Tài liệu Learn Spanish pdf

Contents Language note 3 Alphabet 4 Pronunciation Guide 5 Stress & Accent Marks 10 Basic Phrases 11 Greetings 15 Numbers 16 Vocabulary 18 F Spanish - English Dictionary English -

Grammar basics 33

alse Friends 58

64

Check bookmarks on the left for more detailed contents info

Learn Spanish E-book Published and distributed by Discs Direct easons All rights reserved Copyright 2004 Discs Direct Contents Language note 3

Alphabet 4

Pronunciation Guide 5

Stress & Accent Marks 10

Basic Phrases 11

Greetings 15

Numbers 16

Vocabulary 18

F Spanish - English Dictionary English - Spanish Dictionary 80

Food Glossary 96

You can print the book for academic r

spañol - Language note

alicia Portuguese

here are around 40 million Spanish speakers within Spain and many more in other

ountries (see below)

uding the Balearic and Canary Islands and the lilla There are Spanish-speaking communities

f the official languages of the European Union tions

lphabet and the acute accent on vowels to indicate stressed clusive to Spanish and represent a single letter and not a the only language to use the opening question and exclamation

Spanish is the third most popular language of the world

It belongs to the Ibero-Romance family of languages and is most closely related to Catalan,

n and

G

T

c

Spanish is the official language in Spain, incl

Northern African enclaves of Ceuta and Me

the UK, France and Germany It is one o

in

and of the United Na

panish uses the Latin a

S

syllables Ñ and ñ are ex

odification of n It's also

The Alphabet

The Spanish alphabet consists of 2

a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll,

Below you can see the capital letter

with that letter

A: a azul (adj) - blue

L: ele lago (nm) -lake

LL: elle llover (v) rain

M: eme mar (nf, nm) sea

N: ene noche (nf) - night

Ñ: eñe ñame (nm) - yam

ere reina (nf) - queen

: ese silla (nf) - chair

: te tiburón (nm) - shark

: u uva (nf) - grape

: ve vaca (nf) - cow

: doble u wok (nm) - wok

: equis xilófono (nm) - xylophone

Y: i griega y (conj) - and

Z: zeta zorro (nm) - fox

Vowels

All vowels in Spanish make only one sound each:

a sounds like ah as in "father"

The Spanish "a" is a short sharp sound like "hat" in English

Examples: pato - apio - loca

e

The Spanish "e" is like the ehh in "bet" in English

Examples: elegir - éxito - sed

The Spanish "i" is like the "ee" in "seen", but a bit shorter

Examples: sin - miércoles - idiota

o sounds like oh as in "go"

The Spanish "o" can have two sounds When it is at the end of a word it is like the

difference is very subtle

Examples: pato - apio - loca

oo as in "to"

The Spanish "u" is like the "oo" in "food"

Note: It is silent after "q" and in "gue" and "gui"

sis eg: antigüedad The "ü" is quite rare

Pronounciation Guide

i sounds like ee as in "bee"

"o" in note e.g "pato"

When it is before a consonant it is shorter, like "pot" or "cot" e.g "boda" This

u sounds like

The exceptions are marked with a diaere

Examples: luna - puro - mudo

Diphtongs:

ai ay

The Spanish "ai" is like the "i" in "side"

Examples: aislar - paisaje - vaina - haya

anish "ei" and "ey" sound like the "ay" in say

he Spanish "eu" has no English equivalent and is difficult to define

and "u" together It is not very common

ples: deuda - neutral - reumatismo

ote that the word "y" meaning "and" sounds like the Spanish "i"

erno - yeso - tierno - miedo

u

"win"

a vowel it normally has the "w" sound

amples: fuente - huevo - agua - fui - fuimos - cuota

au

The Spanish "au" is like the "ou" in "sound"

