cac hoc gia nude ngoai
So vdi tinh hinh nghien cim trong nude, Ijch sii mdi trudng ciia Viet Nam cung chi mdi dugc cac hpc gid nude ngoai quan tdm trong khodng mdt den hai thap nien trd lai day Dya vao ndi dung, cd the phan loai nghien cim ciia cac hgc gia nude ngoai thdnh nhiing nhdm van de cu the nhu sau;
* Nghien ciru vi lich sic khai thdc tu
nhien vd dnh hudng cua diiu kien tu nhiin
Trang 5Sdm nhdt cd the ke den cac bdi "Land,
Water, Rice, and Men"' vd "Peasant Drain
and Abandoned Villages in the Red River
Delta between 1750-1850"^ ciia nha sir hgc
ngudi Nhat Ban la Yumio Sakurai Hai bai
viet ndy phdn tich dnh hudng ciia cdc yeu
td tu nhien, dja hinh va thien tai ddi vdi ddi
sdng kinh te - xa bdi d chau thd sdng Hdng
vao thi ky XVIII-XIX, chang han mdi lien
he giiia ban han - Iii lyt, nan ddi vdi tinh
trang lang xa bj bd hoang (Yumio Sakurai,
1997: 134)
Li Tana cung cd mot sd bai viet ve
lich sir mdi trudng d Viet Nam Vi du, bai
"Towards an Environmental History of the
Eastern Red River Delta, Vietnam, e
900-1400"^ ly gidi sy suy thoai ciia mdi trudng
va thien tai xuat hien trong cdc the ky
XIII-XIV ed the la nguyen nhdn ddn den viee
ngudi Viet tir bd san xudt gdm quy md Idn
d Chu Ddu cung nhu bd hoang thuong cdng
Van Ddn (Li Tana, 2014; 329 332-333)
Bai "A Historical Sketch of the Landscape
of the Red River Delta"'' tim hieu lich sir
cdnh quan ciia chau thd sdng Hdng trong
hai thien nien ky, vdi nhfrng khia canh tac
ddng nhu; sir thay ddi ciia khi hdu va mdi
trudng, khd nang djch chuyen ciia ddng
sdng, sy boat ddng ciia cdc tuyen thirong
mai va sy phat trien ciia Thang Long - Ha
Ndi tir mdi trudng nude (sdng - hd) Cdn
bai "The Sea Becomes Mulbeny Fields and
Mulberry Fields Become the Sea; Dikes in
the Eastern Red River Delta, c.200 BCE to the Twenty-First Century CE"' tim hieu he thdng de sdng Hdng gdn vdi lich su trj thiiy
d khu vyc nay
John Kleinen vdi bai "Stealing From the Gods; Fisheries and Local Use of Natural Resources in Vietnam 1800-2000"* phdn tich mdi lien he giiia mdi trudng bien
va duyen hdi ddi vdi boat ddng ngu nghiep Viet Nam trong hai thi ky XIX-XX Trong
do, tac gia Idy vi du cu the ve boat ddng nay
d tinh Nam Djnh Bai viet ciing de cap den nhiing nhugc diem va riii ro ddi vdi nghe danh bit ca d Viet Nam dudi tac ddng cua cdc hiem hga mdi trudng nhu bao, Iii hit va
sy nhiem man ciia ddt vd nude
Philip Taylor trong The Khmer Lands
of Vietnam: Environment Cosmology and Sovereignty' tim hieu ljch su ciia cdng ddng ngudi Khmer d vung dat Thuy Chan Lap, sau nay la viing Nam bd Viet Nam trong mdi tuong quan vdi mdi trudng sinh sdng xung quanh nhu cdn cat, cdn sdng, sdng nude ngpt, sdng nude lg, "mii ngap nude"
- Iii noi vimg mil, duyen hai va viing cao Dugc xem la thanh qua nghien ciiu trong bai muoi nam cua Pamela D
McElwee, Forests are Gold: Trees, People, And Environmental Rule in Vietnam^ tim hieu viee qudn ly rimg d Viet Nam theo chieu dai lich sir, tu thdi thude Phap den thdi ky 1945-1986 va tii' sau Ddi mdi den nay Tac pham cung bdn ludn ve tinh trang
' trong: Early Vietnam' Agrarian Adaptation and
Socio-political Organization (Thomas A Stanley
dich va Keith W Taylor bien tap, 1997)
^ trong: The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies (ed
Anthony Reid, 1997)
