Trong nhflng nim vfla qua, Vift Nam da dft dflpc nWlu thftnh tflu teong d n g cufc X0& dfii giam nghgo, dft cW tigu giam nghgo d m 10 nftm so vfi mye tigu ph&t triln tWgn mgn ky mft
Trang 1NHIN LAI CAC NGHIEN ClTU VE NGHEO DO THI
6 VIET NAM Tir NAM 1990 CUA THE KY XX DEN NAY
PHAN K H A N H DtfONG "
Tdm tdu Nghia ddthidVi^ Nam Idv&idi dUdc quan tdm nghiin cOu tU nhiing nam 90 cia thi kyXXdin nay Tiiu dii ddnh gid ngheo dd thi cOa cdc nghiin cOu lai chUa co sU thong nhdt Bdi vi& ting hqp Igi nhiing tUu chi ddnh gid ngheo dd thi ca ban, thudng hay duqc sil dvng trong cdc cdng trinh nghUn cOu Bdng thdi, bdi viit cdng niu ra mdt sinhSng ddc diim cd bdn cua ngUdi nghio t^i cdc dd tfli Idn cua Viit Nam
Til khda: Nghio d6 thi; nghio da chiiu; tiiu chi ddnh gid; thu nh^p; diiu kiin sing cd bdn; tify c^n dich vu
Abstracu Urban poverty in Vietnam has been an issue that attracted attention of researchers since tfie 1990s However, there remain inconsistencies in criteria for evaluating urban poverty This articU reviewed criteria of urban poverty and pointed out fundamental features of the poor in big cities in Vietnam
Keywords: Urban poverty, multidimensional poverty, evaluation criteria, basic living condition, service provision
Ngdy nh^n bdi: 261712016; Ngdy sCta bdi: 03/8 • 1518/2016;Ngdy duy^t ddng bdi: 7/9/2016
1 N g h i o do thi nhin tfl gdc dd
nghgo da c h i l u
Nghgo dfii Ift vfin d l ehung m i eie qufic
gia trgn toftn t h i gifi tfl cie qufic gia kgm
ph&t triln din d e nfldc ph&t triln diu
quan t&m Tfl l&u Ding vft Nhft nfldc Vift
Nam dfi x&c djnh xo& dfii, giim nghgo lfi
nWf m vy trpng film trong qufi trinh ph&t
triln kinh t l xa hfi, giim tWiu ph&n ho&
xfi hfi vft tiln tfi efing ngWfp ho& Wfn
dfi ho& Trong nhflng nim vfla qua, Vift
Nam da dft dflpc nWlu thftnh tflu teong
d n g cufc X0& dfii giam nghgo, dft cW tigu
giam nghgo d m 10 nftm so vfi mye tigu
ph&t triln tWgn mgn ky mft Lign Hpp
Qufic dl ra
Cing vfi sy tiln bf trong d e b nbin da
eWlu v l phfit triln con ngudi quan mfm
v l n^do dfii ciing da thay dfi'i nWlu qua
thfi gian Tfl quan mfm ddn eWeu v l
Q mAN IQC KHOA HQC XAHQI
nghgo (do Ifldng n g h i o dfii d y a tefin thu nhfip ho&e cbi tigu), cho d i n nay hfidng
t i l p c f n da c h i l u v l nghgo da trd ngn phi
b i l n r f n g rai v i n h f n dfidc sfi d i n g thufin
c i a e i gidi ngWgn e i u v i nhiing nhi
b o f c b djnh chfnh s&eh Theo dfi, nghgo khfing eW lft t W i u h u t v l t h u nhfp, mft edn bao hftm sfi t W i u h u t v l cac djch vu
xa h f i ed ban Cae dich v y nfty bao glm: y
t l , gifio due, mfii trfldng s i n g , mflc df trao
q u y i n , ehfi't Ifldng cfing vifc, an mnh xa hfi"> Vife Ifla chpn d e e W l u vft c&c tilu
cW n g h i o da c h i l u p h y t h u f c vfto myc dfch vft d l i tflpng dfinh gi&<^
" ThS, Hoc vifn Khoa hpc xfi hfi
™ Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiatiw
(2007), Multidimensional Poverty, http-y/virww.ophi.oig.uW
research/multidimensional-poverty/
<^ United Nations Development Programme - UNDP
(2010), Ddnh gid nghio d6 thi d Hi N^ vi Thinh phi
HS CM Minh, ti.31
Ktizaii
Trang 2Trong nhflng nftm g i n dfiy, Vift Nam
dflpc dinh gia lft qufib gia d toe df dfi thj
hfia nhanh (so vfi d e qufic gia trong khu
Vflc vft ti«n t h i gifi) Bin canh nhflng mftt
tfch eye, tfib dfi dfi tW hfia nhanh cung Iftm
eho d Ifidng ngfifi nghgo kho d c&c dfi thj
tftng theo Nghgo dfi thj trd thftnh mpt yeu
td quan trpng d u thftnh n l n thyc teang
nghgo quob gia Tfl nhflng nftm 1990 c i a
t h i ky XX din nay, nhflng ngWgn cflu v l
nghgo dfi thj d \rift Nam nhfn dupe sfl
quan tfim nWlu hdn bfi mflc df phi biln
c i a nfi Nftm 2013, Vift Nam da tham gia
vfto Mfng lufi nghgo da eWlu tiiftn d u
