Chuyên đề 15 LIÊN TỪ 1 Adverb clauses of reason Mệnh đề chỉ lý do a BECAUSE LEST + Clause Eg I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off Lest vì e rằng, để ngăn không cho điều gì đó xảy ra E g He ran away lest he (shouldmight) be seen => tương tự cấu trúc giả định (để khỏi bị nhìn thấy) b BECAUSE OFFOR FEAR OFAS A RESULT OFAS A CONSEQUENCE OF DUE TOTHANK TOOWING TO on account of + NObject PronounV ING Phrase cụm từ chỉ lý.
Trang 1Chuyên đề 15: LIÊN TỪ
1 Adverb clauses of reason: Mệnh đề chỉ lý do
a BECAUSE/ LEST + Clause
Eg: - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill
- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off
* Lest: vì e rằng, để ngăn không cho điều gì đó xảy ra
E.g - He ran away lest he (should/might) be seen => tương tự cấu trúc giả định (để khỏi bị nhìn thấy)
b BECAUSE OF/FOR FEAR OF/AS A RESULT OF/AS A CONSEQUENCE OF/ DUE TO/THANK TO/OWING TO/ on account of + N/Object Pronoun/V ING Phrase: cụm từ chỉ lý do
Eg: - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness
- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off
2 Adverb clauses of concession: Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ/ đối lập
a MUCH AS/ THOUGH/ ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH + Clause
Eg: - They came to the concert though it was raining heavily
- Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk
b IN SPITE OF/ REGARDLESS OF / DESPITE + N/Object Pronoun/V.ING Phrase/ The fact that +
clause/ this/ that/what: cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ.
Eg: - They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain
- In spite of a hot day, I shall go for a walk
DẠNG BÀI TẬP: Phần viết lại câu: Chuyển từ mệnh đề chỉ lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do.
CHUYỂN TỪ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ SANG CỤM TỪ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ
ALTHOUGH DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF
1 Dạng 1: Nếu câu đã cho có dạng:
E.g Although he studied hard, he failed the exam.
-> Despite studying hard, he fail the exam
Form: Although + S1 + V1, S1 + V2.
=> Despite + V1_ing, S1 + V2.
2 Dạng 2: Nếu câu đã cho có dạng:
E.g Although he was sick, I couldn’t help him with his homework
-> Despite his sickness, I ………
Form: Although S1 (đại từ nhân xưng) + be + adj, S2 + V2.
=> Despite + tính từ sở hữu + danh từ, S2 + V2.
Trong đó: tính từ sở hữu được chuyeenrn thành từ “đại từ nhân xưng”
Danh từ được chuyển thành từ tính từ
3 Dạng 3:
e.g Although he behaved badly, everyone liked him
-> Despite his bad behavior, everyone…
Form: Although + S1 + V_thường + ADV, S2 + V2.
-> Despite + tính từ sở hữu + tính từ + danh từ, S2 + V2.
tính từ sở hữu được chuyển thành từ đại từ nhân xưng
tính từ được chuyển từ trạng từ
danh từ được chuyển từ động từ thường
4 Dạng 4:
E.g Although the book was expensive, I bought it
-> Despite the expensive book, I ………
Form: Although + mạo từ/ tính từ sở hữu/ đại từ chỉ định (this/ that/ these/ those) + danh từ + be + tính từ, S + V.
-> Despite + mạo từ/ tính từ sở hữu/ đại từ chỉ định (this/ that/ these/ those) + tính từ + danh từ, S + V.
5 Dạng 5:
E.g Although it is sunny, I feel cold
-> Despite the sun, I feel cold
Form: Although + it + be + tính từ chỉ thời tiết, S + V
-> Despite + the + danh từ, S + V
sunny -> sun windy -> wind cloudy -> cloud rainy -> rain
(Because => because of thì tương tự các dạng trên)
Trang 26 Dạng 6
Although I worked hard, he didn’t pay me much
-> Despite the fact that I work……, ………
E.g He worked hard, but he didn’t earn much money.
= Although he worked hard, he didn’t ………
= Hard as he worked, he didn’t earn…………
= However/ No matter how hard he worked, he didn’t ………
= Work hard as he might, he didn’t ………
Form: S1 + V1 + adj/ adv, but S2 + V2
= although S1 + V1 …., S2 + V2
= adj/ adv + as/ though + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
= However/ no matter how + adj/ adv S1 + V1, S2 + V2
= V1 nguyen the + adj/ adv as S1 + may (nếu V1 ở hiện tại)/ might (nếu V1 ở qkhu), S2 + V2
6) Nếu câu có dạng : It (be) + tính từ về thời tiết => Đổi tính từ thành danh từ thêm “the” phía trước.
E.g Although it was rainy,
=> Despite / in spite of the rain, ……….
Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này là:
Foggy => fog ( sương mù), Snowy => snow (tuyết), Rainy => rain (mưa), Stormy => storm (bão)
* Rút gọn : Although/Though/ Even though +S + be… +ADJ
=> Although/Though/ Even though +ADJ
Ex: Although tired, he went to work
* Although / Even though/ though + S +be/ verb + Adj/Adv … ,
= Adj/Adv + as (though) + S + be/ verb, …….