' dang tren Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Vol
45, Issue 03, 2014)
•* trong TRANS: Trans - Regional and National
* trong: Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian
Ocean fVorld (Greg Bankoff va Joseph Christensen eds., 2016),
^ in trong: A History of Natural Resources in
Asia: The Wealth of Nature (Greg Bankoff, Peter Boogaard, 2007)
^ Dai hpc Quoc gia Singapore xuSt ban nam 2014
^ University of Washington Press xuit ban, nSm
Trang 6phd rimg^ va ddi trge dudi tdc ddng ciia
chuyen doi kinh t l - xa hdi
Rubber and the Making of
Vietnam-An Ecological History 1897-1975 ciia
Michitake Aso' phan tich vai tro ciia hoat
ddng sdn xuat cao su ddi vdi ljch su Viet
Nam can dai trong sy gdn k i t vdi cac boat
ddng y te, ndng nghiep, phat triin kinh t l
va cd xay dyng qudc gia Theo tac gia, don
dien cao su da thdng tri va trd thanh bilu
tugng cdnh quan djnh hinh cho sy phat
trien cua Viet Nam tir thdi thude dja cho
den giai doan sau nay
David Biggs cd hai lac phdm lien quan
den lich su mdi tnrdng ciia Viet Nam
Trudc het, vdi lap ludn cac hoat ddng chinh
tri va xdy dimg qudc gia ludn gan ket vdi sy
thay ddi mdi trudng tir nhien noi chiing xdy
ra, trong bai "Quagmire; Nation-Building
and Nature in the Mekong Deha"^ tdc gid
cho rang viing ddng bang sdng Cim Long
da giii vai trd chu ddng ddi vdi viec kien
tao ddt nude trong xuyen sudt cde giai doan
ljch sir tir trudc thdi Phdp thupc den cd
thdi chien tranh Viet Nam Cdn trong bai
"Footprints of War: Militarized Landscapes
in Vietnam"-', tac gid tim hieu yeu td ddt
vdi vai trd la khdng gian cua xung dot sdn
xudt d Viet Nam, khdi ddu tir nhiing cupc
chien tranh xam luge ciia thyc ddn Phap
nam 1858 keo dai den sy sup dd ciia chinh
quyen Sai Gdn nam 1975
* Nghien cicu ve thiin toi trong lich sir
Viit Nam
John Kleinen trong bai "Historical
Perspectives on Typhoons and Tropical
Storms in the Natural and Socio-economic
System of Nam Dinh"^ tim hieu dnh hudng ciia bao ddi vdi Viet Nam md cu the la d tinh Nam Djnh thude viing chdu thd sdng Hdng thdng qua cdc sy kien tir the ky XIX Tir dd, bai viet chi ra tinh de bj tdn thuong ciia ngudi ddn khu virc nay trudc sir tan pha ciia thien tai
Kathryn Dyt Id ngirdi ddnh sy quan tdm dac biet ddi vdi thien tai d Viet Nam thdi nha Nguyen, vdi ludn an tien sT va cac bai viet, du dn nghien ciiu lien quan den van
de nay Dau tien la bdi "'Calling for Wind and Rain' Rituals: Environment, Emotion, and Governance in Nguyen Vietnam, 1802-1883"^ tim hieu ve viec thyc hien le cdu ddo ciia trieu dinh nha Nguyen nhdm dieu tiet lugng mua vd gidm bdt anh hudng eiia thien tai, vdn xdy ra lien tyc trong nira dau the
ky XIX Bdi viet ciing phdn tich mdi quan
he phiic hgp giua mdi tnrdng vdi cam xiic
va bg may cai trj cua trieu dinh Tiep theo, bdi "Emperor Ty Dirc's 'Bad Weather'; Interpreting Natural Disasters in Vietnam, 1847-1883"'' tim hiiu tinh binh thien tai thdi Ty Dire vd irng phd ciia trieu dinh ddi vdi van de nay Theo tac gid, dudi thdi Ty Due chudi thien tai vd thdi tiet xdu nhu bao, lilt, han hdn dd gay ra mdi de dga nghiem trgng ddi vdi xa hdi Viet Nam, nd tdn pha co
sd ha tang nhd nude va anh hudng sau sac tdi ddi sdng ngudi dan, la nguyen nhdn dan den nan ddi, dich benh vd cdc cugc ndi day
d dja phuang (Dyt, 2016; 169) Thdnh qua Idn nhdt trong nghien ciru ve vdn de Ibien tai thdi nha Nguyen ciia Kathryn Dyt Id