D^lu nfty t h i Wfn sy dfin nhfn tfch cflc
c i a Ding vft Nhft nude, c i a cfic nhft khoa
htfi \^ft Nam vfi quan dilm nghgo da
cWlu Cung trong giai dofn nfty, nhflng
ngWgn cflu v l nghgo d \rift Nam tegn
quan dilm da cWlu nd rf Kit qui c i a
nhflng ngWIn cflu nfty lfi cfin c i di dfia ra
nhflng chfnh d e h , quylt djnh c i a Ding
vft Nhft nfidc Vift Nam, mft tixmg nhflng
quylt djnh quan trpng, dfi lft: Quyit dinh
vi vifc ban hdnh chudn ngheo tiip cdn dta
chiiu dp dung cho giai doqn 2016 -2020
eia Thi tudng Chinh phi (ngfty 19 thfing
11 nftm 2015)
Sy thay dli v l d e h tilp cfn nghgo k h i
cung Iftm thay dli nhflng nhfin thflc vft
phfidng ph&p ngWIn cflu ngbfio dfi tW KW
&p dyng nhflng tifiu ehuin nghgo da cWlu
di d&nh gi& nghgo dfi thi tW tfic df tftng
trudng c i a nghgo dfi thj d mft d nfi cfin
cao hdn d nghfio nfing thfin Dilu nfty Iftm
thay dli suy ngW mftc djnh rftng ngufi
nghgo tfp trung e h i ylu d nfing thfin, Iftm
eho sy quan tfim ngWIn c i u v l nghgo dfi
thj tftng lfin Cfic ngWfin c i u ve nghio dfi
thj (mft e h i ylu d l efp tfi sy nghgo k h i
e i a ngfifi d&n dfi thj - ngflfi nghgo dfi thj)
khai thfic t i khfa cfnh xa hfi hpc vft Wnh
t l hpc Vfi sfl tham gia tfch eye cua d c nhft khoa hoc, d c ed quan to chflc Wnh t l
xa hfi c i a \^ft Nam vft qufic tl, cfic t l chic pW chfnh p h i tfi \ ^ l t Nam cac ngWIn e i u nfty da eW ra nhflng dftc trflng
e i a ngflfi nghgo dfi thj Qua tham khio nWlu ngWIn cflu, ching tfii xin thing kg khfii qufit mpt si' dftc trflng c i a ngflfi nghgo dfi thj nhfl sau:
ThO nhdt, ngufi dfin dfi thj d thi ph&n
lofi thftnh nWlu nhfim da dfng, d i n tfi khfi khftn trong vifc x&c djnh mfit ehuin nghgo chung Hifn nay, each ph&n lofi phi biln nhtft lft phfin thftnh ngUfi bin xfl vft ngflfi nhfp cfl Hai nhfim dfi tflpng nfty
d nhflng lfi t h i khfic nhau vft nhiing bfi't lfi dfic t h i Vf du, nhfim nghio b i n x i thfldng tWIu hut v l nguIn nh&n lye k h i nfing chuyin dli smh k l vft tWiu v i n xfi hfi Trong kW nhfim nghgo nhfp cU thudng gfip khfi khfin do eW pW cufc sing dfi thj qufi cao, vifc lfim bfip binh, r i i ro thfldng trye vft tWeu hoft nhfip xa hpi™
ThO hai, ngufi nghgo dfi thj d l bj t i n
tbUdng^tirfldc d c biln dfng e i a tWh Wnh kmh te xa hfi hdn ngflfi nghgo nfing thfin Khae vfi ngflfi dfin nfing thfin d t h i
d n g tiieo Wlu tii cung, tii ctfp ngflfi dfin dfi tiu phii cW tei cho b i u hit cae nhu d u
t w i t y l u e i a b i n th&n, t i nhfi d thyc phim, giao dye, y tl, vf smh mfi trfldng din nhu d u giii tai vfi hoft dfng xa hfi
\^ thi kW d nhflng biln dfng v l gift e i hay mflc Ifidng, cufc d n g c i a ngflfi nghio dfi tiu d l bi i n h hudng sfiu sfte hdn lft ngfifi d&n nfing thfin NhQng thay dfi v l quy hofch dfi tiii cing lft mft teong nhflng
ly do tiifldng ti^ tf o ra nghgo dfi thj, do
t/i\trin%
,1 " " ^ ^ Ac«i>nAid (201(0, Jheo doi nghio <M rti f>^ phuang phdp cong tham gia., tr.21 * " " " • '
Trang 3NHlN LAI CAC NGHIEN CtTU VE NGHfiO D 6 THI
quy hof eh Itfy mtft dtft sin xutft c i a ngflfi
dfin, d n g vfi vifc tWeu hyt khi nfing
chuyin dli sinh k l kWin cho ngflfi dan
trong ving quy hof ch gfip khfi khftn trong
tim vife Iftm vft tfo nguIn thu nbfp trd
thftnh dfin ngfago dfi tW
ThO ba ngufi nghgo dfi thj thfldng cfi
vifc lfim khfing In djnh vft khfing mang lai
thu nh&p d i cho eW tifiu hftng ngfty Khic
vfi lao dfng nfing thfin d the ty c b i dfng
hdn v l vife lim nlu d d i dtft dai, ngflfi
d&n dfi tW phy thufc vfto k h i nfing tilp
cfin tW trfidng lao dfng de Wlm vifc Iftm
Thyc tl, ngfifi nghgo dfi thj thfidng cfi
trinh df chuygn mfin thfip kWin eho bp
dl bj thfit ngWfp cW Wlm dUpc nhflng
vife lfim bfip bgnb bay Iftm vife d nbtlng vj