Examples: causa - pausa - audio - audiencia

The Spanish "oi" and "oy" are like the "oy" in boy

Examples: soy - doy - boicot - sois - coyote

The Spanish "u + vowel" sounds like the "w" in

Note that when "u" is followed by

Ex

Consonants

Most consonants are the same as in English,

except: c g h j ll r rr v z

b

The Spanish "b" is almost exactly the same as an English "b"

(Note: Both "b" and "v" have the "b" sound in Spanish)

Examples: bomba - enviar - voy - Córdoba

c (hard c)

The Spanish "c" has the English "k" sound except when it comes before "e" and "i"

Examples: academia - con - Ecuador - cola

c (soft c)

Before "e" and "i" it has a "th" sound as in "thin"

(Note: c is an "s" sound in Latin America, or a "th" sound in Spain)

Examples: sociedad - recibir - receta

ch

The Spanish "ch" is the same as the "ch" in church

Examples: bochorno - champán - champiñón - champú

d

The Spanish "d" is very similar to the English

"d" when it comes at the end of a word it can have a "th" like sound eg Madrid, verdad

Examples: del - definir - ciudad - domingo

f

The Spanish "f" is the same as the English "f"

Examples: freír - difícil - afeitar - foro

g (hard g)

The Spanish "g" is like the English "g" unless it comes before "i" and "e"

Examples: Galicia - golpe - guante - iglesia

g (soft g)

The Spanish "g" is like the Spanish "j" when it comes before "i" and "e"

d are: gemelo - geranio - gimnasio - gitano

und similar to the "ch" in the Scottish "loch"

The Spanish "m" is the same as the English "m"

amples: mama - tomar - malo - mixta - mano

glish "n"

amples: nadar - nadie - no - uno - nada

It makes the soft "h" sound, like the "ch" in the Scottish "loch"

Some other words which have this soun

h

The Spanish "h" is always silent

Examples: honor - Alhambra - rehacer

j

The Spanish "j" is a strong guttural (throaty) so

Examples: jota - jabón - lenguaje - e

k

The Spanish "k" is the same as the English "k" It is very unco

Examples: kilo - kilovatio - kiosco - kiwi

l

The Spanish "l" is the same as the English "l"

Examples: lobo - lámpara - ladrón

ll

The Spanish "ll" makes a drawn-out sound like t

Examples: taller - valle - llamar - llover - llen

The Spanish "ñ" is like the "ni" in "onion" in English

Examples: baño - caña - riñón - teñir

p

The Spanish "p" is the same as the "p" in English

Spanish "q" is pronounced like the English "k" in "kick"

(Please note that the u after q is silent unlike in English, so qu makes a "k" sound not "kw")

r

The Spanish "r" is a similar to the English "r" but it is stronger (is rolled)

Examples: rabo - radio - mar

e Spanish "t" is very similar to the "t" in English

The Spanish "x" is similar to the English pronunciation and it has a "ks" sound

Examples: extra - sexto- exacto - éxito

Many English speakers find this sound very difficult to pronounce

Examples: puerro - berro - carro - g

s

The Spanish "s" has two sounds

It is pronounced the same as "s" sound in "sit" except when it comes before b, d

Examples: saber - sobre - cosas - asun

It c

Examples: mismo - de

Th

In Spanish the tongue is placed closer to the teeth and there is less aspiration

Examples: trigo - tomar- todo - patata

The Spanish "z" has the "th" sound in the English thin

Examples: zona - cazar - zorro - luz

Please note: Z is an "Z" sound in Latin America, or a "TH" sound in Spain

If a word isn't pronounced according to the above two rules, an accent is placed over the

wel of the syllable that gets the stress For example, común, lápiz, médico, inglés, and jalá all have the stress on the indicated syllable

above words are some words of foreign origin, generally words

t retain their original spelling and pronunciation Also personal

usually are written without accents

e accent marks over capital letters, although

apital letters

In Spanish, days, months, languages and nationalities do not use a capital letter Only names

f people and places do

Stress and Accent Marks

Knowing how letters are pronounced is only one aspect of learning Spanish pronunciation

Fortunately, in Spanish the rules for stress (also known as accent) a

In fact, there are only three basic rules that cover nearly every word:

1 If a word ends in a vowel, n or s, the stress is on the next to last syllable For example,

toro, computadora, joven and zapatos all have their accent on the next-to-last syllable Moswords fit this category

2 Words than end in other letters have the stress on the last syllable For example, hotel,

hablar, madador and virtud all have the accent on the final syllable

3

vo

o

The only exceptions to the

adopted from English, tha

names and place names of foreign origin

Note that some publications and signs do not us

it is normally best to use them when possible

C

o

Phrases (Spanish – English)

Hola - Hi

Me llamo - My name is

Encantado, -a - Nice to meet you

Gracias - Thank you

por favor - please

el hotel - the hotel

¿Tiene ? - Have you got ?

una habitación - a room

doble - double

individual - single

el baño - the bathroom

¿Para cuántos días? - For how many days?

Tengo una reserva - I have a reservation

¿Su nombre? - Your name?

¿Su pasaporte? - Your passport?

¿Qué va a tomar? - What would you like?

un bocadillo - a filled roll

una tortilla española - a Spanish omelette

unas patatas fritas - chips

de primero - as first course

de segundo - as second course

Basic

el menú - the menu

n billete para - a ticket to

e ida - one way

oy principiante - I’m a beginner

engo un nivel medio/avanzado - I'm intermediate/advanced

¿Para beber? - And to drink?

una cerveza - a beer

un vino tinto - a glass of red

un vaso de agua

la cuenta - the bill

¿Hay por aquí? - Is there a

un supermercado - a super

una farmacia

abierto - open

cerrado - closed

¿Tiene ? - Have you got ?

¿Qué talla? - What siz

¿Dónde está? - Where is

todo recto - straight ahead

enfrente - opposite

a la izquierda - on

a la derecha - on the righ

Está cerca - It's nearby

Está lejos - It's far away

Common phrases (English –Spanish)

r?; ¿Me ayuda por favor?

English? - ¿Hablas inglés?

e - Ayúdeme, por favor

Good evening - Buenas noches

Good morning - Buenos dias

Good night - Buenas noches

How are you? - ¿Cómo estás?

How do you say ? - ¿Cóm

How much does it cost?

-How old are you? - ¿Cuántos

I am - Estoy

I am called (My name is ) -

I am from - Soy de

I am fine - Estoy bie

I am happy - Estoy alegre

I am hungry - Tengo

I am lost - Estoy per

I am sad - Estoy triste

I am sick - Estoy enfermo

I don't know - No lo sé

I don't like it - N

I don't speak Spanish - No h

I don't understand

No entien

I have - Tengo

I like it - Me gusta

I love you - Te amo

I need a doctor - Necesito un médico

I would like - Me gustaria

maybe - quizá

My name is - Me llamo

Nice to meet you - Encantado de conocer

no - no

please - por favo

Pleased to meet

Please help m

Please repeat that - ¿Podria repetir, por fa

See you later - Hasta luego

Thank you - Gr

what - qué

What is your name? - ¿Cómo te llamas?

s? ??

hen - cuándo

here - dónde

hich - cuál

here are you from? - ¿De dónde eres?

here is the bathroom? - ¿Donde esta el baño? ??

ne usted mascotas en casa?

personas hay en tu familia?

Who's there? - ¿Quién es?

What is your name? - ¿Cómo te llamas?

What is your mother's name? - ¿Cóm

What is your father's name? - ¿Cómo se llama t

How do you spell your name? - ¿Cómo se es

How are you? - ¿Cómo está?

Where are you from? - ¿De dónde viene?

Where do you live? - ¿Dónde vives?

Where were you born? - ¿Dónde nació usted?

How old are you? - ¿Cuántos año

Do you have brothers or sisters? - ¿Tienes

Do you have any pets (animals) at home? - ¿Tie

How many people are in your family? - ¿Cuántas

What is your telephone number? - ¿Cuál es su

What time is it? - ¿Qué hora es?

