Tài liệu Dictionary of Environmental Science docx

Preface ...v Staff ...vi How to Use the Dictionary ...vii Fields and Their Scope ...ix Pronunciation Key ...xii A-Z Terms ...1-465 Appendix ...467 Base units of the International System

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Environmental

Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved.Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under theUnited States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro-duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database orretrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-143397-X

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Preface v

Staff vi

How to Use the Dictionary vii

Fields and Their Scope ix

Pronunciation Key xii

A-Z Terms 1-465 Appendix 467

Base units of the International System 469

Derived units of the International System 470

Prefixes for units in the International System 472

Some common units defined in terms of SI units 473

Equivalents of commonly used units for the U.S Customary System and the metric system 474

Conversion factors for the U.S Customary System, metric system, and International System 475

The chemical elements 479

Periodic table 480

Classification of living organisms 481

Soil orders 490

Carbon cycle 491

Nitrogen cycle 492

Structure of the atmosphere 493

Major sources and types of indoor air pollutants 494

Major categories of water pollutants 495

Top fifteen hazardous substances, 2001 496

For more information about this title, click here.

Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for Terms of Use.

The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Environmental Science provides a compendium of

8,800 terms that are relevant to environmental science and related fields

of science and technology The coverage includes terminology from morethan 30 disciplines, including agriculture, botany, chemical engineering, civilengineering, climatology, ecology, forestry, genetics and evolution, geochemi-stry, geography and mapping, meteorology, microbiology, mycology, oceano-graphy, petroleum and mining engineering, plant pathology, systematics, andzoology

The definitions are derived from the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and

Technical Terms, 6th edition (2003) The pronunciation of each term is provided

along with synonyms, acronyms, and abbreviations where appropriate A guide

to the use of the Dictionary is included, explaining the alphabetical organization

of terms, the format of the book, cross referencing, and how synonyms, variantspellings, abbreviations, and similar information are handled A pronunciationkey is also provided to assist the reader An appendix provides definitions andconversion tables for commonly used scientific units as well as charts andlistings of useful environmental data

Many of the terms used in environmental science are often found in specialized

dictionaries and glossaries; the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Environmental Science,

however, aims to provide the user with the convenience of a single,comprehensive reference It is the editors’ hope that it will serve the needs ofscientists, engineers, students, teachers, librarians, and writers for high-qualityinformation, and that it will contribute to scientific literacy and communication

Mark D Licker

Publisher

v

Elizabeth Geller, Managing Editor

Jonathan Weil, Senior Staff Editor

David Blumel, Staff Editor

Alyssa Rappaport, Staff Editor

Charles Wagner, Digital Content Manager

Renee Taylor, Editorial Assistant

Roger Kasunic, Vice President—Editing, Design, and Production

Joe Faulk, Editing Manager

Frank Kotowski, Jr., Senior Editing Supervisor

Ron Lane, Art Director

Pamela A Pelton, Senior Production Supervisor

Henry F Beechhold, Pronunciation Editor

Professor Emeritus of English

Former Chairman, Linguistics Program

The College of New Jersey

Trenton, New Jersey

vi

How to Use the Dictionary

ALPHABETIZATION. The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Environmental

Science are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; word spacing, hyphen,

comma, solidus, and apostrophe in a term are ignored in the sequencing Forexample, an ordering of terms would be:

FORMAT. The basic format for a defining entry provides the term in boldface,the field in small capitals, and the single definition in lightface:

A term may be followed by multiple definitions, each introduced by a boldfacenumber:

A term may have difinitions in two or more fields:

term [ECOL] Definition [GEN] Definition

A simple cross-reference entry appears as:

A cross reference may also appear in combination with definitions:

term [ECOL] Definition [GEN] See another term.

defining entry For example, the user looking up “aiophyllous” finds:

aiophyllous See evergreen.

The user then turns to the “E” terms for the definition Cross references arealso made from variant spellings, acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols

aestivation See estivation.

a synonym of the term, a variant spelling, an abbreviation for the term, or

vii

other such information, introduced by “Also known as ,” “Also spelled ,”

“Abbreviated ,” “Symbolized ,” “Derived from ,” When a term has morethan one definition, the positioning of any of these phrases conveys the extent

of applicability For example:

term [ECOL] 1 Definition Also known as synonym 2 Definition.

Symbolized T

In the above arrangement, “Also known as ” applies only to the first definition;

“Symbolized ” applies only to the second definition

term [ECOL] 1 Definition 2 Definition [GEN] Definition Also known

as synonym

In the above arrangement, “Also known as ” applies only to the second field

term [ECOL] Also known as synonym 1 Definition 2

Defini-tion [GEN] Definition

In the above arrangement, “Also known as ” applies only to both definitions

in the first field

term Also known as synonym [ECOL] 1 Definition 2 Definition.

[GEN] Definition

In the above arrangement, “Also known as ” applies to all definitions in bothfields

empirical formula (say, for acephate, C4H10NO3PS) or a line formula (for sodiumpropionate, CH3CH2COONa), whichever is appropriate

Fields and Their Scope

[AGR] agriculture—The production of plants and animals useful to humans,

involving soil cultivation and the breeding and management of crops andlivestock

[BIOL] biology—The science of living organisms, including such fields as

anatomy, biochemistry, biophysics, cell and molecular biology, and physiology

[BOT] botany—That branch of biology dealing with the structure, function,

diversity, evolution, reproduction, and utilization of plants and theirinteractions within the environment

[CHEM] chemistry—The scientific study of the properties, composition, and

structure of matter, the changes in the structure and composition of matter,and accompanying energy changes; includes the fields of analytical chemistry,inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, and spectro-scopy

design of chemical products and processes for a wide range of engineering fields,including petroleum, materials science, agricultural, energy, environmental,pharmaceutical, and biomedical

main-tenance of fixed structures and ground facilities for industry, for transportation,for use and control of water, for occupancy, and for harbor facilities

mean physical state of the atmosphere together with its statistical variations inboth space and time as reflected in the weather behavior over a period of manyyears

[ECOL] ecology—The study of the interrelationships between organisms and

their environment

[ENG] engineering—The art and science by which the properties of matter

and the sources of power in nature are made useful to humans, for example,

in structures, machines, processes, and products; subfields include aerospaceengineering, building construction, design engineering, food engineering,industrial engineering, mechanical engineering, mechanics, and metallurgy

ix

[FOR] forestry—The science of developing, cultivating, and managing forest

lands for wood, forage, water, wildlife, and recreation; the management ofgrowing timber

[GEN] genetics and evolution—The branches of biological science concerned

with biological inheritance, that is, with the causes of the resemblances anddifferences among related individuals (genetics); and the processes and history

of biological change in populations of organisms by which descendants come

to differ from their ancestors (evolution)

the chemical composition of the earth, other planets, and the solar systemand universe as a whole, as well as the chemical processes that occur withinthem

of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, includinghumans (geography); and the creation of representations indicating the relativesize and shape of areas including such features (mapping)