tri qufi thtfp NWlu ylu t l khac cung d&n
din khfi khin cia ngflfi nghio dfi thj
trong vifc cii tWfn tinh trfng vifc lim v i
n&ng eao thu nhfp Nhfi da phfin tfeh d
trgn thu nhfp thtfp kWin ngflfi nghio dfi
tW duy tri tefng thfii nghgo lfiu dfii
Tha ta, ngufi nghgo dfi tW thfidng phii
dng trong filu Wfn mfii trudng kfim Cfic
ngWIn cflu cho thfiy, ngflfi nghgo dfi thj
thfidng phii sing trong mfii trfidng tWiu
vf sinh, tWiu nfldc sfch; nfi d thfldng
chia nWlu r&e thii vft fi nWim; nhft eia
ehft chfi, tfm bp; an ninh khu vyc kgm
Thye tefng nfty cfi nWlu nguygn nh&n,
trong dfi, mft phin lft do mfii trfldng d dfi
thj thudng 6 nWSm bdn mfii trfidng d nfing
thfin Mftc di, nWlu nfi d dfi thj dfipe cfip
nguIn nfidc sfch, nhfing b i lai fi nWim
khfing khf, 6 nWim tilng In vft thfii quen
x i r&e khfing dung nfi quy djnh dfi kWIn
chtft Ifipng mfii trfidng dfi tW xuIng d p
ngWIm trpng Mft khfic khi nftng tfti
eWnh hfn ehi Iftm eho ngfifi nghio khfing
thi mua hay thul dfipc nhft tfi nhflng khu
0 3 NHANLQC KHOA HQC X A H Q I
dfin cfl trung tfim mft phii d n g tfi cfic khu nhft d ngofi vi, tfich bift vfi mfng lufii
an toftn xa hfi nhfi d n g an, bio vf, cac djch vy d n g cfing^*
Bon dftc trfing trin cho thtfy cufc dng tWiu hyt da eWeu c i a ngflfi nghld do thj TWlu hut v l thu nbfp v i n sg lft mft tigu
cW quan trpng dl xac djnh nghio dfi thj, bfi tim quan trpng c i a cW tilu bing tiln trong cufic sfi'ng e i a ngflfi dfin dfi thj nhu
da neu d tefin Dong thfi, d c tigu cW phi thu nhfp phin anh ehfi't Ifipng cufc sfiig eia ngfifi nghio dfi thi Nhiing tigu chi trgn da cimg cfi'p eho ching ta bfle teanh toin fif n bdn v l nhflng v ^ dl mi ngfidi nghgo dfi thj phii dfii mfit, de t i dfi c6 hfidng tfic dfng p h i hpp
2 Cac t i l u chi danh gia nghio do thj Hifn nay, cfic ngWIn e i u vin chfia thing nhfi't v l mft bfi tilu cW ehuin dl xfic djnh nghio dfi thj C&c tigu cW d&nh gifi nghgo dfi thj thfidng dfipe x&y ding dfia trin cac tigu chf c i a nghio da eWlu nhfi trong nghiln e i u c i a Tnmg t&m Dy b&o v i Nghign e i u dfi thj (TGH & PADDI)
v i eie ngWIn cflu do Chfldng trinh Phfit triln Liln hpp qufib (UNDP) tii trp; hofc dflpc x&y dyng dya trfin cim nhfn eua cin bfi ed sd v i ngfifi d&n tfi c&c khu vyc dfipc d&nh gi& lft nghgo dfi thj nhfi trong ngWgn
e i u eia Oxfarm vft ActionAid Cfi thi
nhfn thtfy, mfi ngWfin c i u lfi cfi mft bf tilu cW d&nh gia rigng cua minh Sllfi^g tigu eW thay dli da dfng qua tflng ngWfin cflu Tuy nWgn, cfi nhflng tifiu eW xufit Wfn In djnh qua nWlu ngWfn ciu Ching tfii tfm gpi lft nhflng tigu cW cd bin Nhiing tigu eW dfi lft:
'*' Nguygn Duy Thing (2003), "Ngh«o dfl thj: Cic nguySn nhSn v& ygu tg tfc dfn^, T^p cM Xa h^ hfc,
Bdl,tr.73-74
stfiMni
Trang 4Thu nh&p: Tigu cW thu nhfip lft tieu eW
khfing t h i tiilu tixmg c&c ngWIn cflu bfi
nfi lft tilu cW truyin thfiig kW d l d p dfii
nghgo Tigu eW t h u nhfip da thfiig t r i
dinh nghia v l nghgo trong hftng chuc thfip
ky, vi vfy t i m quan trpng c i a nfi trong
vifc xfic dinh nghgo vfin Wfn hflu ro ngt
trong quan mfm c i a d c nhft ngWgn cflu
Mftc dfi, trong mfit d ngWgn cflu ve
nghgo khfing s i dung tigu cW thu nhfip
nhfi "Theo doi nghgo dfi thj theo phfidng
ph&p c i n g tiiam gia" c i a Oxfarm vft
ActionAid nftm 2010 hay ngWfin c i u vi
tre em n ^ g o c i a Ting cue Thing kg n i m
2008 Vf du: cfi till xfic djnh ta^ em nghgo
^ hW d e h : Cdch thO nhdt, s i dyng tigu
^ ^ P t h u nhfp: t r e em d n g trong bfi gia
finh nghgo dupc gpi lfi tre em nghgo; Cdch
thO hai, s i dung tigu cW nghgo da cWlu,
dya tirgn 7 Hnh vyc thufc nhu d u p h i t
triln c i a tre em: tre em tWIu hut v l 2
trong eae nhu d u gi&o dye y t l , n h i d
nude Sf eh v i vf sinh, khfing lao dfng sfin.'