What day is it today? - ¿Qué día es hoy?

What day was yesterday? - ¿Qué día fu

What day is tomorrow? - ¿Qué día es mañana?

What is the date? - ¿Cuál es la fecha

When do you eat lunch? - ¿A qué hora comes tú el almuerzo?

hat would you like? - ¿Qué desea?

lease? - ¿Puede usted ayudarme, por favor?

with location

you

.)

(can be used as a greeting as well as a farewell)

What's the weather like? - ¿Qué

How many are there? - ¿Cuánto hay?

How much is that? - ¿Cuánto cuesta eso? or ¿Cuánt

What color is this? - ¿Qué color es?

What is your favorite color? - ¿Cuál es tu co

What is this? - ¿Qué es esto?

Do you have any questions? - ¿Tiene alguna

Do you understand? - ¿Entiende

Can you repeat that, please

Do you speak English? - ¿Hablas ing

Where is it? - ¿Dónde está?

Where are you going? - ¿Adónde va usted?

Why is that? - Y eso ¿por qué?

W

Whose is that? - ¿

W

Can you help me p

Where is the bathroom? - ¿Dónde esta el baño?

Greetings

Hola - Hello, hi

Hola, aló, jaló, bueno, al, diga - Hello (on the telephone) - varies

Adiós - Goodbye (An informal alternative in some areas is chau from Italian)

¿Cómo estás? ¿Cómo está? - How are you?

Muy bien, gracias - Very well, thank

Buenos días - Good day, good morning (sometimes a shortened form, buen día, is used

Buenas tardes - Good afternoon (also used in the early evening)

Buenas noches - Good night

¿Cómo te va? ¿Cómo le va? ¿Qué tal? ¿Qué hay? - How's it going? What's happening?

co)

e llama usted? - What's your name?

e llamo … - My name is

ncantado. - It's a pleasure to meet you

nvenida, bienvenidos, bienvenidas – Welcome

would be used with a man,

ll females, and bienvenidos with

ers

two kinds of numbers: cardinal and ordinal

numbers are the numbers used for counting:

/a

no/a

¿Qué pasa? - What's happening?

¿Qué hubo? ¿Qué onda? - How is it going? What's happening? (common in Mexi

¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Cómo s

M

Mucho gusto E

ienvenido, bie

B

(Note the difference in number and gender Bienvenido

ienvenida with a woman, bienvenidas with a group of a

ates (months and years) are cardinal numbers in Spanish, except for the first of the month:

l 9 (nueve) de marzo de 1995 (mil novecientos noventa y cinco) (the ninth of October, 995); BUT Hoy es el primero de octubre (Today is October first)

English usage of commas and periods in numbers: 1.250 kilómetros = 1,250 kilometers; 1,25 litros = 1.25 liters

After ten, cardinal numbers are generally used to indicate the ordinals: Alfonso Trece

lfonso the Thirteenth); el siglo veinte (the twentieth century)

ocabulary (grouped by topics)

hemisphere - el hemisferio

o nos

ngulo culo hapes - las formas

left - izquierda

loud - fuerte

little - pequeñita/pequeñito

chos more - más echo, angosto

o

o allada

roso

o /pequeño enfermo

in - delgado

gly - feo

nhappy - infeliz

n - a revés leta

anco

er miedo

dir

r

a

ntar, echar cosquillas nderstand - comprender

alk - caminar, andar

ave - saludar a alguien con la mano

ña

doghouse - perrera

la

o

altamontes ota, la rata del trigo

tamo

al de miel

colibrí

ar

sa

fish - el pez, el pesca

fish bowl - la pece

clero

rangután

za pagayo

l

no

o

squid - el calamar

onja lla

a

walrus

e araña whale - la ballena

web - telaraña, tela d

zoo - el parque zoológico

Relationships

Estoy enamorado/estoy enamorada - I am in love

t etheart ard to you

angry?

s? - Do you love me?

am jealous damente - I adore you passionately

e quiero con toda mi alma - I love you with all my soul

uiéreme o me muero! - Love me or I shall die!

res mi héroe/heroína - You are my hero/heroine

ffection fectionately

on amor - With love

esos - Kisses

rado

eído

pado cuidadoso dente, cauteloso, cauto;

al;

ador

l

o, chiflado

Tengo novio - I have a boyfriend, sweethear

Tengo novia - I have a girlfriend, swe

Te mando una carta - I send a c

Le mando una carta - I send a card to her/him

Querido Juan - Dear John

Querida María - Dear Mary

¿Por qué no me escribes? - Why don't you write to me?