' University of North Carolina Press xuat ban, nam
2018
^ University of Washington Press xuat ban nam 2010
•' dang tren Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (Voluine
29, Issue 4, 2007)
' dSng tren Journal of Vietnamese Studies (Vol
10 No 2, Spring 2015)
" in trong Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian
Ocean IVorld (Greg Bankoff va Joseph Christensen
Trang 7luan dn tien sT The Nguyen Weather-World
Environment, Emotion and Governance in
Nineteenth-Century Vietnam^ chu yeu tim
hieu ve mdi trudng thdi nha Nguyen, mdi
lien he cua nd vdi quyen lyc va cam xiic
chinh trj Trong dd, ludn an xem xet bd
may nha Nguyen nhu mdt dy an sinh thai
tap trung sy chii y vao thdi tilt, ddt dai va
cac hien tugng tren trdi Thdi tiet la mdi
ban tam cua gidi tinh hoa chinh trj thdi nha
Nguyen, do dd viec do ludng, bdi toan va
ling phd vdi cac sy kien thdi tiet dugc nhdn
thiic nhu mdt phuang tien quan trgng ciia
quyen lyc Ludn an cdn tira hieu siic manh
ciia he thdng phan cdp nhd Nguyen nhu
mdt bieu hien nham dap img mdi quan tam
sau xa ve mdi trudng Ben canh cac bai viet
va ludn an vua neu, Kathryn Dyt cung dang
thyc hien dy an nghien ciiu The Vietnamese
Weather-World: An Environmental History
of the Nguyen Dynasty^ '
* Nghien cim ve dich benh trong lich
sic Viet Nam
Li Tana cd bai tham luan vdi nhan de
"Epidemics in Late Pre-modem Vietnam
and Their Links with Her Neighbours"^ tim
hieu ve tinh hinh djch benh d Viet Nam tir
cudi thi ky XVII din t h i ky XVIII va thi ky
XIX yong mdi lien he vdi khu vyc Chang
ban, benh djch ta va giang mai dugc eho
la cd ngudn gdc tir Xiem, trong khi benh
ddu miia bat ngudn tir Trung Qude Bai viet
ciing chi ra cac yeu td khi hdu va thdi tiet
ddng vai trd tac ddng dan den sy Idy Ian ciia
djch benh d Viet Nam thdi ky nay
' bao ve tai Dai hpc Quoc gia Australia nam 2017
^ Du an dugc thuc hien tai School Advanced Study,
University of London trong banSm 2019-2021, vdi
sir tai trg ciia Institute Historical Research
' trinh bay tai Hpi thao Imperial China and Its
Southern Neighbours do Institute of Southeast Asian
C Michele Thompson la ngudi danh nhieu sy quan tdm ddi vdi van de djch benh va y hgc Viet Nam thdi Nguyen va Phap thude, ciing nhu nghien ciiu ve nhan thiic va thyc hdnh y hgc ciia ngudi Viet tir truyen thdng Trung Hoa sang md hinh phuong Tay Cd the ke den cac bai viet ciia tdc gia nay nhu: "Mission to Macau: Smallpox, Vaccinia, and the Nguyen Dynasty"**, "The Nguyen Initiative to Acquire Vaccinia, 1820-21"* cung hai cudn
Southern Medicine for Southern People: Vietnamese Medicine in the Making va
Vietnamese Traditional Medicine: A Social History'^. Trong dd, dang chii y nhat la nghien cim lien quan den hanh trinh tir Viet Nam den Macau trong hai nam 1820-1821 cua vi y sT ngudi Phap phuc vu trong trieu dinh H u l Jean Marie Despiau (7-1824) nham dam bao lieu vaccinia (vacxin) ngira benh dau miia cho tre em hoang tgc nha Nguyen (Thompson, 2010; 43), Dieu ndy chiing td dich benh, nhat la benh dau miia
da anh hudng dang ke den ddi sdng chinh tri vd nhan dugc sy quan tam Idn ciia nha Nguyen, bdi ddu miia la can benh ma ca hodng hi Canh (Nguyen Phiic Canh) va Vua Ty Diic deu mac phai