[GEOL] geology—The science of the earth, its history, and its life as recorded

in the rocks; includes the study of the geologic features of an area, such as thegeometry of rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation, aswell the structure and origins of the rocks (petrology) and minerals (mineralogy)themselves

practices of physics are used to study the earth and its environment, that is,earth, air, and (by extension) space

[HYD] hydrology—The science dealing with all aspects of the waters on earth,

including their occurrence, circulation, and distribution; their chemical andphysical properties; and their reaction with the environment, including theirrelation to living things

[MED] medicine—The study of the causes, effects, and treatment of human

diseases, including the subfields of immunology (the study of the native oracquired resistance of higher animal forms and humans to infection withmicroorganisms); pathology (the study of disease, including the biochemicaland microbiological examination of bodily substances and the study ofstructural abnormalities of cells, tissues, and organs); and pharmacology (thestudy of the action of drugs and other chemical substances on biologicalsystems)

[METEOROL] meteorology—The science concerned primarily with theobservation of the atmosphere and its phenomena, including temperature,density, winds, clouds, and precipitation.

as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa

of fungi

oceanography (the study of the physical properties of seawater and its motion

in waves, tides, and currents), marine chemistry, marine geology, and marinebiology

concerned with the search for and extraction from the earth of oil, gas, andliquifiable hydrocarbons (petroleum engineering), and of coal and mineralresources (mining engineering), and the processing of these products for use

[PHYS] physics—The science concerned with those aspects of nature that

can be understood in terms of elementary principles and laws, includingthe subfields of acoustics, astrophysics, electromagnetism, fluid mechanics,nuclear physics, nucleonics, optics, plasma physics, and thermodynamics

plants

and application of this knowledge for practical purposes, and the general termsand concepts used in such endeavors

[STAT] statistics—The science dealing with the collection, analysis,interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data

[SYST] systematics—The science of animal and plant classification.

the diseases and injuries of animals

[ZOO] zoology—The science that deals with the taxonomy, behavior, and

mor-phology of animal life, usually divided into vertebrate and invertebrate zoology

Pronunciation Key

Vowels

a as in bat, that

¯a as in bait, crate

¨a as in bother, father

e as in bet, net

¯e as in beet, treat

i as in bit, skit

¯ı as in bite, light

¯o as in boat, note

˙o as in bought, taut

˙u as in book, pull

¨u as in boot, pool

ə as in but, sofa

a ˙u as in crowd, power

˙oi as in boil, spoil

yə as in formula, spectacular

y ¨u as in fuel, mule

xii

and sphagnum, interspersed with low areas containing sedges and sphagnum, thusforming a mosaic { ¨ap·ə m ¨ur }

atmospheric pollution {ə b¯at·mənt }

appearance of the first lifeform on earth Also the discredited idea of spontaneousgeneration { ¯a b¯ı·¯o jen·ə·sis }

{ ¯a b¯ı·¯o ses·tən }

water, and atmosphere, which influence living organisms { a b¯ı ¨ad·ik in v¯ı·rən mənt }

environment { a b¯ı ¨ad·ik səb·stəns }

{ə bl¯a·shən }

accumulation {ə bl¯a·shən er· ¯e·ə }

ablation {ə bl¯a·shən k¯on }

fak·tər }

{ə bl¯a·shən f ˙orm }

clouds, consisting of an assemblage of long feathers and plumes of cirrus that seems

to radiate from a single point on the horizon { ¯a·brə hamz tr ¯e }

with sand and other rock debris and by glaciers {ə br¯a·zhən }

smoothness of the surface produced by wave erosion, which is of large area {ə br¯a·

zhən plat·f ˙orm }

pea { a·brin }

abs See absolute.

shed a part, such as a leaf, flower, seed, or fruit { ab sizh·ən }

meteoro-logical element, whether at a single station or over an area, during a given period.Abbreviated abs { ab·sə l ¨ut }

which no measurable daily precipitation has fallen { ab·sə l ¨ut dra ˙ut }

has a superadiabatic lapse rate of temperature, that is, greater than the dry-adiabaticlapse rate Also known as autoconvective instability; mechanical instability { ab·sə

l ¨ut in·stə bil·ə·d ¯e }

its lapse rate of temperature is less than the saturation-adiabatic lapse rate { ab·sə

l ¨ut stə bil·ə·d ¯e }

radiation {əb s ˙orb }

location per unit of time (second, minute, hour, or day) {əb s ˙orbd d¯os r¯at }

{əb s ˙or·bər }

absorbing incident solar radiation {əb s ˙or·bər pl¯at }

range of wavelengths; the spectrum can be a plot of either absorbance or transmittanceversus wavelength, frequency, or wavenumber {əb s ˙orp·shən spek·trəm }

corroding action 2.The part of precipitation that does not become direct runoff.{ ab strak·shən }

{ə bən·dəns }

ben·thik }

the ocean basins {ə bis·əl pl¯an }

beyond the limits of the continental shelf, generally below 1000 meters {ə bis·əl

accumulated temperature

nematode Acanthocheilonema perstans {ə kan·thə k¯ı·lə·ne m¯ı·ə·səs }

humans Also known as miticide {ə kar·ə s¯ıd }

Sarcopti-formes, including serious pests of stored food products and skin parasites of blooded vertebrates { a·kə rid· ¯e ¯e }

can form from the parent regolith { ak sel·ər ¯a·dəd i r¯o·zhən }

continuation, upon the existence of one of the major cloud genera; may be anappendage of the parent cloud or an immediately adjacent cloudy mass { ak ses·ə·r ¯ekla ˙ud }

phycobilins, which complement chlorophyll in plants, algae, and bacteria by trappinglight energy for photosynthesis { ak ses·ə·r ¯e pig·məns }

normal development of the river system { ak·sə dent }

type and occur there only by chance { ak·sə den·təl sp ¯e·sh ¯ez }

environmental changes such as a change in temperature, or a change in the quantity

of oxygen or other gases {ə kl¯ım·əd·əd m¯ı·kr¯o ˙or·gə·niz·əm }

individual to changes in the environment [GEN] Adaptation of a species orpopulation to a changed environment over several generations Also known asacclimation {ə kl¯ı·mə·tə z¯a·shən }

which it flows Also known as concordant drainage {ə k ˙ord·ənt dr¯an·ij }

particle (ice crystal or snowflake) with a supercooled liquid droplet which freezes uponcontact {ə kr ¯e·shən }

indicating that the coast has been built seaward {ə kr ¯e·shən er· ¯e rij }

many geologists as an important mechanism of continental growth Also known asaccretion {ə kr ¯e·shən tek t¨an·iks }

