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Introduction LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction... LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction... Brattain and John Bardeen invented the first solid state Amplifier, a p

Introduction

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

¢ Electrical Engineering is the field which deals with devices that depend solely on the motion

of electrons in metals

¢ Electronics is the technology of the passage of charged particles in gas, vacuum, or

semiconductors

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

History

¢ The origin of term "Electronics" began in 1895, H.A Lorentz postulated the existence of

discrete charges which he called "electrons"

¢ 1906 De Forest built the first active electronic

device, called "triode" made the first amplifier

¢ Semiconductor era began in 1908 A crystal

diode was invented by Pickard

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

¢ In December 1947, at Bell Telephone Laboratories Walter H Brattain and John Bardeen invented the first solid state Amplifier, a point contact transistor was built from germanium crystal However the point contact transistors performance was very

poor

¢ At the same time, William B Schockley, the group leader, recognized the difficulties with the point

contact and proposed the junction transistors and immediately developed the theory of the P-N

Junction based on Quantum Physics in 1950

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

¢ In 1951 transistors were produced

commercially Brattain, Bardeen, and Schockley were awarded the NOBEL Prize in Physics in

1956 This was the first NOBEL award given for an engineering device 1n nearly 50 years

¢ 1954, Texas Instrument built the silicon

transistor commercially

¢ 1960 SSI (Small Scale Integration) were

produced, the first generation of the integrated circuit era

1966 MSI (Medium Scale Integration), the

second generation

1969 LSI (Large Scale Integration), the third generation

1975 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), the fourth generation

1990 ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration), the fifth generation

2000 GSI (Giant Scale Integration)

Microelectronics Evolution

Year 1947 1950 1961 1966 1971 1980 1990 2000

Technology | Invention of Discrete SSI MSI LSI VLSI ULSI GSI

the transistor | components Approximate 1 1 10 100-1,000 1,000-20,000 20,000- 1,000,000- >10,000,000

transistors per

chip in

commercial

products

Typical - Junction Logic gates Counters 8 bit micro- | 16 bit, 32 bit | 32 bit micro- | 32 bit, 64 bit products Transistors Flip-flops Multiplexers processors micro- processors micro-

and diode Adders ROM processors processors

RAM

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

Moore’s Law

¢ Gordon Moore

made his famous

observation in

1965 Moore

predicted that the

number of

transistors per

integrated circuit

would double

every 18 months

transistors 100,000,000

Pentium® 4 Processor Pentium® ill Processor

MOORE'S LAW

bự, Pentium? it Processor 47 10,000,000

Pentium® Processor +486™ DX Processor :

c3 : ‘ ll +.12 1,000,000

386'" Processor _ we

St ae a oa 100,000

`

we _- <a © 10,000

4004 |

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Source: http://www.intel.com

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

Processor Year of introduction Number of transistors

4004 1971 2,250

S008 1972 2,500

8080 1974 5,000

8086 1978 29,000

286 1982 120,000

480! DX processor 1989 1,180,000

Pentium® processor 1993 3,100,000

Pentium II processor 1997 7,500,000

Pentium III processor 1999 24,000,000

Pentium 4 processor 2000 42,000,000

Source: http://www.intel.com

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

Introduction to Electronic Systems

¢ Electronic systems consist of signal sources or

transducers, processors and actuators

Transducer

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

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All of physical quantities are converted into electrical quantities by transducers and/or sensors

Processors process the electrical signal in some manner required by their actuators of the systems, for instance

amplifying, filtering, etc

Transducers and actuators are devices used in

converting an energy form into electric current or

voltage and vice versa

Sensors are devices that change their electrical

properties which 1s caused by a physical quantity

change

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: 11

Introduction

Examples of transducers and sensors

(Photon > Current) (A Brightness > A Resistance)

Carbon microphone (Sound > A Resistance) Speakers(Current > Sound)

LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition:

Introduction

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