Dc trng c bn v diu kin t nhien v

TS Nguyen Quang NgQc, Vi~n tnrong Vi~n Vi~t Nam hQC v a Khoa hoc phat trien, Ph6 Chu tich HQi Khoa hoc Lich sir Vi~t Nam , Truong ban t 6 chirc ; 2.. GS.TS Truong Quang Hai, Ph6 Vi~n tnr

VI~N VI~T NAM HOC

vA KHOA HOC PHAT TRltN

UBND TINH QUANG NINH HUY~N UY, UBND HUY~N YEN HU'NG

HOI KHOAHOC L!CH sO' VI~T NAM

H(H THAO KHOA HQC

DO THJ QUANG YEN

1 Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Quang Ninh

2 Huyen uy , Uy ban Nhan dan huyen Yen Hung

3 HQi Khoa hoc Lich su Vi~t Nam

4 Vien Vi~t Nam hQCva Khoa hoc phat tri S n

1 GS TS Nguyen Quang NgQc, Vi~n tnrong Vi~n Vi~t Nam hQC v a Khoa hoc phat trien, Ph6 Chu tich HQi Khoa hoc Lich sir Vi~t Nam , Truong ban t 6 chirc ;

2 D/c DB Van Nghi, Ph6 Chu tich thuong tnrc Uy ban Nhan dan hu y en Ye n Hung , D6ng Truong ban t6 chirc;

3 GS.TS Truong Quang Hai, Ph6 Vi~n tnrong Vi~n Vi~t Nam hQCva Khoa hoc phat trien, Ph6 ban t6 chtrc;

4 D/c Chu Dam Nguyen, Truong ban Tuyen giao Huyen uy Yen Hung, Ph6 ban t6 chirc ;

5 D/c Le D6ng San, Truong phong Van hoa thong tin huyen Yen Hung, Uy

MUCLUC

1 Phat bi~u chao mirng ciia d8ng chi U Xuan T~ng

2 GS.TS Nguy~n Quang NgQc (Vien Vi~t Nam hQCva khoa hoc phat trien):

Bao cao eM ddn H 9 i thao Do thi Quang Yen : Tru y en thc5ng v a d i nh huang phat tri e n .

3 TS U Thi Lien (Vi~n KMo c6 hoc Vi~t Nam):

4 TS Nguy~n Vi~t, Nguy~n H8ng Ky, Bili Thanh Nhan (Trung tam Ti~ Slr Dong NamA),Ngo Dlnh Diing, Le Thi Nga (Huyen Yen Hung):

5 GS.TS Nguy~n Quang NgQc (Vien Vi~t Nam hQCva Khoa hoc phat trien):

6 GS.TS Yao Takao (Dai hoc Quoc gia Hiroshima, Nhat Ban):

7 TS Hoang Anh Tu~n (Truong Dai hoc Khoa hQCxii hQi va Nhan van):

8 D,i ta, TS Cao Thanh Tan (BQ Trr I~nh BQ dQi Bien phong):

9 ThS Vii Duong Luan (Vien Vi~t Nam hQCva Khoa hoc phat trien):

B ac : K " y nua s h ' : r, , ; XIX.

CUOI t e "' Y • • •.

10 TS Pham Van LQi, D~ng NgQc Ha (Vien Vi~t Nam hQC va Khoa hoc phat trien): Yen

11 UD8ng Son (Huyen Yen Hung):

12 TS Nguy~n Vi~t (Trung tam Ti~n SlrDong Nam A):

13 Ths Tang Van LQi (Vien Vi~t Nam hQCva Khoa hoc phat trien),

Ths Dao Thanh Thuy (Truong D~i hQCH6ng Duc, Thanh H6a):

14 PGS.KTS Ton D,i (Vi~n Nghien ciru dinh cir):

15 TS Nguy~n Vi~t, Pham Hoang Manh Ha, Khirong Th] Phuong, Hoang Th] Tuy~t

Luu, Pham Thi Hai Tram, Bili Thi Nhan (Trung tam Ti~n suDong Nam A):

16 D,ng NgQc Ha (Vien Viet Nam hQCva Khoa hoc phat trien):

n h e v dn tai bien 158

D ij c trung C(J ban vi diJu kien tu: nhien vung cua song Bach Dang . 191

TI!nhien):

M6t s6 dgc diim t"rnhien huyen Yen Hung va s"r biin d6i cua chung trong thai gian gd n day 208

vung ddt thdp Ha Nam , huyen Yen Hung , tinh Quang Ninh 216

Ph d n tich loi thi va han chi trong phat trien kinhdcua huyen yen Hung t i nh Quang N i nh 231