Te echo de menos - I miss you

¿Me echas de menos? - Do you miss me?

¿Estás enfadada? - Are you

Te quiero Te amo - I love you

¿Me quieres? ¿Me ama

big-headed - creído, engr

bitchy - de mala leche, venenoso;

cheerful - alegre, jovi

conceited, full of oneself - presumido

la que se puede confiar seguro de sí mismo: tener confianza en sí mismo

nte;

shy, introverted - tímido, vergonzoso - introvertido

strict - estricto, severo, riguroso

tubborn - terco, testarudo, tozudo

ympathetic (understanding) - comprensivo

lkative - conversador, hablador

ustworthy - digno de confianza

o traño

laid-back - tranquilo, relajado

lazy - perezoso, vago

loyal - fiel

mean - tacaño

modest - modesto

moody - de humor cambiante

naive - ingenuo, inocentón

What is your favorite colour? - ¿Cuál es tu color favorito?

anges depending on the number and gender of what's being described: rillo (I have one yellow car.) Tiene dos coches amarillos (He has two ellow cars.) Tienes una flor amarilla (You have a yellow flower.) Tenemos diez flores

have ten yellow flowers.)

What color is it? - ¿Que color es este?

Note that the form ch

Tengo un coche ama

y

amarillas (We

arm - el brazo

toe - el dedo

tongue - la lengua

/abotargada angelical

egordete mofletudo

- una cara rechoncha, regordete, gordinflona

a un rostro curtido cial

cha de nacimiento

s

eria onriente

a alegre -faced - lampiño nger/heat) - ponerse colorado/rojo

face - la cara/el rostro

facial features - rasgos

she has a thin face - tiene la/una cara delgada

an oval face - una cara ovalada

round face - una cara redonda

clean-shaven - bien afeitado

inchada/abotagadabloated face - una cara h

cherubic face - una cara

a cara rchubby face - un

chubbycheeked

-chubby/podgy face

he had a weather-beaten face - tení

fting, un estiramiento faface lift - un li

she has freckles - tiene pecas, es pecosa

birthmark - un antojo/una man

double chin - una papada

ndidahollow cheeks - las mejillas hu

dimple - un hoyuelo

smooth-cheeked/smooth-faced - lampiño

deadpan face - una cara de póquer/de palo

doleful face - una cara compungida

iste sad face - una cara tr

serious face - una cara s

cara ssmiling face - una

happy face - una car

smooth-cheeked/smooth

e (with a

go red in the fac

go red/to blush (with embarassment) - s

o

he looks worried parece preocupad

frightened asustado

surprised sorprendido

smile una sonrisa

smirk una sonrisita

frown el ceño fruncido

nose = la nariz

bulbous nose - una nariz protuberante

h

b

ooked nose - una nariz aguileña

ig nose - una nariz grande

rned-up/snub nose - una nariz respingona

pointed nose - una nariz puntiaguda

flat nose/a pug nose - una nariz chata

lopsided nose - una nariz ladeada/torcida

am) - una napia s/to snort - resoplar/bufar

er in Spanish use "hace" and "hay"instead of English "to be"

When talking about the weath

It is sunny - Hace sol

It is hot - Hace calor

It is very windy - Hace / Hay mucho viento

Talking about weather

what’s the weather like? - "¿qué tiempo hace?" or "¿cómo está el tiempo?"