vui chfi giii tri vft bio tirp xfi bfi lfi tre em
nghgo Cfi t b i thtfy, cfich xfic djnh t h i hai
cflng khfing d l d P tryc tilp tfi tifiu cW
thu nhfp mfi tigu cW nfiy tilm i n trong
c&c tifiu cW khfic, bfi d thu nhfip mfi cfi
t h i cfi dilu Wfn d l d i n g hdn d l tilp cfn
vfi cfic djch vy xfi hfi kh&c
Hdn nfla flu film n l i trfi c i a tilu eW
thu nhfp trong x&c djnh nghio dfi tW lfi d l
tfnh tofin vfi khio sat khfich quan bdn d c
tigu cW khae Nhd dfi, tigu cW thu nhfp
p h i hpp trong d c ngWgn cflu filu tea
fifn rfng Chfnh vi vfy, thu nhfip vfin sg
tilp tyc lft mft trong nhflng tilu cW quan
trpng d l danh gia, xfic djnh ngbfio dfi thj
Khd ndng tidp cdn dich vu edng: C&c
djch vy d n g cd b i n nhtft cho ngfifi nghgo
dfi tW thfldng Ift djch vy gi&o dye vft y t l
Trong dfi, giao due bao glm d c tigu cW nhd nhfi k b i nftng biet chfl, trinh df hpe vfin, trinh dp chuyin mfin, eW pW cho giao due vft d lupng ngflfi bd hpc Y t i b a o glm tinh trang sflc khoe mflc dfi kham ehfla bfnh kW fin dau mflc dfi d vft s i dyng
b i o Wlm y te vft cW tieu cho y te vft chfim sfic s i c khoe Mpt d djch vy d n g kh&c cung dflpc nhfic d i n trong d c ngWIn cflu lft cac djch vy an smh xa hfi nhfi trd cfi'p thtft ngWf p v i Ifidng hflu Cac djch vu nfty mang tiiib dftc t h i vft phy thufic vfto nhfim khfich the ngWfin e i u cy t h i
K h i n i n g tilp cfn djch vu d n g dflde danh gi& lft mfit trong nhflng tilu cW quan trpng e i a nghio dfi thi vft thudng xuygn dfipc s i dung qua d e ngWIn cflu do nfi
p h i n &nb k h i nfing c i a ngflfi dfin vft c i a
hf thfi'ng chfnh trj trong vifc dfip i n g mft
d n h u d u cd b i n e i a cufc d n g Hfn c h i
v l hpc vfin vft s i c khoe kWIn chtft Iflpng cufc sfing c i a ngfifi nghio giim s i t ngWgm trpng Hdn nfla, tinh tefng nfty kWIn ngflfi nghgo khflng cfi k h i nftng thoat nghgo, khfing d tilm nftng d l cii tWf n cufc d n g Trong mfit n l n Wnh t l tri thflc, ngfifi nghgo dfi thj vfi hpc vfin thtfp tird tiiftnh dfi tfldng d l bj t i n thfldng Hp khfing d i k h i nftng Iftm nhflng n g h l cfi thu nhfp eao, vft cung khfing d k h i nftng chuyin dfi smh k l kW n g h l ngWfp Wfn tfi bj de dof
Vdn xd hdi: Vdn x i hfi l i yfii ttf quan trpng tixmg sy phat tiiln tokn difn c i a
con ngfifi Vfii xa hfi d l efp d i n su tham gia vfto d c smh hoft cfng ding, tilng nfi tixmg d c hoft dfng chfnh trj, xa hfi vft
mflc df quan h i xa hfii Ngfifi nghgo d& thi
thfidng d vfii xfi hfi tiitfp do hp it d Cd hfi tiiam gia vfto d c hof t dfing xa hfi do
sy btft bmh dftng tixmg x i hfi d i n tfi ^ f c
StflMHI
Trang 5NHiN LAI CAC NGHIEN CtTU VJ NGHfeO D 6 THJ
ft trao quyin cho ngfifi nghgo vft do bin
thfin ngfifi nghgo khfing ty tm tham gia
vfto d e boft dfng xa hfi
Tigu eW v l vin xa hfi dfipc d e nhft
ngWgn cflu gpi dflfi nWeu cai tgn khic
nhau nhfl tifiu cW thfing tin, tigu cW
tham gia hoft dfng xa hpi, hay tifiu eW
trao quyin Cie khfii nifm nfiy the Wfn
nhflng nfi hfim khac nhau, nhflng v l cd
bin diu fim cW vin x i bfii cia ngflfi
nghgo dfi thj
Biiu kifn sdng ea bdn: Ckc filu Wfn
d n g ed bin thfldng dflpc nhfic tfi lfi nhfi d,
vf sinh mfii trfidng, nfidc sach v i an ninh
Nhi d bao glm fif n tfeh nhi d tfi tWiu,
mflc df Wgn d c i a nhi d, vft tinh trang sd
hflu nhft d Vf sinh mfii tnidng vft nUde
sf eh dl d p tfi mflc df vf sinh cia mfii
trfldng dng, tinh tefng fi nWim, vft khi
n&ng tilp cfn ng^uln nfidc sfch vfi gift c i
vfla phii An ninh dl efp tfi khi nfing
tilp efn nhflng ngflfi bio vf hf thing
phfip luft (chfnh quyin dja phUdng, d n g
an) vft tinh tifng an ninh tfi nfi sinh
dng Mft d ngWgn cflu d n b l sung thgm
tigu cW v l vui chfi giii tri nhfi mft trong
nhflng nhu d u ed bin eia cufc d n g
Ngoii bin tilu cW ed bin nfii trgn,
trong d e ngWgn cflu cdn di d P tfi cfic
tigu eW khfic (tfm gpi lft tigu cW md rfng):
mfii trudng, an ninh, nhft d, nguIn nhfin
lyc, thfing tin nfldc sfch Mli ngWfin cflu
s i dyng d c bf tigu eW kh&c nhau, phy
thufc vfto khung ly thuylt v l nghgo dfi thj