K i nh d y n Hung tir goc nhin sinh thai - nhdn van 243

Truoug Quang Hai, TS Nguyin An Thjnh, Ths Dir Vii Vi~t Quan (Truong Dai hQCKhoa hoc Tu nhien):

D d nh g i a s u: biin d6i cua aiJu ki¢n tu nhien , kinh d -:xiiMi va moi tnaing khu l 1 lC adt tMp

Phon tich hien trang phdt trien kinh dhu y en yen Hrmg, tinh Quang Ni n h . 266

t ri e n kinh Iicua dia phuong 281

yin t6 Iiinh th6 va cac ngu6n 11J'C t"r nhien huyen Yen Hung, tinh Quang Ninh . 289

Quang Ninh nham dJ xudt md hinh nuoi thuy sdn bJn viing 302

PGS.TS Tnln Due Th~nh, TS Dinh Van Huy

D~C TRUNG coBAN vi: DmU KIlj:N TIf NHIEN

vUNG CU A SONG B~CH DANG

MO'd~u

Vung cira song (VCS) Bach D~g nAm a vung chuyen tiep gitra tinh QuangNinh va Thanh ph6 Hai Phong Khu Vl!C ta ngan chu y€u thuoc dia phan huy~n YenHung, mot phan lien quan d~n thi xa Uong Bi va huyen Hoanh B6 (Quang Ninh); khuVl!C htru ngan chu y€u thuoc v~ huyen Thuy Nguyen, Cat Hai va cac quan nQi thanh cuathanh ph6 Hai Phong

VCS Bach DAng co dinh aB€n Tri~u va gioi han ngoai phia bien diroc tinh d€ndirong d~ng sau 6m Tnroc day, VCS nay thuong diroc coi la bQ phan cua ven bo chauth6 keo dai ill Yen Lap d€n Nga San [10; 14], g~n day diroc x€p vao vung cira songhinh phi€u, mQt du true cira song co tinh dQc l~p nrong d6i so voi vung cira chau th6song H6ng hien dai [6,7,8,9] Day la mQt du true cira song tit d~c biet g~n voi tainguyen vi th€, co ti~m nang Ian d6i vci phat trien kinh t€ - xa hQi.VSC Bach D&ng baoboc huyen Yen Hung v~ phia bien va huyen chiem mQt phan khong gian quan trong,trong do thi tr~n Quang Yen n~m avi tri g~ trung tam cua vcs.

1.Khi h~u

VCS nam akhu Vl!C nhiet d6'i gio mila Mila he nong ktrung vao mila gio taynam voi cac huang thinh hanh dong va dong nam, thuong co bao va ap th~p nhiet d&i

voi t6c dQ gio cue dai dat 35 - 5Om/s Mila dong trung vao mila gio dong b~c voi cac

huang thjnh hanh la b~c, dong bac, Gio huang dong iru th€ trong cac thang 12-4, t6c dQ

trung binh 5,4-5,9m/s; gio dong nam va nam iru th€ vao cac thang 5 - 8, trung binh 5,

co 1600 - 1900 gio nang, nang nhieu vao cac thang 5-7 va 10 va it nh~t vao thang 2 va

3 T6ng hrong birc X? ca nam 105-115 Kcal/cm", cao nh~t vao cac thang 5, 8,th~p nh~tvao thang 2 Can bang birc X? nam 65-70Kcal/cm2• Nhiet dQ khong khi trung binh nam

la 23,9°C, mila he 27,9°C, mila dong 19,8°C, thang 1 lanh nhat trung binh 16.50C, thang

8 nong nh~t, trung binh 28,50C T6ng nhiet ca nam la 8000-8500°C Luong mirakhoang 1500-1800 mm/nam, vci 120 ngay co mira trong nam Mila rmra trung mila henong, thang 5-10, chiem 80 - 90% hrong mira ca nam va nhieu nh~t vao cac thang 7,8

va 9 Mua kho ill thang 9 d€n thang 4 nam sau, co ban trung mila lanh, Thang 12 vathang 1 mira it nhat, chu yeu la mira phun DQ Am nrong d6i trung binh 85%, th~p nh~t