result of exposure to radiation {ə ky ¨u·myə l¯ad·əd d¯os }

number of degrees that air temperature rises above a given threshold value and thenumber of days in the period during which this excess is maintained {ə ky ¨u·myə

l ¯ad·əd tem·prə·chər }

or snowfield mainly by snowfall {ə·ky ¨u·myə l¯a·shən }

accumulation exceeds ablation Also known as firn field; zone of accumulation.{ə·ky ¨u·myə l¯a·shən er· ¯e·ə }

avalanche was originally deposited {ə·ky ¨u·myə l¯a·shən z¯on }

accumulates an abnormal content of the metal {ə ky ¨u·myə l¯ad·ər plant }

minimum of discomfort in an extreme or new environment {ə kəs·tə·mə z¯a·shən }

soluble in water; used as an insecticide for a wide range of aphids and foliage pests.{ as·ə·f¯at }

of 39–41˚C; limited solubility in water; used as an insecticide to control cutworms andborers on vegetables { as·ə f¯at·mət }

acetate into methane and carbon dioxide { a·sə·t¯o klas·təs }

acetic acid or converting sugars into acetate { a·sə·t¯o jen·ik bak tir· ¯e·ə }

conden-sation of acetone with hydrocyanic acid; used as an insecticide or as an organicchemical intermediate { as·ə t¯on s¯ı ə·n¯o h¯ıd·rən }

boiling point of 140.5˚C; soluble in water; used as a solvent, lubricant additive, paintdrier, and pesticide {ə sed·əl as·ə t¯on }

point of 36.6˚C; moderately soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, andwater; used as a germicide and disinfectant {ə sed·əl ben·z ˙oil pə r¨ak s¯ıd }

əl k¯o ¯a path w¯a }

mustards (Cruciferae) and grasses (Gramineae) {ə cheb }

tubes of varying shape containing air bubbles Also known as fibrous ice; satin ice.{ə sik·yə·lər ¯ıs }

{ as·əd kl¯a }

refinery gases which, when combined with moisture, form corrosive acids; known assour gases when hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are present { as·əd gas·əz }

rock to the oxygen content in the silica Also known as oxygen ratio {ə sid·ə·t ¯e

k ¯o·ə fish·ənt }

2.An organism having a preference for an acid environment {ə sid·ə fil }

process used to clean metal surfaces { as·əd pik·əl }

sip·ə t¯a·shən }

anthropogenic acids and acid materials { as·əd r¯an }

hydrogen and aluminum ions { as·əd s ˙oil }

combustion; hydrochloric acid absorbed on carbon particulates is frequently the cause

of metal corrosion in incineration { as·əd s ˙ut }

sulfur compounds such as sulfates {ə sij·ə·ləs w ˙od·ər }

effluent from the manufacture of chemicals, batteries, artificial and natural fiber,fermentation processes (beer), and mining { as·əd w ˙od·ər pə l ¨u·shən }

of the fruit, which is somewhat acorn-shaped { ¯a k ˙orn diz ¯ez }

an automatic door bottom, designed to reduce noise transmission {ə k ¨us·tə·kəl

d ˙or }

{ə k ¨us·tik n ˙oiz }

energy {ə k ¨us·tik sh ¯eld·iŋ }

environment and not subject to hereditary transmission {ə kw¯ırd }

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and compromises the competency of the immunesystem; characterized by persistent lymphadenopathy, opportunistic infections, andmalignancies HIV infection is transmitted by sexual intercourse, by blood and bloodproducts, and perinatally from infected mother to child (prepartum, intrapartum, andpostpartum via breast milk) {ə kw¯ırd ə my ¨un də fish·ən·s ¯e sin dr¯om }

43,560 cubic feet; a convenient unit for measuring irrigation water, runoff volume, andreservoir capacity { ¯a·kər f ˙ut }

acre-ft/d { ¯a·kər f ˙ut pər d¯a }

3630 cubic feet Abbreviated acre-in { ¯a·kər inch }

reservoir { ¯a·kər y ¯eld }

relationship is presumably symbiotic { ak·rə·də m¯ash· ¯e·ə }

characterized by periods of irritability alternating with apathy, anorexia, pink itchinghands and feet, photophobia, sweating, tachycardia, hypertension, and hypotonia.{ ak·r¯o din· ¯e·ə }

boiling point of 52.7˚C; soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; used in organic synthesis,pharmaceuticals manufacture, and as an herbicide and tear gas {ə kr¯ol· ¯e·ən }

of 84.5˚C; soluble in water, alcohol, and acetone; used in organic synthesis,polymerization, sewage treatment, ore processing, and permanent press fabric; aprobable human carcinogen {ə kril·ə m¯ıd }

produced by light or other radiation { ak·tə·n¯o kem·ə·str ¯e }

facultatively anaerobic; includes human and animal pathogens { ak·tə·n¯o m¯ı·s ¯es }

cattle, hogs, and occasionally in humans Also known as lumpy jaw { ak·tə·n¯o m¯ı

k ¯o·səs }

types of radiation { ak·tə v¯at }

and subjected to aeration and aerobic microbial action; the end product is dark togolden brown, partially decomposed, granular, and flocculent, and has an earthy odorwhen fresh { ak·tə v¯ad·əd sləj }

in the secondary stage is put into aeration tanks to facilitate aerobic decomposition

by microorganisms; the sludge and supernatant liquor are separated in a settlingtank; the supernatant liquor or effluent is further treated by chlorination or oxidation.{ ak·tə v¯ad·əd sləj pr¨a səs }

produce a more complete or rapid chemical or physical change [ENG] The process ofinducing radioactivity by bombardment with neutrons or with other types of radiation.{ ak·tə v¯a·shən }

cloudiness and, usually, precipitation { ak·tiv frənt }

after exposure to a microbial antigen following disease, inapparent infection, orinoculation { ak·tiv im y ¨u·nət· ¯e }

and which usually freezes in winter and thaws in summer Also known as frost zone.{ ak·tiv l¯a·ər }

by artificial or unusual natural means, reverts to permafrost under normal climaticconditions { ak·tiv pər·mə fr ˙ost }

sewage { ak·tiv sləj }

mechanical means, such as motors, pumps, or valves { ak·tiv s¯o·lər sis·təm }

adiabatic condensation pressure

{ ak tiv·əd· ¯e }

at the meteorological station { ak·chə·wəl el·ə v¯a·shən }

(elevation of ivory point), as obtained from the observed reading after applying thenecessary corrections for temperature, gravity, and instrumental errors { ak·chə·wəlpresh·ər }