mft ngWgn cflu dfi theo duli vft vfto nhfim
dfi tfipng ngfifi nghgo dfipe ngWgn eiu
Tuy nWgn, trong nhflng ngWgn cflu filu
tea d hai nhfim d&n dfi thj lft d&n bin xfl
vft d&n nhfp cfl nhfl ngWgn cflu cua
Oxfarm vft ActionAid (2010) vft ngWgn
cflu d a UNDP (2010), d c tigu eW ed bin
B ] N M N L Q C KHOA HQC XA HQi
trgn cung xutft Wfn eho ck hai nhfim Dilu
nfty t h i Wfn sfl thfing nhtft mft deh tfidng dfii gifla c&c nhft ngWIn cflu vl nhflng ylu tfi' etfu thftnh ngn nghio dfi thi
d Vift Nam Mft khac nhfim cfic tigu ehi
md rfing cfi thay dli trong d e ngWIn ciu nhflng v l b i n chtft, cac tilu cW nfty cung
cW nhfim lfim ro hdn cy t h i bdn cfic tigu
cW ed ban
NWlu ngWIn c i u cQn^ Win nghj vl vifc cin t w i t x&y dflng mft bf cfing cy ehuin do Ifldng nghgo dfi thj Ching tfii eho ring mft bf efing cy duy nhtft &p dyng eho mpi nhfim dfi tfipng ngWfin eiu lft khfing k h i thi vft p h i hpp, nhflng chic chin rftng nhflng quy djnh mfi cia Cbfnh
p h i v l ehuin nghgo theo hfldng tilp cin nghgo da chilu nhfl Quylt djnh s i 59/2016
e i a Thu tfldng Chfnh p h i se Ift tiln dl quan tepng dl cac t l chic ngWIn ciu vft tl chic ehfnh trj xa hpi x&y dyng mft bf cfing ey khung cd b i n eho cfic filu tra vl nghgo nfii ehung vft nghgo dfi thj nfii rigng
3 Thflc trang ngfldi nghgo dfi thj qua n g h i l n cihi t f i c&c do thi Idn d Vift Nam
C&c ngWgn e i u hifn nay v l nghgo d6
tW d Vift Nam phan finh mft bic tranh
da dfng nWlu eWlu vft phic tfp v l tinh trfng sing eua ngflfi dfin nghgo tfi e&e dd thj Idn Hiu hit e&e ngWfin cflu dupe thyc Wfn tfi hai thinh p h i Idn lft Hft Nfi vft Thftnh p h i Hi CW Minh, nfi mflc df dfi thj hoa nhanh chfing da din tfi tinh trfng ph&n ho& giftu nghio ro rft vft tinh trfng nghgo dfi thj trd n l n p h i biln Da s i cfic ngWgn cflu dfipc thye Wfn trin ngflfi dfin bin x i , t i e lft nhflng ngflfi cfi hf khiu d dja phfldng, bfi nhfim dfi tflpng nfty d5 quin ly hftnh ehinh vft thfldng lfiu tri lfiu dfti tegn dja bftn khu vyc, do dfi dflpc d&nh
stfi2-ati
Trang 6gift lft phin anh tfi hdn tinh Wnh d&n cfl
c i a khu v y c Tuy nWgn, tiigiW dofn 2011
- 2015, Bfi Lao dfing - Thfldng bmh vfi Xfi
hfi da quan tfim dfii ngflfi nhfp cfl
Hfldng din filu tea xac djnh hfi nghgo giai
dofn 2011 - 2015 quy dinh dUa tiiftn bf cfic
hf gia finh da smh d n g tren dja bfin tfl 6
thfing tti lfin, khfing phu thufic vfio tinh
trfng hf khiu vft tinh tefng cu tiii, vfto
fif n dilu tea nghgo Do dfi, teong d c
ngWIn cflu thyc Wfn tfl nftm 2010 trd di
d c hf dfin fi Cfl da dfldc xem xgt l i mfit
trong d c dfi tiXpng ngWIn cflu c i a nghio
dfi thj
Sau dfiy ching tfii fi vfio ph&n ti'eh cu
^ l ^ c tifng nghgo dfi thj qua 4 tifiu cW
l ^ ^ ^ ^ g f i p li: thu nhfip, k h i nftng tilp
cfn fieh vy cfing, vin xa hfi vft filu Wfn
d n g ed bin
3.1 Thu nhdp
Ngflfi nghgo dfi thj thfldng dflde x&c
djnh dya trgn ehuin nghgo rigng c i a tflng
dja phfldng Chuin nghio cua e&e thftnh
p h i Idn lft Hft Nfi vft Thftnh p h i HI CW
Mmh thfldng eao hdn ehuin nghgo chung
cia ca nfldc, vft so s&nh e&e giW dofn cho
thtfy ehuin nghgo dfi thj d Hft Nfi thfidng
thtfp hdn d Thftnh p h i H i CW Minh Vf
dy, tixing giai dofn 2005-2008 chuin nghgo
dfi tiij d Hft Nfi lft thu nhfp d i u ngufi
dufi 350.000d/tb&ng, d Thftnh phtf Hi CW
Mmh Ift 500.000d/tiifing; tix)ng giai dofn
2009 - 2015, d Hft Nfi lft 500.000d/tiiang," d
Thinh phfiTHl CW Minh l i l.OOO.OOOd/ tiling
Nlu s i dyng tilu cW n i y d l dfinh gifi tW
tl If ngufi nghgo d H i Nfi nfim 2009 eW
d 1.56%, d Thftnh phd HI CW Mmh lft
12,52%, cao hdn gfip 6 lin® Theo B&o d o
filu fara nghgo dfi Uij (UPS-09) cho Uitfy
rtft ft sy kh&c bift trong thu nhfp e i a
ngfifi d&n d hW tiiftnh p h i trgn Tuy
nWIn, kW &p dung ehuin nghgo c i a Thinh pho H i CW Mmh cho H i Nfi, ti If ngfifi nghio dfi thi tftng lfin thinh 17,38%, cao hdn d Thftnh phfi'Hi CW Minh<°> Chuin ni^eo rieng tftng nhanh qua tflng giW dofn din tfi ti 11 ngflfi nghio dfi thi cung tftng vpt Thu nhfp c i a ngflfi nghgo dfi thj c h i y l u den tfl d n g vifc chfnh (eWem hdn 70%), cW d khoing 5% lft thu nh&p tfl d n g vifc pby<^ Cfing vifc cbfnh c h i ylu l i cfing vifc trong khu vyc