191

(73 - 77%) vao thang 10 d~n thang 1, cao nh~t (90 - 91%) khi co mua phun vao thang 3

va thang 4 Luong b6c hoi trung binh 700 - 750mm/nam

M6i thang mila dong co 3-4 dot, co khi 5-6 dot gio mila dong b~c, m6i dot keo

dai 3 - 5 ngay, sire gio nit manh, nhieu khi dat d~n cip 7, 8 Gio mila dong b~c kern

theo gia lanh, mua phun, anh hirong d~n san xuat va dai s6ng Hang nam co 24 ngay

mua phun va 15 - 20 ngay strong mil Mua phun vao thang 12 - 4, nhieu nhit vao cac

thang 2, 3, gay Am uot, nhieu khi kern thee lanh buot SU011gmil chu y~u vao miladong, khoang thang 11-4, co khi keo dai d~n thang 6, m~t dl) cao tir5-8 gic sang vacang ra phia bien sf>ngay SU011gmil cang tang, lam tAm nhin nit th~p, co k i chi vaimet, gay nhieu trc ngai cho giao thong Giong kha ph6 bien, 100-120 ngay/ nam, ~p

trung vao mila he, thirong xu~t hien vao chieu t6i hoac sang s6m va doi khi co kernmua da Khu V l!C hayxuit hien can 16crnanh, nhi€u khi gay thiet hai nang n€ v€ ngiroi

va tai san Trung binh m6i nam co 1-2 con bao d6 bl) tnrc ti~p va 3 - 4 con gay anhhirong Bao thirong xu~t hien vao cac thang 6-10, ~p trung vao thang 7-8, hay kern

theo mua IOn keo dai va gio manh Bao gay mroc dang trung vaoI c ytri€u cirong co the

gay song IOnlam va de bien va gay ng~p man tren dien rl)ng

Vung co ba cira song chinh d6 ra bien la Lach Huyen, Nam Trieu, Lach Tray va

co b6n song chinh la song Yen Lap (nay da d~p thanh h6 chira), song Bach Dfutg (dai

42km, trung binh r9ng 1km, sau 8m); song cim (dai 37km, trung binh r9ng 400m, sau

7m) va song Lach Tray (dai 43km, trung binh rong 120m, sau 4m) Ngoai bon song

chinh, trong vung cira song con nhieu nhanh phu n6i ngang cac dong chinh, trong do co

Huyen

khoang 210-256 ern, co th~virot 4,5m khi co lii.Anh huang thuy trieu tren cac so g dt

1 "n,chi phoi mire mroc-dong chay va truyen man sau vao luc dia Song triu truyen sau

virot 50cm/s va bi dong trieu I~ at Vao ngay rmra lii, dong chay song krn, thuo g tren

trong ngay

Thuy trieu kieu nh~t trieu dtu di~n hinh voi hAu h~t s6 ngay trong thang la nh~t

2,6 - 3,6m va hai ky rnroc kern, xen ke, m6i ky 3 - 4 ngay co d9 Ian trieu 0,5 - 1,0m

binh 3,Om, Cl,I'Cdai 4,18m, Cl,I'Cti~u 1,75m Mire trieu trung binh qui chuan tai Hon D~u

Mire tri~u Cl,I'Cdai

Mire tri~u cao nuoc cuong

Mire tri~u cao mroc kern

Ml,I'Ctrieu trung binh

4,Om3,6m

2,4m

1,86m

Mire trieu th~p mroc kernMl,I'Ctri~u th~p mroc cirongMire tri~u th~p nh§t

1,lm0,4m

O,Om

193

Do du true ves mra kin, song bien noi chung khong Ion, trir nhiing dip bao, tAnxu~t I~g song dat 20 - 21 % DQ cao song Ian nhat 2 - 3m, song bao d~t 4 - 5m, cue dai5,6m Vao mila dong, khoang thang 9, thang song co dQ cao trung binh 0,5 - 0,75m,thinh hanh hirong dong voi tAn xu~t 34% va dong b~c voi cin xu~t 14% Vao mila he, illthang 3 d~n thang 8, song co dQ cao trung binh 0,7 - 0,9m, thinh hanh hirong dong namvoi cin xu~t 27% va huong nam voi cin xu~t 22% Vao cac thang chuyen tiep 4 va 10,song huong dong va dong nam uu th~, dQ cao trung binh 0,75m.