tract, blood-forming organs, and skin following whole-body irradiation {ə ky ¨ut

r ¯ad· ¯e a·shən sin dr¯om }

infection or allergy {ə ky ¨ut r¯ı n¯ıd·əs }

chemicals, or other agents {ə ky ¨ut yel·¯o a·trə·f ¯e }

to changed conditions; for example, tanning of the skin in sunshine, or increasedred blood cell counts at high altitudes [GEN] Adjustment to new or alteredenvironmental conditions by changes in genotype (natural selection) or phenotype.{ a dap t ¯a·shən }

the result of exposure to an unfamiliar environment {ə dap·tiv di z ¯ez }

due to adaptation to different environmental conditions {ə dap·tiv də vər·jəns }

environ-ment which arise after nongrowing or slowly growing cells are exposed to the selectiveenvironment {ə dap·tiv my ¨u t¯a·shənz }

organism in a given environment {ə dap·tiv val·y ¨u }

symmetry; usually found in the respiratory tract of the host species and oftenassociated with respiratory diseases Also known as adenovirus { ad·ən·¯o v¯ır·ə d ¯e }

susceptible individual to cause infection of the latter { ad·ə·kwət k¨an takt }

action of ice; applied to permafrost studies { ad fr ¯ez·iŋ }

which a mass of air cools as it rises { ad· ¯e·ə bat }

{ ad· ¯e·ə bad·ik }

dry-adiabatic lapse rate throughout its vertical extent { ad· ¯e·ə bad·ik at·mə sfir }

den s ¯a·shən presh·ər }

adiabatic condensation temperature

k ¨an den s ¯a·shən tem·prə·chər }

in an atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium such that an air parcel displacedadiabatically will continue to possess the same temperature and pressure as itssurroundings, so that no restoring force acts on a parcel displaced vertically Alsoknown as convective equilibrium { ad· ¯e·ə bad·ik ¯e·kwə lib·r ¯e·əm }

ə·lənt tem·prə chər }

ə r¯a·shən presh·ər }

sach·ə r¯a·shən tem·prə·chər }

gaining heat from or losing heat to the surroundings { ad· ¯e·ə bad·ik sis·təm }

examples are the Caribbean Sea and North Polar Sea {ə j¯as·ənt s ¯e }

as necessary in other courses {ə jəs·təd str ¯em }

shore { ad lid·ə·rəl }

Mexico {ə d¯o·b ¯e }

continuous sea cliffs { ad·əl es·ənt k¯ost }

base level at its mouth, its waterfalls and lakes of the youthful stage having beendestroyed { ad·əl es·ənt riv·ər }

channel that may reach base level at its mouth { ad·əl es·ənt str ¯em }

snow lines { ad·rət }

mənt }

the mass motion of the atmosphere [OCEANOGR] The process of transport of water,

or of an acqueous property, solely by the mass motion of the oceans, most typicallyvia horizontal currents { ad vek·shən }

resulting from a horizontal inflow of colder air into an area { ad vek·shən·əl in vər·

zhən }

air over a cold surface and the consequent cooling of that air to below its dew point.{ ad vek·shən f¨ag }

aerobic process

are the result only of horizontal or isobaric advection { ad vek·tiv h¯ı p¨ath·ə·səs }

produced by advection of relatively colder air at high levels or relatively warmer air atlow levels or by a combination of both conditions { ad vek·tiv thən·dər st ˙orm }

known as adventive { ad·ven tish·əs }

root (radicle) or its branches { ad·ven tish·əs r ¨ut }

naturalized; not native 2.See adventitious { ad ven·tiv }

{ ¯e l ¨a·fə·ləs }

3.Introducing air into a solution by spraying, stirring, or similar method 4.Supplying

or infusing with air, as in sand or soil { e r ¯a·shən }

for supplying air or gas under pressure, as for fumigating, welding, or ventilating

4.Equipment used to inject compressed air into sewage in the treatment process.{ e r ¯ad·ər }

the basis of photographs of the ground surface from an aircraft, spacecraft, or rocket.Also known as aerocartography { e·r ¯e·əl map·iŋ }

often functioning in photosynthesis { e·r ¯e·əl r ¨ut }

in sensitive persons { e·r¯o al·ər·jən }

{ e r ¯ob }

sewage sludge or compost heap where both aerobic and anaerobic microorganismsparticipate, and the decomposition of the material goes no further { e r ¯ob·ik an·ə

r ¯ob·ik in·tər f¯as }

are placed in the lower layer; the solids are partially decomposed by anaerobicbacteria, while air or oxygen is bubbled through the upper layer to create an aerobiccondition { e r ¯ob·ik an·ə r¯ob·ik lə g ¨un }

breakdown of materials { e r ¯ob·ik bak tir· ¯e·ə }

microorganisms under favorable conditions of oxygenation { e r ¯ob·ik də jes·chən }

decomposed by aerobic bacteria Also known as aerobic pond { e r ¯o·bik lə g ¨un }

pollen grains, and microorganisms; and, more broadly, of airborne propagules of algaeand protozoans, minute insects such as aphids, and pollution gases and particleswhich exert specific biologic effects { e·r¯o b¯ı ¨al·ə·j ¯e }

content of a sample of air { e·r¯o bi·ə sk¯op }

to remove fatty substances { e·r¯o kl ˙or·ə n¯a·shən }

words five numerical digits long, synoptic weather observations of particular interest

to aviation operations { e·r¯o k¯od }

operated at high speed, often with recirculation { e·r¯o fil·tər }

power on a commercial scale { e·r¯o jen·ə r¯ad·ər }

observations and aerial photography { e·r¯o·j ¯e ¨ag·rə·f ¯e }

of weather observation, map plotting, and maintaining records See descriptive

meteorology { e r ¨ag·rə·f ¯e }

observa-tions are made; an outgrowth of the International Polar Year { e·rə l¨a·jə·kəl d¯az }

from upper-atmospheric soundings; usually contains various reference lines such asisobars and isotherms { e·rə l¨a·jə·kəl d¯ı·ə gram }

as distinguished from studies confined to the layer of the atmosphere near the earth’ssurface { e r ¨a·lə·j ¯e }

climatology to aviation meteorological problems { e·rə n ˙od·ə·kəl kl¯ı·mə t¨al·ə·je }

aviation { e·rə n ˙od·ə·kəl m ¯ed· ¯e·ə r¨al·ə·j ¯e }

a nutrient and water solution is sprayed on the roots and allowed to drain off to bediscarded or recycled { er·ə p¨an·iks }

formed from both natural and anthropogenic sources { e·rə s ˙ol }

of pressure and expansion through a valve, carries another substance from thecontainer; used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on; examples are butanes,propane, nitrogen, fluorocarbons, and carbon dioxide { e·rə s ˙ol prə pel·ənt }