tomorrow will be dry - mañana hará tiempo seco

lds out - esperemos que no nos falle el tiempo

looks like it's going to rain - parece que va a llover

e bad weather is still with us - seguimos con mal tiempo

with a bit of rain - al jardín le vendría bien que lloviera un poco

’re on holiday - esperamos tener buen tiempo

there’s been a change in the weather - ha cambiado el tiempo

let’s hope the weather ho

the weather spoiled our plans - el tiempo nos estropeó los planes

it

th

the garden could do

you get better weather on the south coast - en la costa sur hace mejor tiempo;

po weather permitting - si hace buen tiem

d weather while wewe’re hoping for goo

iondurante las vacac

I don’t like the look

breeze - una brisa

cloudburst - un chaparrón, un agu

cold front - un frente frío

damp - húmedo

degree - grado

depression - una depresión atmosférica, una borrasca

bión (nm) - llovizna / lloviznar

- un relámpago

o

ientos de fuerza nueve

daval inds - los vientos de tormenta racha

, las piedras de granizo

ayó un rayo calor

stabilidad

tá nublado

do

o lloviendo

e aguanieve está nevado

e aguanieve

dew - el rocío , el sereno

downpour - un chaparrón, un tur

drizzle / to drizzle

flash of lightning

flashes of lightning - un relampague

flood - una inundación

flood (v) - inundar

fog -la niebla

force nine gale - v

forked lightning - una culebrina

frost - escarcha

frost (v) - helar

frosty night - una noche de helada

gale - un viento fuerte, una ven

gale-force w

gust of wind - una

hail (v) - granizar

hailstones - los granizos

hailstorm - una granizada

haziness - la nebulosidad, lo neblinoso

he was struck by lightning - le c

heat wave - una ola de

it’s cloudy - hace nubes or es

it’s drizzling - está lloviznan

it’s foggy - hay niebla

it’s frosty - está helado

it’s hot - hace calor

it’s misty - hay neblina

it’s muggy / clammy / close - está abochornad

it’s raining - está

it’s sleeting - ca

it’s snowing -

it’s sunny - hace sol

it’s windy - hace viento, está ven

It's chilly today - hac

light covering of snow - una fina capa

low/high-pressure - d

mist - la neblina

rain (v) - llover

rain -la lluvia

scattered showers - chubasco

sea breeze - una brisa marina

sea mist - la bruma

storm - una tormenta, un temporal

tormentoso rayo

a

y - abochornarse rain cats and dogs - llover a cántaros

ride out the storm - capear el temporal

cia tiempo revuelto ather - el tiempo

ather forecast - la previsión del tiempo para mañana

spanish there are three different kinds of regular verbs, these can be characterized by the

ge by the word to: to be, to have, to learn, to

s of english verbs The following table lists the ples for each

lamar comer abrir

abro abres come abre

os comemos abrimos

rís ren

o voy hago estoy

vas haces estás

stormy day - un día

streak of lightning - un

sun - el sol

sunny day - un día soleado

sunny spell - un claro

ending of the infinitive

-ar -er -ir

An infinative is represented in the english langua

speak, and to buy These are all infinitive form

conjugation for these Regular Verbs, with exam

vosotros llamáis coméis ab

ellos/ellas llaman comen ab

el / ella va

osotros va

hace está mos hacemos estamos sotros vais hacéis estáis

ote: For more info about verbs look under: Tenses

ote: Do not confuse the neuter article lo with the masculine singular direct object pronoun

nd una for the minine singular It agrees with the noun it modifies: un médico bueno (a good doctor); una ngua bella (a beautiful language) The plural forms unos and unas mean some or a few: engo unos libros buenos (I have some good books); Dénos unas naranjas, por favor (Give

s some oranges, please)

nine nouns beginning with a stressed a sound use the masculine definite article

he nouns in Spanish can have either of 2 genders (género): masculine (masculino) or

and has four forms:

Masculine el (singular) los (plural)

Feminine la (singular) las (plural)

