Slide INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Slide 1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS Supervisor Ms Nguyễn Thị Minh Huệ Group 3A Đỗ Thị Hồng Diệp (k18A) Lê Ngọc Hân (k18A) Trần Thị Thu Hiền (k18A) Nguyễn Thị Hồng Minh (k18B) RESEARCH METHODS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS (ENG6005) Lecture 1 1 Definitions and aims of a research 2 Social science and social reality the truth 3 A model of research process 4 Terms in applied linguistics research 5 Reference 6 Conclusion OUTLINE What is research? 1 Definitions and aims of a research 1 1.

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Supervisor: Ms.Nguyễn Thị Minh Huệ Group 3A: Đỗ Thị Hồng Diệp (k18A)

Lê Ngọc Hân (k18A) Trần Thị Thu Hiền (k18A) Nguyễn Thị Hồng Minh (k18B)

RESEARCH METHODS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS (ENG6005)

Lecture 1

1 Definitions and aims of a research

2.Social science and social reality-the

truth

3.A model of research process

4 Terms in applied linguistics research

5 Reference

6.Conclusion

OUTLINE

What is research?

1 Definitions and aims of a research

(Von Braun, American engineer)

3

If you steal from one author, it’s plagiarism; if you steal from many, it’s research.

(Wilson Mizner, American

dramatist)

1 Definitions and aims of a research 1.1.Definitions:

Research is a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new)

information or reach a (new) understanding.

(Cambridge Dictionaries Online )

Research is about asking and beginning to answer questions, seeking knowledge and understanding of the world and its processes.

(Wisker,The Postgraduate Hanbook, 2001, p.114)

Research is systematic and controlled

Research is empirical and research is correcting.

(Cohen, Research Methods

in Education, 2007, p.7)

1 Definitions and aims of a research

1.1.Definitions:

Research is a systematic process of

inquiry consisting of three elements or components:

 a question, problem, or hypothesis,

 data

 analysis and interpretation of data.

(Nunan, Research Methods

1 Definitions and aims of a research

1.2 Aims

get a result with

scientific methods objectively, not

subjectively

researcher and any interested readers.

Prove/disprove new or existing ideas to

characterize phenomena and to achieve personal and community aims.

Gather and analyze a body of information or data and extract new meaning from it or develope unique solutions to problems or cases.

Discover the

cause of a problem and find

the solution to a

problem

Prove/disprove, demystify, carry out what is planned, to support the point of view, to uncover what is not known, satisfy inquiry.

Report or review, not designed to create new information or insight but to collate and synthesize

existing information.

1 Definitions and aims of a research

1.2 Aims

1 Definitions and aims of a research

1.3 . An analysis of a model research

www.themegallery.com Company Logo

journal.com

www.asian-efl-Title : Using dictation

to improve Language Proficiency

The model research

What are objectives ?

How are these objectives achieved?

1 Definitions and aims of a research

1.3 . An analysis of a model research

1.3.1.Objectives:

To investigate the effect of dictation on an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG) and show that the EG improved in grammar, vocabulary and, reading and listening skills while the CG just enhance

vocabulary.

To survey on 65 English majors enrolled in Conversation II classes, in particular their attitudes and behaviors towards using dictation to improve Language Proficiency

To prove that dictation was a technique which could be used both as a testing technique and more

importantly , as a learning activity which helped students develop their accuracy in listening and writing skills and reinforced

structure and vocabulary

To deal with the problem of the short time length between practicing with dictation and the post test given the to the students

to investigate the effect of dictation

on the improvement of learners’

proficiency.

1 Definitions and aims of a research

1.3 . An analysis of a model research

1.3.2.How these objectives are achieved:

The study

2 Social science and social reality-the truth 2.1 Different views

Social science

Social reality

2 Social science and social reality-the truth 2.1 Different views:

Social science

Social reality -The truth

Why are these concerned?

Research

is a combination

of both experience and Reasoning (Borg 1963)

Research must

be regarded

as the most successful approach to the discovery of the truth (Borg 1963)

Traditional view (established view)

Interpretive view

Social science

2 Social science and social reality-the truth 2.1 Different views

 are the same as the natural

sciences, should discover

natural and universal laws

regulating and determining

individual and social

behaviours.