pW chmh thie, ding ngWa vfi vifc Iftm btfp binh, hoftc ft dflpc hfldng c&c phic lfi
x i bfi Nguyin nh&n lft phin dfing ngflfi nghgo dfi thj khfing d tay nghl nln cW cfi thi Iftm nhflng d n g vifc tay nghl thtfp, khfing cfi k h i nftng thftng tiln vft dflpc tei Ifldng ft Trong kW dfi nlu cW eftn c i vfto thu nhfp tW trong nhflng nftm gin d&y d Iflpng ngufi nghio dfi thj c i a c i nfldc giim chfm theo thfi gian Nguyin nhfin lfi do ng^go v l tiiu nh&p lfi nghgo "Ifii", khfi cfi the thay dli trong mft d m mft eWlu hofc nlu khfing cfi d c chmh sfich tho&t nghgo mft c&ch bjfin fifn Ding thfi, do bin chtft
c i a ngflfi nghgo dfi Uii lft d l bj ton thfldng trflde d c thay dli v l Wnh t l cWnh trj
-xa hfi, nhfim cfn nghio dl trd thftnh nhfim nghgo nlu hp phii chju tfic dfng c i a biln dfng v l gift d hay ehinh sfich Vi thi,
d lupng ngflfi nghgo dfi thj thfldng giim
chfm bdn ngflfi nghgo nfing thfin Ngofti
ra, do quy hofch dfi ti4 md rfng nhanh chfing d&n d dfi thj tfing Cd hpc nhanh
sfi2-aii
• Oxfcrm 4 ActionAid, TMa; tr 11-12
" N g u ^ Vift Cudng, Vu Hoing Unh & Nnivin
T ^ G O i a l/rto poverty i » 1 ^ ^ o Z n ^ andpob^ unpacts, MPRA Paper no m6^^^!^
« V ^ f ^ operation Humanitaire & PADDI (2012) '^'^'Hllutncdulnidnghn.dqu^BrTPH^,
NNAllUfc KHOA HQC XAHOI Q |
Trang 7NHlN LAI CAC NGHII:N CtTU VE NGHEO D 6 THI
chfing eftng Iftm eho tfib dp giim ngbfio d
cfic do tW trd nfin chfim chf p
3.2 Khd ndng tidp can dich vu cdng
Vigido due, trinh df bpc vdn cua ngflfi
ngfago dfi tW thtfp hdn trinh dfi hpc vin
eua ngflfi dfin dfi tW nfii ehung Phin
dfing ngflfi nghgo dfi thj eW hpc den d p 3
vft mft d Iflpng Idn vfin d n m i chii'*
Trinh df hpc vfin vft chuygn mfin eia
ngflfi nghgo dfi tW tfi Hft Nfii vft Thanh
phi Hi CW Minh cao bdn so vfi cae khu
vyc khac trong d nfldc Do thu nh&p e i a
ngfifi nghgo do tW khfing cao, da d thu
nhfp duqc s i dyng dl dfip i n g nhflng nhu
d u dng ed bin (fin, mfc cbi d) dftn tfi
cW pW cho bpc binh trd thinh thfl ylu
Mft khfic cW pW bpc hinh tfi cfic do tW
Idn eia Vift Nam lfi tfidng dfi eao so vfi
thu nbfp eia nWlu gia dinh ngfifi nghio
Dilu nfiy lim cho nWlu gia dinh d i d d c
thftnh vign dang d df tuli fi hpe cung
khfing thi fi hpe mft phii fi Iftm de Wlm
dng Cfic ngWfin c i u diu cW ra quan bf
thufn gifla trinh df hpc vdn thfip vft thu
nhfp thfi'p Dfiy chfnh lft mft trong nhiing
nguygn nhfin quan trpng kWin vfing
nghgo khfi lfp fi lfp lfi qua nWlu thIhf
Vi y ti, ngflfi nghgo dfi thj thfldng cfi
tinh tefng sflc k h d kgm Trong ngWgn
ciu cua Trung tfim Dy bfio vft NgWgn eiu
dfi tW (2012) 24% ngfifi dfipe bdi tfi dfinh
gii lft minh mftc bfnh mfin tfnh Tinh
tefng nfiy phi biln din mic mft trong cfic
tigu cW mft cfin bfi cd sd vft ngfifi dfin tfi
d e film Oxfarm vfi ActionAid khio sit
dfia ra lft "d ngfifi Im dau dfti ngfty tftn
tft, khfing d khi nftng lao dfn^
D i tinh trfng sic khoe nhfi vfy, bp ft
dfipe tilp efn vfi d e fieh vy ehfim sfic sic
k h d mfc d i hp dfipc cfip the bio Wlm y
tl Cfi tfi 44% ngfifi cfi bio Wlm y t l
Q N H A N L W : KHOA HQC XAHQI
khfing s i dyng the bio Wim y t l c i a ninh trong nfim vfla qua® Cfi nWlu nguyfin
nh&n cho vdn di niy, nhfi sfl qu& tii eua
cac cd sd y te d n g th&i dfi phyc vy tWIu tfn tinh c i a can bfi y t l vfi ngflfi d the bio Wem y te, vft do khfing d khi nfing teang teii cae eW pW ph&t smh ngofti phin bio Wim y t l eW tei»''> CWnh vi vfy, ngfifi nghio dfi thi thfidng dl mftc bfnh mft khfing t h i chfla bfnh, d&n tfii mtft sfle lao dfng
3.3 Vdn xd hdi
l^nh trfng vfi'n xa hfi c i a ngflfi nghgo dfi thj nhin ehung lft thfi'p Vin xa hfi lft
vdn di Idn vdi ngflfi dfin fi cfl bdn lft
ngflfi dan bin xi'''\ Vfin xa hfii dfing gfip mfit phin quan trpng v i o cW sfi' nghgo da eWlu e i a ngfifi dan di cfl, nhflng lfi khfing inh hfidng mtfy din eW s i nghfto