Dong chay co thanh phan dong nh~t tri€u quy~t dinh, nen co tinh thuan nghichtrong ngay, phu thucc vao dia hinh bo, huang be, luong lach va cira song Dong chaymanh vao cac thang 6, 7, 12, I, y~u vao cac thang 3,4,8,9 va manh nh~t khi mire mroc

.dao dQng len - xuong ngang qua mire trieu trung binh T<3cdQ dong chay 0,1 - 1,8m/s,trung binh I 0-30cm/s Tai cira Nam Trieu, t<3cdQ dong chay xuong cue dai 90cm/s vachay len cue dai 60cm/s Phia ngoai yeS, dong chay tri~u y€u di va vai tro dong chaymila th~ hien ro rang Mila he, dong chay hirong dong b~c t<3cdQ 10 -15cm/s, mila dongdong chay huong my nam, t<3cdQ 20 - 30cm/s [8,9]

Nhiet dQ mroc trung binh 20-22°e, th~p nh~t 17,6°e vao thang 2, cao nhat

28,9°e vao thang 5 DQ man mroc ciing thay d6i theo mila va theo IcYtrieu, khoang 320/00,mila mira 0,5-250/00 va mila kho 5-320/00 T6n tai 3 kh<3i mrcc phan b<3ill bo ratrung tam vinh B~c BQ Do la kh<3imroc cira song co ranh gioi dQ man 10%0, kh<3imrocnhat ven be co ranh gioi dQ m~n 25%0 va cu<3icirng la kh<3i mroc vinh B~c BQ co dQman tren 25%0 DQ due chiu anh hirong cua phu sa song va song khuay day, mila mirakhoang 30-220glm 3, mua kho 40-150g/m3•

0,5-3 Bja hinh - dja mao

3.1 Vitrikhong gian

V€ phan vung tg nhien, ves Bach D~ng thucc vung ven bo Dong b~c, nk a

canh ria dong b~c chau th6 song H6ng hien dai Nhin nhan agoc dQ lich su tg nhien,khoang 5- 7 tram nam tnroc, no la mot bQ phan cua chau th6 song H6ng Trong met 56

cong trinh, no vftn diroc xem la mQt bQ phan cua d6ng b~g chau th6 song H6ng Di€unay cang khang dinh vi tri va tinh ch~t chuyen ti~p tg nhien cua no trong hai vung nrnhien 1611adai ven 00 bi~n phia b~c Vi~t Nam va vi th~ d~c biet cua no v€ ca dia Iy nrnhien dftn tci vi th~ d~c biet v€ dia chinh tri va dia kinh t€

3.2 Hinh thi va eau true

Tir gitra th€ kY XIX Ritter, K da chia vung cira song (YeS) thanh ki~u chau th6hinh tam giac co nhieu nhanh va vung era song 10m dang ph~u Posen, O (1866), d€nghi goi ten cira song dang ph~u (Estuary) via do thuy tri€u ~t manh va la dQng lirequan trong (tieng Latin eastus, nghla la thuy trieu) Theo Pritchard (1968) "ves hinhph~u la mQt thuy VlJC mra kin ven 00 thong voi bi~n khoi, trong do co sghoa trQn nh~t

dinh gitra mroc bi~n va mroc ngot dira d~n tir luc dia" [4] Duoi goc d9 dia chat, ph6bien quan niem coi VCS hinh ph€u la mot vung ha hru song, thtrong co dang hinh ph€u,

bi ng?p chim khong d~n bu tram tich, va thuy tri~u co vai tro quan trong, Nhtrng d?cdiem nay mang tinh ph6 bien, phu hop voi nhtrng VCS hinh ph€u 1&0va di~n hinh cuath~ gici nhir Xen, Jironda (Phap), Thame, Mersey (Anh), Rein, Maas (Ha Lan),Potomac (My), La-Plata (Nam My), Duong Ttr (Trung Quoc) 0 Viet Nam, tlr lauXamoilov (1952) dffx~p cira song D6ng Nai vao ki~u vung cira song hinh ph~u [15].VCS Bach D~ng co ban chftt du tnic la mot vung cira song hinh ph€u (estuary)

No diroc hinh thanh tren co so nrong tac giira qua trinh phat tri~n cua m9t graben dangsut chim voi sir nang cao cua mire mroc chan tinh, sir thieu hut b6i tich va thuy tri~u c6bien d9 lon No dircc dinh vi 6 vi tri ria dong b~c chau th6 song H6ng, noi dong b6itich t6ng hop doc be hurrng v~ phia tay nam VCS Bach D~ng la mot VI!Cco du tnicmra kin 0day, thuy tri~u la y~u t6 d9ng lire ngoai sinh uu th~,quy dinh cac d?c tnrngv~ dia hinh va trk tich Do la mot V1!Cmroc lo-man, hoa tron mroc song-bien kha t6t,phan tftng y~u Mac du hrong b6i tich song tham gia ding k~ nhirng dong b6i tich dichuyen nQi tai dong vai tro chu dao Voi du true phan tftog y~u,can bang b6i xoi VCSnghieng v€ xoi 16, xam thuc Day la tnrong hop di6n hinh tren th~ gioi v€ met cira songhinh ph~u phat trien trong di€u kien nhat trieu bien dQ 1&0[5,9]