- Although he is intelligent, he should be careful =>Intelligent as he is, he should…
7) Nếu câu có dạng: Danh từ + (be) + p.p (câu bị động)
=> Đổi p.p thành danh từ, thêm “the” phía trước và “of” phía sau danh từ
Although television was invented, => Despite / in spite of the invention of television, ………
4 Other Structures:
* Summary: WH-/How + EVER = NO MATTER + WH-/How = IT DOESN’T MATTER +
WH-/How
a No matter wh- (who/when/where/why) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g - No matter who you are, I still love you
- No matter what she says, I don’t believe her
E.g - Whoever/No matter who he may be, we don’t believe what he says
b No matter how + (adj/adv) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g - No matter how he tries, he will not succeed
- No matter how heavily it rains, I go to school
- No matter how beautiful she is, I don’t like her
E.g - However rich this man is, he can’t support his family
c No matter what/Whatever + (N) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g - Whatever/No matter what others may say, you are certainly right
- Whatever/No matter what he says, no one believes him
d It doesn’t matter what + S + (May) + V, S + V => Trong cấu trúc này, what được dùng nhiều hơn các
từ khác
- It doesn’t matter what he says, he’s always your brother
f Wrong =>Contrary to what people think/ believe/romour…, S + V…
Ex: - He was wrong to believe that the earth is square =>Contrary to what he believed the earth is not
square
g S + insist on … => Nothing but a/an + N+ should satisfy him/her
He insisted on a full apology
=> Nothing but a full apology should satisfy him
Trang 3PRACTICE: although, in spite of, no matter, …
1 In spite of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong
=> Although all our plans were careful, ………
2 The dog saw him It always barked at him angrily (Whenever …)
=> Whenever the dog saw him, it………
3 Although she was angry, she managed to hide her feeling (despite)
=> Despite her anger/ being angry, ………
- Manage to Vn.t = succeed in Ving: thành công trong việc gì
4 My parents find fault with everything I do
=> No matter what I do, my parents………
5 You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out
=> No matter how long you use it as you like, it won’t wear out: sờn, bạc màu…
6 I had had no experience of skiing but I quickly picked it up
=> Despite my inexperience of skiing, I ………
7 I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievement
=> Much as I admire her achievement, I don’t ………
8(*) Although Peter was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him
=> Despite the fact that Peter ………
9 I tried as hard as I could, but I just couldn’t get the money
=> No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn’t………
10 Cars cause pollution but people still want them
=> People still want cars although cars cause …………
11 It won’t make any difference if it rains because we’ll still go
=> We’ll still go although it rains
- make difference: tạo ra sự khác biệt
12 Although she was frightened, she forced herself to pick up the snake
=> Frightened as/ though she was, she ………
14 Although Richard is competent in his work, he doesn’t know how to deal with his client
=> Competent though/ as Richard may be in his work, he ………
15 Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish
=> Much as I admire his courage, I think………
16 You believe that fat people are always jolly, but you are wrong
=> Contrary to your belief, fat people……jolly
17 Despite her severe disability Judy participated in many sports
=> Although Judy’s disability was severe, she ………
18 It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down: giảm this year
It’s (un)likely + to Vn.t: có lẽ = there is likelihood that + tương lại đơn
there is little likelihood that + tương lai đơn
=> Sad as it may be/ is, unemployment………
19 Though my house was cheaper than Norman’s, it is bigger and more attractive
=> Norman’s house may be more expensive than mine, but my house/ one is bigger and more attractive
20 Although Johnny Brax drives carefully on public roads, he is a terror on the racetrack
=> Johnny Brax is a careful driver on …………, but ………
21 In spite of her initial reluctance to take the job, she’s got on very well
=> Reluctant as she might be to take the job, she’s ………
22 I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem
=> However clever he is, I don’t think………
23 However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted
=> Friendly as/ though he seems, ………
24 Although he was very tired, he agreed to play tennis
=> Tired as/ though he was, he …………
25 Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her
=> Busy as/ though Melissa’s father was, he still………
28 Despite all their efforts, they couldn’t get the old car to start (HARD)
=> No matter how hard they tried, they couldn’t get the old car to start
29 It doesn’t make any difference which number you choose –you’ll still win a prize
Trang 4=> Whichever number you choose, …………
30 He couldn’t see a way of getting round the problem, however hard he tried
=> No matter how hard he tried, he ………
31 I don’t think the article should be published, although I admit it’s interesting
=> Interesting though/ as it is, I don’t think ………
32 He offered to make a speech, although he did not have much self-confidence
=> Despite not having ……… , ………
33 In spite of the tight deadline, they manage to complete the project on schedule
=> Even though the deadline is tight, they ………
34 Another job may be better, but it will not offer you the same satisfaction
=> While another job may be better, ………
35 It doesn’t matter who you ask, you’ll always get the same answer
=> Whoever you ask, you’ll………
36 You’ll never find a better place to spend a holiday, wherever you go
=> No matter where you go, you’ll…………
37 I like him a lot, but I don’t want to marry him
=> Much as I like him a lot, ………
38 In spite of all her efforts, she didn’t manage to get there on time
=> Even though she made great efforts, she ………
39 I very much want to do the job, but there isn’t enough money in it
=> Much as I …………job, there isn’t……
40 On no account should you tell anyone else about these plans
=> Whatever happens, you shouldn’t ………
41 Speaking personally, I don’t care whether she comes with us or not matter
=> It doesn’t matter to me whether she comes with us or not
42 Honestly, I don’t mind where we go for our summer holidays MATTER
=> Honestly, it doesn’t matter to me where we go for our summer holidays
43 Although we respect Brian’s expertise in archaeology, we’re not going to employ him this time
=> Much as we ………
44 Although I tried very hard, I couldn’t convince Debbie to thuyết phục ai tin vào điều gì deliver a speech
=> Try hard as I might, I couldn’t ………
45 Their boss insisted on a compensation => Nothing but a compensation could satisfy their boss _