aged shore

bacteria, with reference to the direction of oxygen or air { e·r¯o tak·səs }

ə·rənt }

changes due to modifications in oxygen tension { e·r¯o tr¯o piz·əm }

non-forested land { a f ¨ar·ə st¯a·shən }

most potent carcinogen yet discovered { af·lə t¨ak·sin }

oceano-graphic gear on a research vessel { ¯a fr ¯am }

(30,420,000 square kilometers); bisected midway by the Equator, above and belowwhich it shows symmetry of climate and vegetation zones { af·ri·kə }

western sky above the highest clouds in deepening twilight, caused by the scatteringeffect of very fine particles of dust suspended in the upper atmosphere { af·tər gl¯o }

machinery of the seed is prepared for germination and growth { af·tər r¯ı·pən·iŋ }

agar [BOT] A gelatinous product extracted from certain red algae and used chiefly as agelling agent in culture media { ¨ag·ər }

a hoop at each end that is used to collect organisms, particularly invertebrates, living

on the ocean bottom { ag·ə·s ¯e tr ˙ol }

West { ag·ə·s ¯e val· ¯ez }

age [BIOL] Period of time from origin or birth to a later time designated or understood;length of existence [GEOL]1.Any one of the named epochs in the history of theearth marked by specific phases of physical conditions or organic evolution, such asthe Age of Mammals 2.One of the smaller subdivisions of the epoch as geologictime, corresponding to the stage or the formation, such as the Lockport Age in theNiagara Epoch { ¯aj }

aged [GEOL] Of a ground configuration, having been reduced to base level { ¯a·jəd }

geological specimen by using the methods of dendrochronology or radiometric dating.{ ¯aj di tər·mə n¯a·shən }

groups { ¯aj dis·trə by ¨u·shən }

waves and currents of the sea { ¯a·jəd sh ˙or }

age ratio

being dated radiometrically { ¯aj r ¯a·sh¯o }

and assimilation of cloud particles or other precipitation particles Also known ascoagulation {ə gl¨am·ə r¯a·shən }

upbuilding approximately at grade { ag·rə d¯a·shən }

raspberry, or from several flowers, such as pineapple [GEOL] A collection of soilgrains or particles gathered into a mass { ag·rə·gət }

from the ovaries of a single flower { ag·rə·gət fr ¨ut }

shən }

excess of the amount required to precipitate a specified concentration of calcium ions

as calcium carbonate; used as a measure of the corrosivity and scaling properties ofwater {ə gres·iv k¨ar·bən d¯ı ¨ak s¯ıd }

w ˙od·ər }

ə·j ¯e }

weed killers, and other chemicals used to increase farm crop productivity and quality.{ ag·rə kəl·chə·rəl kem·ə·kəls }

involved in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock; includes allthe life processes through which food and fiber are obtained for humans and animals,and control of these processes to increase yields, improve quality, and reduce costs.{ ag·rə kəl·chə·rəl kem·ə·str ¯e }

it includes, for example, the relation of growth rate and crop yields to the variousclimatic factors and hence the optimum and limiting climates for any given crop Alsoknown as agroclimatology { ag·rə kəl·chə·rəl kl¯ı·mə t¨al·ə·j ¯e }

the means for providing food and fiber for human needs { ag·rə kəl·chə·rəl en·

jə nir·iŋ }

cultivation and the effect of such cultivation on the physical landscape { ag·ri

kəl·chə·rəl j ¯e ag·rə·f ¯e }

distribution of soils, the occurrence of mineral fertilizers, and the behavior ofunderground water { ag·rə kəl·chə·rəl j ¯e ¨al·ə·j ¯e }

meteorology and agriculture, involving problems such as timing the planting of crops.Also known as agrometeorology { ag·rə kəl·chə·rəl m ¯ed· ¯e·ə r¨al·ə·j ¯e }

aircraft ceiling

management of crops and domestic animals for more economical production { ag·rə

kəl·chə·rəl s¯ı·əns }

practices, such as cattle manure, crop residue (for example, corn stalks), pesticides,and fertilizers { ag·rə kəl·chə·rəl w¯asts }

soil cultivation and the breeding and management of crops and livestock { ag·rə

kəl·chər }

fix free nitrogen, and three of the four species are plant pathogens, producing gallsand hairy root { ag·r¯o bak tir·e·əm }

sis·təm }

{ ag·r¯o en v¯ı·rən·mənt }

crops or animals to provide both ecological and economic benefits { ag·

r ¯o f ¨ar·əs·tr ¯e }

crop and special-purpose plant improvement, management, and production.{ə gr¨an·ə·m ¯e }

{ ag·rə st¨a·lə·j ¯e }

production more efficient and profitable { ag·r¯o tek n¨al·ə·j ¯e }

along the southeastern coast of Africa {ə gəl·əs kər·ənt }

AIDS See acquired immune deficiency syndrome { ¯adz }

near Mont Blanc { ¯a gw ¯el }

glacial drift or karst topography { ¯am·ləs dr¯an·ij }

air, the amounts being expressed as percentages of the total volume or mass { er

k ¨am·pə zish·ən }

classification applied when the reported ceiling value has been determined by a pilotwhile in flight within 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 kilometers) of any runway of the airport.{ er kraft s ¯el·iŋ }

aircraft noise

with aircraft operation, such as propeller and engine exhaust, jet noise, and sonicboom { er kraft n ˙oiz }

aircraft { er kraft thər m¨am·ə·tr ¯e }

obser-vations or investigations from aircraft in flight { er kraft weth·ər ri k¨an·ə səns }

cold air { er dr ¯an·ij }

which the branch or shoot is enclosed in a moist medium until roots develop, andthen it is severed and cultivated as an independent plant { er l ¯a·ər·iŋ }

is scattered into the eyes of an observer by atmospheric suspensoids (and, to slightextent, by air molecules) lying in the observer’s cone of vision { er l¯ıt }

horizontal homogeneity in its weather characteristics, particularly with reference totemperature and moisture distribution { er mas }

surface-chart analysis by the so-called Norwegian methods, which involve the concepts of thepolar front and of the broad-scale air masses which it separates { er masə nal·ə·səs }

frequency and characteristics of the air masses under which it lies; basically, a type

of synoptic climatology { er mas kl¯ım·ə t¨al·ə·j ¯e }

moisture and temperature distribution within an air mass when that air mass is not,

at that location, being influenced by a front or by orographic lifting { er mas prisip·ə t¯a·shən }

an unstable air mass; the most common type of air-mass precipitation { er massha ˙u·ər }

which bodies of air frequently remain for a sufficient time to acquire characteristictemperature and moisture properties imparted by that surface { er mas s ˙ors

r ¯e·jən }

the basic dynamic and thermodynamic properties of atmospheric air { er p ¨ar·səl }

such downdrafts were thought to be pockets in which there was insufficient air tosupport the plane { er p ¨ak·ət }

contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke, or vapor in quantitiesand of characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, plant, or animallife or to property, or to interfere unreasonably with the comfortable enjoyment of lifeand property { er pə l ¨u·shən }

a desired degree of air cleanliness { er pə l ¨u·shən kən tr¯ol }

system and located in bones and muscles to increase buoyancy { er sak }

amounts of various pollutants or other substances in the air, or the air’s radioactivity.{ er sam·pliŋ }

determin-ing atmospheric conditions at altitude, especially by means of apparatus carried byballoons or rockets { er sa ˙und·iŋ }