Cftu tnic mra kin cua VCS va sir phan each nrong d6i cua no voi bien la nhoquftn dao Cat Ba che chan 6 phia dong, dong nam, bin dao D6 San 6 phia tay, VCSthong vci bien 6 phia nam va phftn ngam cua no an toi dQ sau 6m Voi du true nhirV?y, chi c6 song hirong nam va dong nam moi co kha nang Ian truyen ill bi~n vao vci

dQ cao thuong khong qua 3m

Cftu tnic mra kin cua VCS Bach D~ng hien nay do cac ki~n true tan kien tao vakien tao hien dai (TKT va KTHD) quy djnh, Phftn trung tam cua VCS nam tren d&ivong ha nrong d6i voi KTHD va d&i vong ha kha manh trong Holocen co dang graben.Vai tro vo cung quan trong cua chuyen dQng KTHD d6i voi su hinh thanh VCS hinhph€u Bach D~ng khong chi la v~n dQng ha thang dtrng trong Holocen, ma con tao rati€n d~ mQt vung vong ha nrong d6i co cftu true mra kin khi bien ti~n chan tinh tranngap VCS hinh ph€u Bach D~ng co hinh thai hinh ph€u ThI!Cra, day la mQt 16 hopcua hai ph€u Ph€u phu Yen L?p co kich thuoc nho, ph~u chinh Nam Trieu co dinh 6B~n Trieu, day la ban dao D6 San - Cat Ba,

3 3. Cdc h!JPph/m eau true vaquan h~ khong gian

D6i va nui thftp phan b6 chu y~u 6 Hoanh B6, Yen Hung, Uong Bi (QuangNinh), Thuy Nguyen, Ki~n An va D6 San (Hai Phong), lam canh quan thien nhien cuavung d6ng bang ria chau th6 them phong phu va sinh dQng Co th~ coi d6i mii VCSBach D~ng la phftn t?n cung phia nam cua vong cung Dong Tri€u DQ cao d6i nui ph6

195

bi~n 40-10Om, cao nhAt 200m D6i nui da voi 0 b~c Thuy Nguyen, Hoang Tan, Yen

D6ng bang chu y~u co nguon g6c b6i 1\1 chau th6 va dQ cao b~ m~t ph6 bi~n

khong d6ng nhAt v~ hinh thai, nguon goc, tu6i va co th€ phan bi~t thanh cac bac D6ng

Tai ria d6ng bang giap d6i nui co mat cac th~m tich 1\1 bi~n gom ba b~c Them

co chira mrcc ngam nhat tAng nong nen thirong la noi ~p trung dan cu [9]

2300 - 3000 nam tnroc va d6ng bang chau th6 hien dai co xen cac ao, lach song tan

Vung tri€u cua song VCS BC;lChD~ng co cAu true mra kin, thuy tri~u la dQng hrc

nhtrng dang dia hinh nguon g6c tri~u d~c tnrng, Nhi~u noi, duoi b~ m~t cac dAm lAy suvet g~p rAt nhieu di tieh manh g6m su thoi phong kien Do la bang clnmg bi€n IAn vao

phSu phat tri€n trong di~u kien nhat tri~u bien dQ Ian

Vung biin nong ven btrco dQ siu ill5 - 6m d~n 25 - 30m nAm trong pham vi tacdQng ra cua song d~n day bien va la vung d6ng b~ng day bien tich 1\1 - bao mon diroi

B an d ao D 6 S on la ranh gioi phia tay nam cua YCS, la mot khu d6i va nui thap,

co dinh cao nh~t la NgQc Son, cao 125m, viron dai ra bi~n 7 km va la ranh gioi giia hai

3 4 H? thang ddo

D uo H im D6u nam each ban dao D6 Son mot km, du tao ill da luc nguyen h~

D d o Hoang Tanc6 dien tich khoang 15km2, n~m chan cira vung Yen Lap, gin (y

vung dim liy rung ng~p man bao quanh Canh quan thien nhien dep va c6 ti~m nang

di~m cuaYen Hung va c6 di chi khao cB Dfru R~m nBi tieng voi cac lap van hoa chongch~t minh chirng cho su c6 mat cua cong ngiroi su6t ill H~u kY Da cil cho d6n Thai ky

3.5 H? thang song tach

Cam va song Lach Tray d6 ra cira Ba Lach Bach D~ng la con song lung danh trong lich

197