 While sharing the rigour

of the natural sciences and the concern to

describe and explain human behaviours, emphasies the difference

of people from inanimate natural phenomena and from each other.

Traditional view Interpretive view

Social science

assumptions

Espistemological assumptions

Social reality-the truth

Human assumptions

Based on the work of Burell and Morgan (1979)

methodological assumptions

- is social reality external to

researcher is observer – natural methods,

positivsm -Knowledge is personal, subjective and unique:

researcher- participant observer, rejection of natural science methods, anti-positivism.

Ontological assumptions Espistemological assumptions

Social reality-the truth

2 Social science and social reality-the truth

2.2 Examples from a real research:

2 Social science and social reality-the truth 2.2 Examples from a real research:

-The causal relationship between

dictation and language proficiency

+”Dictation -a testing

device for measuring

language proficiency”

+“dictation

helps learners improve

Different aspects of their

+Lado (1961) considers dictation

as having very little value in testing the language

+ Harris (1965), rejects dictation as

an “uneconomical” and “imprecise” technique

of language testing +Stanfield (1985) rejects using dictation as a test of

foreign language proficiency due to its strong association with

the Grammar Translation Method +Cartledge (1968) believes that Dictation is not a teaching device

Interpretive view

2.The nature of social sciences and social reality

2.1 Examples from a real research

-The products of different

writers' views:

+Stanfield (1985) mentions

that since in dictation the learner

employs more than one faculty,

he is more successful in

internalizing the language.

+Pappas (1977) considers

dictation as a good means

of developing learners’ listening

comprehension.

+Oller and Streiff (1975) believe

that as dictation triggers the

internalized expectancy grammar

of the learner, it can give us

information about his overall

language proficiency

Ontological assumptions

-The results of science methods:

+The results of the study, to some extent, support those of Valette (1964) and Morris (1983), since they claimed that practice with dictation helps learners improve their language proficiency

+The results of the present study lend support to the above hypothesis which implies that a teaching

technique may show its effects

in the long run

Espistemological assumptions

3.A model of research process 3.1.Definition of research process

 Involves:

defining problem

Stating an objective

Formulating an hypothesis

- identify a research

problem, narrow the

topic, and state

hypotheses of expected

outcome.

- collect data, analyze findings, interpret evidence, summarize and draw significant conclusions

formulating the question seeking the answer

3.A model of research process

3.2.Two phrases of research process:

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

Confirmation or disapproval of the hypothesis

6

Investigation and experimentation to test the hypothesis

3

Problem/ Experience/Observation

1

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

-Identify information problem

-Decide how much

2

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

null hypothesis research hypothesis

the current view

explain the phenomenon

Investigation and experimentation to test the hypothesis

3

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

plan and conduct experiment

So that if the results

are not explained by the

chance variation theory is confirmed

set null hypothesis

assume that results are due to chance alone

Data collection

4

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

Locate collections

such as fiction, nonfiction, reference, biography,

nonprint, and e-resources.

Apply evaluative

criteria

to select the best resources to answer the search question.

Read, evaluate, and select information to answer search need

Take notes and record data

required for citations.

Analyze information gathered

and compare with research need.

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

Data analysis

and interpretation

5

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

Methods for data analysis

-Descriptive data analysis: describe results obtained (results  to provide a summary without making statement of whether results given to

statistical evaluation)+ for quantitative data collection: use visual presentation (charts, tables, etc)

+ for qualitative data collection: use researcher’s interpretation of what was learned, coded or

5

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

Confirmation or disapproval of the hypothesis

6

-summarize what they believe has been

learned from the research -assess the strength of the hypothesis.

3.A model of research process

3.4 Illustrations from a real research :

Problem / experience / observation

The effect of dictation with 65 EFL learners to see if it helps them improve their language proficiency.