Also known as aerospace 2.The portion of the atmosphere above a particular landarea, especially a nation or other political subdivision { er sp ¯as }

sp ˙or·ə }

the average kinetic energy of the molecular motion in a small region and is defined

in terms of a standard or calibrated thermometer in thermal equilibrium with the air

2.The temperature that the air outside of an aircraft is assumed to have as indicated

on a cockpit instrument { er tem·prə·chər }

or gas from such systems as drains and sewers { er trap }

changes in wind speed and direction and by the presence, usually, of up and downcurrents { er tər·byə·ləns }

with reference to the stronger portion of the westerly current { er w ¯av }

{ ak·tə l¨aj·ə·kəl }

the coasts of Canada and Alaska to the Aleutian Islands {ə las·kə kər·ənt }

in the province of Alberta, Canada { al bərt·ə l¯o }

part of the year; occurs mostly on upland flats and in shallow depressions { al b ˙ol }

atom of a hydrocarbon has been replaced by a hydroxy ( OH) group { al·kə h ˙ol }

k ¯ov }

of 100˚C; used as an insecticide, miticide, and nematicide to treat soil for cotton,sugarbeets, potatoes, peanuts, and ornamentals { al·də k¨arb }

consisting mainly of chlorinated dimethanonaphthalene; used as a pesticide.{ al·drən }

vegetation has been disrupted by humans {ə l ¯ed·ə f¯ıt }

coasts of the Aleutian Islands {ə l ¨u·shən kər·ənt }

on mean charts of sea-level pressure; represents one of the main centers of action inthe atmospheric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere {ə l ¨u·shən l¯o }

Sternorrhyncha; economically important as plant pests { al·ə r¨ad·ə d ¯e }

characterized by a deep taproot Also known as lucerne { al fal·fə }

characterized by virions which are either bacilliform or ellipsoidal and contain stranded ribonucleic acid genomes; alfalfa mosaic virus is the type species Also known

single-as Alfalfa mosaic virus group { al fam·ə v¯ı·rəs }

base supply, and horizons of clay accumulation { al·fə s¯ol }

subking-dom Thallobionta { al·j ¯e }

high phosphate concentration from farm fertilizers and detergents { al·j ¯e bl ¨um }

{ al·j ¯e wash }

calcium-secreting algae or formed when algae bind together the fragments of other secreting organisms { al·gəl l¯ım st¯on }

in which algae are or were the main lime-secreting organisms { al·gəl r ¯ef }

calcareous algae { al·gəl rij }

side of a leeward reef or on the windward side of a patch reef in a lagoon { al·gəlrim }

concentric structures, crusts, and pseudo-pisolites or pseudo-concretionary formsresulting from organic, colonial secretion and precipitation { al·gəl strək·chər }

kelp { al·jən }

brown algae { al·jə n¯at }

salts in the soil { al·kə l¯ı klə r¯o·səs }

depression and deposition of its fine sediment and dissolved minerals { al·kə l¯ıflat }

carbonates as well as sodium chloride { al·kə l¯ı l¯ak }

and having a pH value between 7.3 and 8.5 { al·kə l¯ın s ˙oil }

environment (pH value above 9) { al·kə·lə f¯ıl }

higher { al·kə l¯ı s ˙oil }

methyl and ethyl ketones produced by certain phytoplankton (coccolithophorids),which biosynthetically control the degree of unsaturation (number of carbon-carbondouble bonds) in response to the water temperature; the survival of this temperaturesignal in marine sediment sequences provides a temporal record of sea surfacetemperatures that reflect past climates { al·kə n¯onz }

com-monly dodecylbenzene or tridecylbenzene sulfonates { al·kəl ben z ¯en səl·fə n¯ats }

deciduous forests of New England { al·ə g¯an· ¯e·ən l¯ıf z¯on }

Also known as allelomorph {ə l ¯el }

owing to the release of secondary metabolic products into the environment.{ a·lə l¨ap·ə·th ¯e }

t ¨ak·sən }

state in humans or animals { al·ər jen }

sensitized tissue {ə lərj·ik dər·mə t¯ıd·əs }

physio-logic response to a substance that causes no symptoms in nonsensitive individuals.Also known as allergic reaction { al·ər·j ¯e }

{ al·ə·thrən }

as a preemergence herbicide for vegetable crops, soybeans, sorghum, and tals {ə lid·ə kl ˙or }

communities, such as forest and grassland, in the same region { a·lə k ˙or·ik }

material in the sediment of a lake that did not originate in the lake {ə l¨ak·thə·nəs }

moved from their place of growth and deposited elsewhere {ə l¨ak·thə·nəs k¯ol }

{ə l¨ak·thə·nəs str ¯em }

a natural community resulting from drought { a·lə jen·ik }

order Rhabditida, having either no lips or six small amalgamated lips, and arhabditiform esophagus with a weakly developed valve in the posterior bulb.{ə l ˙oi·¯o nem·ə t ˙oid· ¯e·ə }

part as the organism increases in size Also known as heterauxesis; heterogony

2.The quantitative relation between the size of a part and the whole or anotherpart, in a series of related organisms that differ in size {ə l¨am·ə·tr ¯e }

from one another { a·l¯o pa·trik }

to the point where they are recognized as separate species { al·¯o pa·trik sp ¯e·s ¯e ¯a

·shən }

to influences other than temperature { a·l¯o·pə laj·ik }

of running water 2.Pertaining to or consisting of alluvium, or deposited by runningwater {ə l ¨uv· ¯e·əl }

a narrow mountain valley onto a plain or broad valley, or where a tributary streamjoins a main stream {ə l ¨uv· ¯e·əl fan }

to a river that periodically overflows Also known as aggraded valley plain; river plain;wash plain; waste plain {ə l ¨uv· ¯e·əl pl¯an }