Examples: el río (the river); los refrescos (the refreshments); la guitarra (the guitar); las fal(the mistakes)

Definite articles are often used in Spanish where English would omit them, for example:

1) with abstract nouns:

N

lo: Lo vi en la calle (I saw it in the street)

The indefinite article (artículo indefinido): un for the masculine singular a

in the singular e.g.: El alma es un fin, no un medio (The soul is an end, not a means); but

erse inmortales (Souls long to become immortal)

Las almas quieren hac

of other nouns must be learned individually The best way to memorize the gender of words

to memorize the article when learning a new word

chica (the girl) feminine

l hombre (the man) masculine

but watch out for xceptions:

and masculine nouns ending in -ma (of Greek erivation): el idioma (the language); el poema (the poem); el clima (the climate)

l policía mató a tiros al ladrón (The policeman gunned down the thief); La actriz se veía obre y sin amigos (The actress found herself poor and friendless)

unista (a ommunist); un pianista ( pianist)

ouns ending in -ad, -ud, -ión are feminine: la ciudad (the city); la juventud (youth); la

lla compró una casa bonita (She bought a pretty house)

lural nouns of mixed gender take the masculine: Los niños están enfermos (The children

gender of every noun is important not only for the noun itself, but for the elling and pronunciation of the words it influences in a sentence: adjectives, articles,

he plural of nouns and adjectives is regularly formed by adding -s to words ending in a

ending in a consonant: Tiene los ojos negros (He has dark eyes);

e cuna (I prefer lullabies)

dirección (the address)

In Spanish, nouns, pronouns, adjectives and articles are gender-related

vowel and -es to words

Prefiero las canciones d

Words ending with z change to c in the plural: Encienda la luz (Turn on th

m here we can see the lightsaquí podemos ver las luces de la ciudad (Fro

Vamos al mercado (Let's go to the store); Al entrar en la clase, la profesora comenzó a ablar (Upon entering the classroom, the professor began to speak)

ith) + el (masculine article): ¿Qué piensas del nuevo profesor? (What new teacher?)

lo doy a

n adjective (adjetivo) agrees in gender and number with the noun it describes

s)

g acho francés (a French boy); una muchacha francesa (a French girl); un baile

s verdes hojas (the green leaves);

) point out, limit or quantify: este hombre (this man); su marido (her husband);

(less hot); dos lecciones (two lessons)

any adverbs (adverbios) are formed from adjectives, by adding the suffix -mente to the minine singular form: Ella es muy rica (She is very rich); Está ricamente vestida (She is chly dressed)

In a series of adverbs, only the last one takes the -mente suffix, while the other adverbs

h

Del = de (of, from, w

o you think of the

Like nouns, adjectives generally end in -o for the masculine (plural -os) and -a for the

feminine (plural -as): un libro bueno (a good book); muchos estudiantes (many students); una costumbre francesa (a French custom); otras habitaciones (other room

Some adjectives whose masculine singular ends in a consonant form the feminine by addin-a: un much

encantador (a charming dance); una canción encantadora (a charming song)

Other adjectives ending in a consonant have the same form for both masculin

u

(some popular dances), unas canciones populares (some p

In Spanish adjectives are used usually after the nouns t(unlike English): un día llu

rainy day)

When used before the noun, such adjectives change meaning, acquiring a less lit

Hay que dar limosna a un hombre pobre (One must give

h

Adjectives precede the nouns they modify whenever they:

1) express an essential or characteristic quality: la dulce miel (the sweet honey;

la

2

menos caliente

Adjectives can be used as nouns, in which case they take a definite article: Los

ricos también tienen sus problemas (Rich people have their problems, too) Adjectives are

d adverbially: Vive feliz en la ciudad (He lives happily in the city)

have the form of femin

learly, quickly and co

ine adjectives: Escribe clara, rápida y correctamente (She writes rrectly)

ás (more) or menos (less): Esta lección es más fácil (This lesson is easier); Lo puedo

(Michael is in the office); Pablo está enfermo (Paul is sick)