3.A model of research process

3.4 Illustrations from a real research :

 Hypothesis

Dictation  help learners improve different aspects of their proficiency Dictation a teaching technique due to the amount of input it provides for the learner

3.A model of research process

3.4 Illustrations from a real research :

 Investigation and experimentation to test the hypothesis

an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG)  take proficiency test

choice of subjects: students fom 18 to 25 years with an average of 22

Instrumentation: Shiraz University Placement Test

3.A model of research process

3.4 Illustrations from a real research :

 Data Gathering

Through the result of the tests of two groups

3.A model of research process

3.4 Illustrations from a real research :

 Data analysis and interpretation

-Use experimental methods:

+2 groups: experimental group and control group.

-Use descriptive analysis: describe scores of each group and compare standard deviation

+ use visual presentation: tables

3.A model of research process

3.4 Illustrations from a real research :

Confirmation or disapproval of the hypothesis

present study  support hypothesis which implies that a teaching

technique may show its effects in the long run

draw shortcomings

3.A model of research process

3.4 Illustrations from a real research :

3.A model of research process

3.3 The basic process of research :

Confirmation or disapproval of the hypothesis

6

-summarize what they believe has been

learned from the research -assess the strength of the hypothesis.

4 Terms with illustrations from

applied linguistics research

4 Terms with illustrations from applied linguistics

research

Deductivism

an approach begins with

a hypothesis/ theory and search for evidence to support or

refute the hypothesis.

4 Terms with illustrations from applied

linguistics research

Inductivism

an approach to seek the derive general

principles/ theories/ “truth”

from an investigation and documentation

of single instances.

4 Terms with illustrations from applied

linguistics research

two methodologies are often mixed

Deductive research starts

with a model, forms

a hypothesis, gathers data

to test the hypothesis, then uses the data to conclude

whether or not the model accurately describes reality

Inductive research starts with

data collection, examines

the data for patterns, forms a hypothesis and

then constructs a theory

Deductive illustration

Subjects Instruments

Conclusion

Inductive illustration

Table 1 shows the result of t-test

Table 1

As evident in the table, there was not

significant difference between the two groups before the experiment started and the two

group started with the same proficiency level ( Mohammad Rahimi,2008,p.5)

The conclusion of this article: 5 paragraphs

4 Terms with illustrations from applied

linguistics research

Reliability

concerns the confidence the user can have that the measure will give the same answer given the same thing to measure

4 Terms with illustrations from applied

linguistics research

Reliability

concerns the confidence the user can

have that the measure will give

the same answer given

the same thing to measure

Internal reliability External reliability

 Internal reliability: consistency of

data collection, analysis and

interpretation (David

Nunan,1992,p.14)

 External reliability: similar results

can be reproduced by independent researcher

Reliability illustration

 We can see internal reliability

subjects( 65 English majors enrolled in Conversation II classes, varied in age from 18 to 25 years with an average of 22.) Analyses is examined by

independent samples T-tests

 We also see the external reliability

through some similar research results (Morris,1983); (Whitaker,1976);

Pappas,1977)…

refers to a statistical study which

is clearly structured and definitely

follow procedural rules underlying the logic of statistical research

4 Terms with illustrations from applied

interpretability of

a reseal

 External validity: the extent to which the results can be

generalized from samples to population (Nunan, pp.15 )

Internal validity

4 Terms with illustrations from applied

linguistics research

Logical

refers to one of the research qualities which ensures the sensibility and straightforwardness of rules and procedures underlying the research

Logical illustration

In research paper, Logical means that you have

to start from introduction -> abstract -> the study -> Discussion -> conclusion

4 Terms with illustrations from applied linguistics

research

Construct

an abstract concept or idea about some quality of an individual

For example:

+ Morris (1983), too, drawing on the mistakes made by EFL learners on three dictations, concludes that dictation

is a technique which can be used both as a testing

technique and, more importantly, as a learning activity which helps students develop their accuracy in listening and writing and reinforces structure and vocabulary.

+ Whitaker (1976) considers dictation as a good teaching device He says, “ wherever aural comprehension is

prized, together with literacy and ability to read the FL, dictation may be found to be both profitable for

teaching, and valid for testing” (p 92) Similarly, Pappas (1977) considers dictation as a good means of developing learners’ listening comprehension.

 Tangible illustrations

Data based on ten tables

4 Terms with illustrations from applied

linguistics research

Tangible

Based on the collection and manipulation of data

from the real world Data are well-defined quantity