{ə l ¨uv· ¯e·əl s ˙oil }

streams; an important constituent of continental shelf deposits Also known as alluvialdeposit; alluvion {ə l ¨uv· ¯e·əm }

organic solvents; used in pharmaceutical synthesis, perfumes, fungicides, andinsecticides { al·əl as·ə t¯on }

liquid; soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water; irritating odor; boiling point 152˚C;

used as a fumigant and as a poison gas Also known as mustard oil { al·əl ¯ı·s¯o th¯ı·¯os¯ı·ə n¯at }

for fruit orchards, vegetable crops, rice, and citrus {ə liks·ə karb }

alm [ECOL] A meadow in alpine or subalpine mountain regions { ¨alm }

the original mountain colors have faded into shadow; also, a similar phenomenonpreceding the regular coloration at sunrise { al·pən gl¯o }

timberline Also known as subalpine { al pes·trən }

terrain Also known as mountain glacier { al p¯ın gl ¯a·shər }

timberline { al p¯ın tən drə }

thər·məl s ˙oil }

vegetation correlated with vertical and horizontal gradients of environmentalconditions { al·tə t ¨ud·ən·əl vej·ə t¯a·shən z¯on }

gray in color; occurs as a layer or patch with a waved aspect, the elements of whichappear as laminae, rounded masses, or rolls; frequently appears at different levels in

a given sky Abbreviated Ac { al·t¯o ky ¨um·yə·ləs kla ˙ud }

(never white) sheet or layer of striated, fibrous, or uniform appearance; very oftentotally covers the sky and may cover an area of several thousand square miles; verticalextent may be from several hundred to thousands of meters Abbreviated As { al·t¯ostrat·əs kla ˙ud }

communities with a limestone base { al v ¨ar }

{ a·mən th¨a·fə·ləs }

acid polymerase in mammalian cells; produced by the mushroom Amanita phalloides.

{ am·ə t¨ak·sən }

flying aircraft or other body but undisturbed or unaffected by it, as in ambient air orambient temperature { am·b ¯e·ənt }

usually a composite of sounds from sources both near and distant { am·b ¯e·ənt

n ˙oiz }

a second species { ¯a men·sə liz·əm }

American boreal faunal region

littoral animal communities of the coastal waters off east-central North America.{ə mer·ə·kən b ˙or· ¯e·əl f ˙on·əl r ¯e·jən }

f ¯ev·ər }

Salmonella typhimurium for detecting mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic compounds.

{ ¯amz test }

These lakes occur in the arctic {ə mik·tik l¯ak }

93–94˚C; slightly soluble in water; used as an insecticide for control of forest insectsand pests of cotton, tomatoes, tobacco, and fruit crops {ə m ¯e·n¯o k¨arb }

point of 200–201˚C; solubility in water is 700 parts per million at 20˚C; used as apreemergence herbicide for soybeans, corn, and sweet potatoes { thr ¯eə m ¯e·n¯o t ¨uf¯ıv d¯ı kl ˙or·ə ben z¯o·ik as·əd }

methanol, chloroform, and ethanol; used as an herbicide, cotton plant defoliant, andgrowth regulator for annual grasses and broadleaf and aquatic weeds AbbreviatedATA {ə m ¯e·n¯o tr¯ı·ə z ˙ol }

ammoni-fication part of the nitrogen cycle and release ammonia (NH3) by decomposition oforganic matter {ə m¨an·ə f¯ı·ərz }

system and is soluble in water; prepared in the form of white flakes from ammoniatreated with hydrogen fluoride; used in solution as a fungicide and wood preservative.Also known as ammonium acid fluoride; ammonium hydrogen fluoride {ə m¯on·yəmb¯ı fl ˙ur ¯ıd }

¯ıd }

130˚C; soluble in water; used for flameproofing textiles, in electroplating, and as anherbicide to control woody plant species {ə m¯on·yəm səl·fə m¯at }

ion, [NH4 +] {ə m¨a·n¯o t ¯el·ik }

only {ə m ¯e b ˙oid gl¯a·shər }

structure; opposite of crystalline frost {ə m ˙or·fəs fr ˙ost }

like wet, heavy soil, with all original plant structures destroyed by decomposition ofcellulosic matter {ə m ˙or·fəs p ¯et }

usually accompanied by precipitation falling from a higher, overcast cloud layer.{ə m ˙or·fəs sk¯ı }

around a point or center of little or no tide { am·fə dr¨am·ik }

{ am·fə m ˙or·fik }

flesh, and a hard rind; melon is an example { am·fə s¨ar·kə }

glacial action { am·fə th ¯e·ə·tər }

nodosus and having of two components, A and B { am·fə ter·ə·sən }

AMV See Alfalfa mosaic virus.

and Nicotiana glauca; boiling point is 105˚C; soluble in alcohol and ether; used as aninsecticide {ə na·bə s ¯en }

blowing up a hill or mountain as the result of a local surface heating, and apart fromthe effects of the larger-scale circulation { an·ə bad·ik wind }

or rejoins the main flow downstream { an·ə branch }

life processes { an·ə r¯ob }

absence of air; two types are facultative and obligate { an·ə r¯ob·ik bak tir· ¯e·ə }

organisms that depend on oxygen { an·ə r¯ob·ik kən dish·ən }

combination is excluded { an·ə r¯ob·ik pr¨as·əs }

absence of oxygen in water that is rich in hydrogen sulfide { an·ə r¯ob·ik sed·ə·mənt }

western United States; acute poisoning produces nervousness, depression, loss ofmuscular control, convulsions, and coma { an·ə j¯ı r ¯en }

given (usually current) situation in its essential characteristics { an·əl ¨ag }

atmosphere based on actual observations, usually including a separation of the entityinto its component patterns and involving the drawing of families of isopleths forvarious elements {ə nal·ə·səs }

between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation in the soil { an·ə stad·ik

w ˙od·ər }

producing eggs { ¯a n ˙o t ¨aj·ə·nəs in sekt }

d ¨un }

attached to the bottom or to submerged objects Also known as bottom ice; groundice { aŋ·kər ¯ıs }

making a set of scientific observations { aŋ·kər st¯a·shən }

st ¯on }

as opposed to animals { an·dr¯o f¯ıl }

k ˙or· ¯e }

by wind action { a·nə·m¯o klas·tik }

speed (or force) of the wind, including its vertical component { an·ə m¨am·ə·tr ¯e }