4 Ket luan l-ich su mdi trudng la mot ITnh vyc nghien cuu hoan toan mdi d Viet Nam Tuy chi mdi dugc quan tdm trong thdi gian gdn
* dang tren Portuguese Studies Review (Vol 9, No
1-2,2001)
' in trong: Global Movements, Local Concerns:
Medicine and Health in Southeast Asia (J Cook &
L Monnais eds National University of Singapore Press, 2012)
' Cambridge Scholarly Publications xuat ban, nam
2012
' National University of Singapore Press xuSt ban,
Trang 8day va nhiing nghien eim cua cac hgc gid
trong nude vdn cdn ban c h i v l sd lugng,
nhung no da dat tiln d l can ban cho sy
khdi ddu vd phat triin cua nghien ciiu Ijch
su mdi trudng tai Viet Nam trong tuang lai
Trong khi dd, mac dii ciing chi dugc quan
tdm nhieu trong khodng hai thap nien qua
nhung nghien ciiu ve lich su mdi trudng
Viet Nam cua cac bgc gia nude ngoai da
dat dugc nhiing thanh qud nhdt dinh, vdi
nhimg djnh hudng nghien eim chuyen sdu
rd ret ve ljch su khai thac ty nhien; dnh
hudng ciia dieu kien ty nhien, mdi trudng,
cac thien tai va djch benh ddi vdi ddi sdng
xa hdi trong lich sir Dieu nay eho thdy,
nghien ciiu Ijch sir mdi trudng Viet Nam
la ITnh vyc cd siic hdp ddn khdng he nhd
ddi vdi gidi nghien ciiu nude ngoai Tdm
lai, viec dinh hinh va phat trien eiia nghien
cim lich sir mdi trudng d Viet Nam Id mot
xu hudng tdt yeu Nd chi ra tdm quan trpng
cua viec van dung cdc tri thirc ve mdi
trudng va sinh thai hgc de ly gidi cac hien
tugng xdy ra trong ljch sir a
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Dyt, Kathryn (2016), "Emperor Ty
Diic's 'Bad Weather': Interpreting
Natural Disasters in Vietnam,
1847-1883", in Natural Hazards and
Peoples in the Indian Ocean World
(Greg Bankoff va Joseph Christensen
eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, N e w York,
169-198
2 Hieu, (2017), Land & Water: A History
of Fifteenth-Century Vietnam from An
Environmental Perspective, University
of Hawai'i, Manoa
3 Hughes, J Donald (2019), Qevresel
Tarih Nedir?, Tarih Vakfi Yurt Yaymlan,
Istanbul
4 Inal, Onur (2011), "Environmental History as An Emerging Field in Ottoman Studies; An Historiographical
Overview", Osmanli Ara§tirmalari,
SAYI38, 1-25
5 Li Tana (2014), "Towards an Environmental History of the Eastern Red RiverDelta, Vietnam, c 900-1400"
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol
45, Issue 03, October, 315-337
6 Lieu Kim Sanh (1984), "Hai xam hai thoai xua anh hudng den viing ddng
bang Nam Bd", trong; Vdn hda Oc Eo
vd cde vdn hda cd d ddng bang sdng Cuu Long, Sd Van hda va Thdng tin
An Giang,
7 Nash, Roderick (1972), "American Environmental History: A New
Teaching Frontier", Pacific Historical
Review, Vol 41, No.3, 362-372
8 Son Nam (1994), Lich su khdn hoang
miin Nam, Nxb Van nghe, Tp Hd Chi Minh
9 Thompson, C Michele (2010), "Jean Marie Despiau; Unjustly Maligned Physician in the Medical Service of the
Nguyen", Vietnam and the West (Wynn
Wilcox ed.), Cornell University Press, New York, 41-70
10 Trdn Qudc Vugng (2000), Vdn hda Viet
Nam: Tim toi vd Suy ngam, Nxb Vdn
hda Ddn tdc - Tap chi Vdn hda Nghi
thudt, Hd Npi
11 Yumio Sakurai (1997), "Peasant Drain and Abandoned Villages in the Red River Delta between 1750-1850", in
The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies: Responses to Modernity in Diverse States of Southeast Asia and Korea
(Anthony Reid ed.), MacMillan Press, New York