¿Te sientes bien? (Do you feel okay?)

he polite form of the second person pronoun is usted (plural ustedes for both masculine

nd feminine) It derives from the phrase Vuestra Merced (Your Grace), and is therefore bbreviated either Vd or Ud (plural Vds or Uds.) Although it indicates the second person

is conjugated with third person verb forms (English "he/she/it") This

c

Comparison

The comparative (comparativo) of an adjective or adverb is formed by preceding it with

m

hacer más fácilmente (I can do it more eas

The superlative (superlativo) of an adjective is formed by adding the definite article to the comparative form: Esta lección es la más fácil (This lesson is

The superlative of an adverb is expressed by adding the neuter article lo to the comparat

form: lo más fácilmente (the most easily)

The superl

a

T

s

It is formed by adding the

She is an extremely wea

Miguel está en la oficina

Estar is also used with the present participle to form the progressive tenses, present and past Examples: Juan está estudiando (John is studying); Ellos estaban bailando el tango (They were dancing the Tango)

Tú and Usted

Tú (the plural vosotros/as is used exclusively in Spain) is the second person pronoun (English "you") It is used for the familiar form of address when speaking to family members, close friends, children and pet animals:

lends a respectful sense of distance to the conversation: ¿Sigue Ud estudiando el español?

o you continue studying Spanish?)

iciones) are the connecting words that show the relationships between

e Nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, gerunds or noun clauses can be the sitions:

s in Spanish include the following:

acia toward

obre over

as after

amos a Madrid We are going to Madrid

iene con su hermano - She's coming with her brother

uiero gasolina sin plomo - I want unleaded gasoline

s, phrases and clauses together

sed conjunction in Spanish is y (and)

da y con su pluma sword and his pen)

word the sente

complement of the prepo

Other commonly used c

o

n

p

Interjections

An interjection (interjección) is a word or expression Interjections are rarely used in formal or

n print interjection is usually followed by exclamation mark or a coma:

h each interjection uses ¡ in front and ! at the end of the word:

y! -oh!, ouch! ¡por Dios! -for goodness sakes!

o compro suéteres en el Rastro

os niños en la escuela reciclan las latas (noun phrase)

ool recycle the cans.)

y los muchachos de Pamplona corren rapidamente (noun clauses)

e boys of Pamplona run fast.)

f the verb of action and direct or direct object:

lefante is a direct object of the present tense verb ve

(I buy sweaters in the Rastro.)

Yo (I) is the subject of the sentence and compro suéteres (buy sweaters) is the predicate

The most common forms of subject are nouns and pronouns Noun phrase and noun clause may be the subject of a sentence:

L

(The children in the sch

Los toros de Pamplona

(The bulls of Pamplone and th

The most common form of predicate is one consisting o

mi or mío/a - my

tu or tuyo/a - your

su or suyo/a -his, her, its

u or suyo/a - their

ll these forms add -s to form the plural They agree in gender and number with the noun:

is libros (my books); nuestras cosas (our things)

n, a definite article is regularly sed instead of a possessive adjective: Tiene algo en la mano (He has something in his and); Póngase Ud los zapatos (Put on your shoes)

bres posesivos) are formed by adding the appropriate

e possessive adjective:

l mío, la mía, los míos, las mías (mine)

l tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (yours)

tra, etc (yours)

l suyo, la suya, etc (theirs)

ossessive pronouns, like possessive adjectives, agree with the thing possessed rather than

asa y la nuestra (their

ste esta estos estas (this)

The possessive pronouns (pronom

definite article to the long form of th

e

e

el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers its)

el nuestro, la nuestra, etc (ours)

el vuestro, la vues

e

P

with the possessor: tus cartas y las mías (your letters and mine); su c

ouse and ours)

h

Demonstrative Adjectives

The DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (adjetivos demostrativos) are:

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Singular Singular Plural Plural

e

Demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify: estos lib(these books); esa bicicleta (that bicycle); aquellos edificios (those buildings)

Este refers to