e i a ngfifi dfin bin x i Nguygn nh&n lft do ngfifi nhfp cfi tWiu hoft nhfp xa hfi Thyc tefng nfty xutft phat tfl nWlu phia,
e i pWa ehfnh quyin, pWa ngfifi dfin ban xfi vft pUa ngfifi dfin nhfp cfi Vfi h$ thing quin ly dfin cfl qua hf khiu nhu Wfn nay, chfnh quyin dja phfidng thfidng
ft mfi gpi ngfidi nhfp cfi tham gia vfto cic hoft dfng cfng dfiig, cung ft xem xgt d&
hp kW binh xgt hf nghgo vft ph&n bl cic ehfnh sach an sinh xa hfi B i n thfin ngfidi nhfip eu cung khfing fiu tiln tWit lfp cic quan hf xa hpi vfi nhflng ngflfi dfin dfl thj khfic, do hp coi vifc sinh d n g d dfi thj chi
l i nhtft thdi, ho&e do tfnh Iflu dfng cao kWin eae quan hf xa hfi c i a hp cW mang tinh chtft tfm thfi vft ngin hfn Ngfidi
'" Triangle Generation Humanitaire & PADDI, Tldd,
tr.78
" Triangle Generation Humanitaire & PADDI, tldd,
tr.85
"" Oxfarm & ActionAid, TUd, tr.17-19
'"'UNDP,t2da,tr.l28
ttfii-an
Trang 8dfin bin x i nWlu nfi d n ky thj ngflfi dfin
fi cu, gftn cho d&n fi Cfi nhflng cai m&c nhfl
"tf nfn xa hsr, "tiulu vfin hd", "lai tap"
Mft khfic, lfi d b g <te tin l i lfi sfiig khgp
Wn ngn nWlu kW ngufi dfin, d i dflde mfi
tham gia vfto bof t dfng d n g ding tfi khu
vflc, cung ft tiiam gia vft cfi tham gia tiu
cflng cW ngii ngjie thu dfing Nguygn nhfin
dupe cac nhft ngWen cflu eW ra lft ngufi
nghgo dd tiu tiifidng mfic cim, til ti, tii&m
cW mfit d ngfifi nghgo vfidng vfto tf nan
xfi hfi n l n ngfi tilp x i e vfi ben ngofii
Ngfifi ngfago dfi tfaj, vfi Wnh ehung da ty
tf o ra mft rio cin cho chmh ninfa trong sfl
hda nhf p vfio dfi d n g d n g ding Chung
3.4 Biiu kifn sdng ea bdn
Nhfi da phfin tfch d ti^n, ngfago dfi tiii
tfp bimg d n g tfi cfic khu vyc tach bift, ed
d bf ting y l u kgm nhfing eW pW smh
boft thtfp, phfl hpp vfi ngfifi ngfago Tfafie
te eho tiitfy, ngfifi ngfago, d i l i dfin bin x i
bay ngflfi nfafip cfl, diu d cfaung tinh
trfng l i n h i d tfm bd, mfii trfldng d n g fi
nWim v i an nmb kfau vyc kfafing dim bio
Vi nhd d, da ad hf ngfago dfi tfaj d n g
trong d c nfafi d p bfin, d f t d n g trong nbft
tfm<"' -n If d n g trong nfaft tfm e i a ngufi
dfin fi Cfi eao hdn c i a ngfifi ban x i Khio
d t UPS-09 cho thtfy tren toftn qufib, ti If
ngfifi nghio d khfing gian d n g dfifi
7m2togflfi lft 35%, pfain finfa fif n tfcfa d n g
qufi efaf t hpp T{ If nfty cao hdn fafin d ngflfi
d&n ^ Cfi (62% so vfi 17% d dfin thfldng
tri) Nhft d thfldng dflpc xfiy bing vft hfu
ban Win d (eWIm 28%), din tfi nhft d c i
nfit, khfing dim bio filu Wfn dng"^
Vi mdi trudng, fi nWim mfii trudng,
thofit nude kgm, dfldng x& Iiy lfi, difn
nfldc gifi cao mfi ehfi't Iflpng khfing tfit lft
nhflng vfin di tiifidng gfip eua ngflfi ngfago
dfi thj.^ NWlu kfau vyc cfi djcfa vy thu gom
rfic thii cfing dng, nhflng do dfic film vife
lim ( d c hf Iftm nghl thu gom rfic thii tfii
c h i r&e nhft d trd thftnfa nfi efafla pfatf Ufu) Bin Cfnh dfi thfii quen s i n xutft sinh hoft tuy tifn, eftng lfim efao mfii trudng d n g c i a ngUfi n ^ g o dfi tfaj trd ngn fi nWlm Dilu Wfn nfaft d kgm (nfaft dft, tfldng ngtfm nfldc, be nfldc vft nfaft tigu kfafing fadp vf sinfa) d n pfal bitfn NWlu nfi dfipe cung d p nfldc sfch nhfing gifi nfldc eao ngn ngflfi dfin lfi s i dung nfldc gifiig khoan kfafing dim bio vf sinfa Ngflfi ngfago dfi tfaj d n pfaii dfi mftt vfi sy
fi nhiem khfing khf, khfii, bui, tilng In, 6 nWem dtft tfl chfnh hoft dfng s i n xutft
c i a hp cung nhfl tfl cac kfau d n g ngWf p, nhi mfiy xung quanh
Vi an ninh, bin thfin khu vyc sinh d n g
tach bift c i a ngufi ngfago dfi tfaj kWin fap
de gfp nhflng r i i ro v l an ninh Tfaye t l efao tfatfy, an ninh cua ngufi ngfago trong c&c dfi tfaj Idn vftn efaua dflpc quan t&m ding mic Ngflfi ngfago dfi tfaj thfldng lfi nfn nfafin c i a bfie lft s i c lao dfng, Ifm dyng tmb dye An ninh efao ngufi ngfago
do tfaj tiific sy lft vfii d l c i n duqc quan
t&m giii quylt
4 D&nh gia v a ket luan
T i d e ngWIn ciiu v l ngfago dfi thj trong nhflng nftm g i n d&y, cfi t h i thtfy d i d sy thing nhtft gifla quan film v l ngfago dfi tfaj v i tfaye t l filu tea ng^go dfi tfaj tixmg