{ an·ə·m¯o tak·səs }

wind { an·ə m¨a·trə piz·əm }

r ˙oid }

aneroid capsule actuates a pen which graphs a record on a rotating drum Also known

as aneroidograph; barograph; barometrograph { an·ə r ˙oid bar·ə graf }

as aneroid { an·ə r ˙oid bə r¨am·əd·ər }

Magnolio-phyta; flowering plants characterized by the production of seeds that are enclosed in

an ovary { an·j ¯e·¯o spərm }

angle made by the current with a measuring section { aŋ·gəl əv kər·ənt }

of the wave-generating area as swell { aŋ·gyə·lər spred·iŋ }

a point to that which would have been present in the absence of angular spreading.{ aŋ·gyə·lər spred·iŋ fak·tər }

in polymerization, isomerization, alkylation, nitration, and chlorination reactions;becomes hydrochloric acid in aqueous solutions { an h¯ı·drəs h¯ı·drə·jən kl ˙or ¯ıd }

move from place to place, and reproduces sexually { an·ə·məl }

con-tinuous or disconcon-tinuous geographic area by ties to the same physical environment,mainly vegetation { an·ə·məl kə my ¨u·nəd· ¯e }

and each other { an·ə·məl i k¨al·ə·j ¯e }

of living organisms { an·ə·məl kiŋ·dəm }

animal cells { an·ə·məl v¯ı·rəs }

{ə nel·ə·də }

calendar year or water year { an·yə·wəl fləd }

speed, more or less periodic, due chiefly to meteorological causes { an·yə·wəl

in·i kw¨al·əd· ¯e }

therefore must be planted annually { an·yə·wəl plant }

season and showing the volume of wood added during the year Also known as annualgrowth ring { an·yə·wəl riŋ }

runoff but cannot carry over any portion of the water for longer than the year.{ an·yə·wəl st ˙or·ij }

with maturely dissected dome or basin structures { an·yə·lər dr¯an·ij pad·ərn }

station and those that would have existed had the water all been of a given arbitrarytemperature and salinity {ə n¨am·ə·l ¯e }

anoxic zone

{ a nak·sik z¯on }

physiologic actions, and drugs 2.Opposing action between drugs and disease ordrugs and functions { an tag·ə niz·əm }

an ocean consisting of the southern parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.{ ant ¨ard·ik·ə }

antarctic region { ant ¨ard·ik er }

overlie the continent of Antarctica; analogous to the Greenland anticyclone.{ ant ¨ard·ik ant·i s¯ı kl¯on }

east through all the oceans around the Antarctic Continent Also known as West WindDrift { ant ¨ard·ik sər·kəm p¯ol·ər kər·ənt }

between the subantarctic and subtropical waters Also known as Southern Polar Front.{ ant ¨ard·ik kən vər·jəns }

littoral and terrestrial animal communities on and around Antarctica { ant ¨ard·ik

f ˙on·əl r ¯e·jən }

antarctic air of the Antarctic continent and the polar air of the southern oceans;generally comparable to the arctic front of the Northern Hemisphere { ant ¨ard·ikfrənt }

formed at the surface near the Antarctic Convergence between 45˚and 55˚S; it can betraced in the North Atlantic to about 25˚N { ant ¨ard·ik in·tər m ¯ed· ¯e·ət w ˙od·ər }

Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans which reach the Antarctic continent and arebounded on the north by the Subtropical Convergence; not recognized as a separateocean { ant ¨ard·ik ¯o·shən }

over the Antarctic region, typically south of 55˚latitude, the formation of the hole isexplained by the activation of chlorine and the catalytic destruction of O3, it occursduring September, when the polar regions are sunlit but the air is still cold and isolatedfrom midlatitude air by a strong polar vortex Also known as ozone hole { ant ¨art·ik

¯o z ¯on h ¯ol }

South Pole { ant ¨ard·ik z¯on }

precipi-tation amounts; used as an index of soil moisture { ant·ə s ¯ed·ənt pri sip·ə t¯a·shən

in deks }

changes since its course was assumed { ant·ə s ¯ed·ənt str ¯em }

animals Also spelled anthelmintic { an·thel min·thik }

minute structure within the pollen grain of seed plants { an·thə rid· ¯e·əm }

forms spores in the anthers { an·thər smət }

trans-formed into anthracite coal { an·thrə s¯ıd·ə z¯a·shən }

and silicon particles { an·thrə·kə sil·ə k¯o·səs }

accompanied by chronic inflammation Also known as blacklung { an·thrə k¯o·səs }

lichens, and insects; consists of about 50 derivatives of the parent compound,anthraquinone { an·thrə·kwi n¯on pig·məns }

Bacillus anthracis; transmissible to humans Also known as splenic fever; wool-sorter’s

disease { an thraks }

the woody tissues of plants { an thrak·sə l¨an }

{ an·thrə·pə k ˙or· ¯e }

presence or activities of humans { an·thrə·pə jen·ik }

landscape, such as in the development and operation of an open-pit mine.{ an·thrə·p¯o j ¯e·ə·m ˙or f¨al·ə·j ¯e }

activities of humankind Also known as noosphere { an thr ¨a·pə sfir }

growth and division of bacteria { an·t ¯e bak tir· ¯e·əl ¯a·jənt }

adversely affected { an·t ¯e b¯ı ¯o·səs }

syn-thetically, that has the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of, and even

to destroy, bacteria and other microorganisms { an·t ¯e b¯ı ¨ad·ik }

faunal communities at the southern end of South America { an·t ¯e b ˙or· ¯e·əl f ˙on·əl

r ¯e·jən }

carcinogen { an·t ¯e k¨ar sin·ə·jən }

its surroundings so that it is inconspicuous to its prey { an·t ¯e krip·tik }

direction of rotation is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in theSouthern Hemisphere, and undefined at the Equator Also known as high-pressurearea { an·t ¯e s¯ı kl¯on }

clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere,undefined at the Equator { an·t ¯e s¯ı kl¨an·ik }

the strata { ant· ¯e dip str ¯em }

water over a deeper outflowing (seaward), dense, high-salinity water layer { an·t ¯ees·chə·wə r ¯en ser·ky ¨u l¯a·shən }

of water without significantly affecting the melting point by directly binding to thesurface of an ice crystal, thereby disrupting its normal structure and growth patternand inhibiting further ice growth; found in a number of fish, insects, and plants.{ an·ti fr ¯ez pr¯o t ¯enz }

or cellular immunity, even those induced by related heterologous immunogens.{ an·tə·jən }

microorganism { an·tə jen·ik drift }

may enable a pathogenic microorganism to evade destruction by the host’s immunesystem { an·tə jen·ik ver· ¯e ¯a·shən }

that flows along the northern side of the Greater Antilles { an til· ¯ez kər·ənt }

2.Acting against malaria { an·t ¯e·mə ler· ¯e·əl }

the growth of microscopic and submicroscopic organisms { an·t ¯e m¯ı kr¯ob· ¯e·əl

¯a·jənt }

of the oxidizable substrate, significantly inhibits or delays oxidative processes, whilebeing itself oxidized Antioxidants are used in polymers to prevent degradation, and

in foods, beverages, and cosmetic products to inhibit deterioration and spoilage.{ an·t ¯e ¨ak·sə·dənt }

microorganisms on or in the human or animal body { an·tə sep·tik }

that will combine with and generally neutralize the toxin { an·t ¯e t¨ak·sən }

surface trade winds of the tropics { an·t ¯e tr¯adz }

snakes and black widow spiders { an·t ¯e ven·ən }

{ an·t ¯e vərn·əl·ə z¯a·shən }