d e ngWIn cflu Tfl nfaflng quan film ngfago da cWlu da efao cfaing ta mft c&i nhm mfi v l tinh tirfng ngfago d dfi tfaj vft nfaflng filu c i n lfim d l giii quylt tWfa trfng niy Cin mft l i n nfla nhfiii mfnh rfing, quan film nfiy lfi ding din vfi phfl
Sll2-2l1i
"> Oxfarm & ActionAid, Tldd,, tr.18
w ? ^ f ° ^ G«eratkm Humaliitaii* & PADDI (2012)
'^^^ngh.incautnangH^agudna.TP^,
NHAn M ^ KHOA HQC XAHOI Q
Trang 9^HmHcAciN ClNGHlfiN CLTU v i NGHJO D 6 THI
fapp trong bfi cinh Wfn nay Qua d e
ngWfin eiu v l ngfago dfi tfaj d Vift Nam tfl
nhflng nfim 1990 cua tfal ky XX din nay
cfi tfal tfatfy nWlu vdn d l n i y sinfa trong
vife do Ifidng vft t&e dfng tfi ngfago dfi tfaj
nhfim d&nh gia '•hinh x&c vft tifii tfi giim
thilu mfic dp ngfago dfi tfaj d nfidc ta
ThO nhdt, tfnfa md c i a kfaai nifm ngfago
da cWlu kWin ching ta khfing tfal dUa ra
mft djnfa ngfaia duy nfatft cho kh&i mfm
nfty Ngfago da cWlu nfii efaimg vft ngfago
dfi tfaj nfii rigng se lufin phu thufic vfto d&e
film eia tflng nhfim d&n cfl dfi thj vft nfi
phy tfaufc vfto sy nfafy bfin c i a nfaft quin
ly dfi tfaj vft eia ngflfi ngWfin cflu trong
vifc x&c djnfa d&u lft tigu eW pfai fapp di
danh gifi ngfago dfi tW cho mft nhfim dfi
tflpng ey thi Chfic chfin ring, nhflng quy
djnh d a Chfnfa pfai nfafl Quylt djnfa s i
59/2015 cia Tfai tudng Cfafnfa pfai v l
ngfago da cWlu sg lft ed d djnh hfidng v l
mit tfi duy eho khfii mfm ngfago da cWlu
vft ngfago dfi tW d Vift Nam Nhu:ng ching
ta ciing kfafing nfin pfay tfaufc faoftn toftn
vfto nbitog quy djnh phfip ly nfty de x&c
djnh mft chuin ehung eho tfit d d e dfi
thj vft ttft ei c&c nhfim d&n cfi
ThO fiai, CM nfain da eWlu v l ngfago dfi
tfaj dft ra bfti toan kbfi cho cfic nfafi faofcfa
djnfa cbfnb d e h vft e&e nhft quan ly dfi tfaj
kW tfnh din c&c bifn pb&p giim ngfago
Ngfifi ngfago dfi tfaj gfp qui nWlu vfin dl
vft d e vfin dl nfty lfi tfidng tfie lin nfaau
kWin eho ching ta d n mft giii phap
ding bf dl giii quylt nghgo dfi thj mft
d e h bin vflng Tuy vfy, ching tfii efao
ring dl x&y dyng dupe mpt giii pfafip giim
ngfago Wfu qui, khfing ngn bj ngpp bfi
thyc tefng nghgo dfi thj mft nfin ehi trpng
tfi nhflng dfc film eua ngfago dfi tfaj
Nhflng film nfty chfnh lft film dfc trflng
phfin bift gifla nghgo dfi thj vft nghgo nfing
Q NHANLQCKMAHQCXAHQI
thfin vft se cW phfii nhflng tigu cW vi
ngfago dfi tfaj Mft kW ching ta Wlu ban chtft c i a ngfago dfi tfaj vft nfaflng dfc trfing
c i a ngfifi nghio d mfit khu vyc ey the, ching ta se dl dftng hdn trong vifc tim ra mfit giii pfa&p giam ngfago fapp ly
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 NguySn Vift Cfidng Vu Hoftng linh
& Nguyin Thing (2012), Urban poverty in Vietnam: Determinants and policy impacts,
MPRA Paper no 40767
2 Lf Thj D i e (2015), "Nghio da eWlu d Vift Nam: Thye trfng vft khoing trfiig",
Tqp chi Con sdvd Su kiin, d 11
3 Trjnh Duy Lu&n (1993), "Dfii ngt vl ngfifi ngfago dfi thj qua mft cufc khao
s&t^, Tqp chiXd hdi hqc, ad 1
4 Lg Vftn Thinh (2008), "Chuin nghfto
v i bin ehfi't ngfago dfi thj d thinfa pfal H£
CW Mmh" Ky yiu hdi thdo qudc ti Vift Nam fiqc Idn thO ba, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hfi
5 Nguyin Duy Thing (2003), "Nghgo dfi thj: Cfic nguygn nhfin vft ylu t l t&c
dfng", Tqp chiXd h^i hqe s i 1
6 Oxfarm & ActionAid (2010), Theo doi ngfiio dd thi tfieo phuang pfidp cilng tfiam gia
7 Oxford Poverty & Human Development
Imtiative (2007), MultiiUmensional Poverty,
Bii bio tfi dja chi: http://www.opW.org.uk/ research/ multidimensional-poverty/
8 T h i tfidng CWnfa pfai (2015), QuyA dinh 8d59/2015-TTg ngdy 19/11/2015 vi vife ban fidnh chudn ngfiio tiip e^n da chiiu dp dung eho giai doqn 2016-2020
9 Triangle Generation Humamtaire & PADDI (2012), Nghiin cOu nghio dd thi: Cdc ehinh sdch edng vi gidm nghio tii nghiin cOu tnidng hqp d qu^n 8 TP HCM
10 UNDP (2010), Bdnh gid nghio di thidHdN^i vd Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh
sfu-zni