The concepts for biomass valorization are manifold. Some existing examples for biochemical products from bio-derived resources are summarized in Table 1.5
TABLE1.5OverviewofChemicalsThatAreCurrentlyProduced,orCouldBeProduced,FromBiomassTogetherWithTheirRespecti MarketType,SizeoftheMarket,andPotentialBiomassFeedstock ChemicalMarkettypeMarketsize(Mt/y)aMajorplayer(s)Feedstock AceticacidExisting9.0–Ethanol AcrylicacidExisting4.2Arkema,Cargill/NovozymesGlycerolorglucose C4diacidsEmerging(0.1–0.5)BASF/Purac/CSM,MyriantGlucose EpichlorohydrinExisting1.0Solvay,DOWGlycerol EthanolExisting60Cosan,AbengoaBioenergy,ADMGlucose EthyleneExisting110Braskem,DOW/Crystalsev,BorealisEthanol EthyleneglycolExisting20IndiaGlycols,DachengIndustrialGlucoseorxylitol GlycerolExisting1.5ADM,P&G,CargillVegetableoil 5-Hydroxy-methylfurfuralEmerging––Glucose/fructose 3-HydroxypropionicacidEmerging(≥0.5)Novozymes/CargillGlucose IsopreneExisting/emerging0.1(0.1–0.5)Danisco/GoodyearGlucose LacticacidExisting/emerging0.3(0.3–0.5)Cargill,Purac/Arkema,ADM,GalacticGlucose LevulinicacidEmerging(≥0.5)Segetis,MaineBioproducts,LeCalorieGlucose OleochemicalsExisting10–15Emery,Croda,BASF,VantageOleochemicalsVegetableoil/f 1,3-PropanediolEmerging(0.1–0.5)Dupont/Tate&LyleGlucose PropyleneExisting80Braskem/NovozymesGlucose PropyleneglycolExisting/emerging1.4(≥2.0)ADM,Cargill/Ashland,Senergy,DachengIndustrialGlycerolorsorbitol PolyhydroxyalkanoateEmerging(0.1–0.5)Metabolix/ADMGlucose Source:Vennestrứmetal.(2011). aMarketsizeofanexistingmarketisgivenasitscurrentsizeincludingproductionfromfossilresources;foremergingmarketstheexpectedmarketsizeisreported parenthesis.
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(Vennestrứm et al., 2011). In summary, an upgrading of biomass to higher-value products is a reasonable approach to replace crude oil. For electrical (on-grid) energy production alternative sources are simply conceivable. It is liquid transportation fuels where most problems occur for the judgment if they can or should be replaced by biomass-derived products or not.
The problems inherently connected with the production of liquid transportation fuels from biomass are, the amount of available biomass and the relatively low value of fuels. Fuel production from biomass should be limited to applications for which substitution is not a feasible alternative. This is, for example, the case for aviation and maybe marine traffic. Many other forms of traffic can be more and more shifted to electric or other energy forms, for example, to batteries or fuel cells. Clearly, this requires an overall modification of the current transportation infrastructure and a general reconsideration of transportation, which will take time.
The currently available biomass appears to be sufficient to replace fossil resources for the production of chemicals (Vennestrứm et al., 2011). The challenges in this context are the development of efficient processes for the collection, handling, and pretreatment of biomass and for the selective conversion of biomass feedstock into the value-added products.
The extensive current research into second-generation biofuels will significantly benefit the future renewable chemical industry. While products such as ethanol as fuel do not appear as perfectly sustainable solutions in the long run, the technologies currently developed to produce them are valuable for biomass use aiming at other products. Furthermore, many of the compounds at present produced by the biofuels industry might serve as interesting platform chemicals for a green chemical indus- try in the future. For example, ethanol is a possible starting point for acetic acid, ethylene, or ethylene glycol production (Christensen et al., 2008; Vennestrứm, 2011).
An already existing example for this is the Brazilian company Braskem, produc- ing biopolyethylene from sugarcane-derived ethanol. The polyethylene produced at Braskem is widely used for automobiles, cosmetics, packaging, and toys. In 2010, the company claimed to be the world leader as it opened a US$320 million sugarcane ethanol processing plant, which has the capacity to produce 200,000 tonnes of bio polyethylene per year (Wells and Zapata, 2012).
The production of transportation fuels is thus a good way of establishing processes and infrastructure needed for large-scale industrial utilization of biomass aiming at higher value. However, the assumption that biomass is available in excess, forming the basis for the current production of transportation fuels, will likely not hold true in the future. Careful evaluation is therefore needed when allocating these resources.
A further thought in this context is that current platform chemicals have been developed because they were convenient to produce from fossil resources.
While it appears tempting to simply replace such fossil-based molecules by pro- ducing them from biomass, the inherent functionality of bio-derived molecules should be utilized as much as possible in the long run for the sake of sustainability.
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Biomass Logistics
KEVIN L. KENNEY and J. RICHARD HESS
Energy Systems and Technologies, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
NATHAN A. STEVENS
Materials and Physical Security, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
WILLIAM A. SMITH and IAN J. BONNER
Biofuels and Renewable Energy Technologies, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
DAVID J. MUTH Praxik, LLC, Ames, IA, USA
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Method of Assessing Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Influence of Feedstock Logistic System Parameters
2.2.1 Analysis Step 1—Defining the Model System
2.2.2 Analysis Step 2—Defining Input Parameter Probability Distributions 2.2.3 Analysis Step 3—Perform Deterministic Computations
2.2.4 Analysis Step 4—Deciphering the Results
2.3 Understanding Uncertainty in the Context of Feedstock Logistics
2.3.1 Increasing Biomass Collection Efficiency by Responding to In-Field Variability
2.3.2 Minimizing Storage Losses by Addressing Moisture Variability 2.4 Future Prospects
2.5 Financial Disclosure/Acknowledgments References
Abstract
Understanding biomass feedstock logistics and the design of biomass feedstock supply systems requires that one understand how each logistics operation affects
Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts, First Edition.
Edited by Virendra S. Bisaria and Akihiko Kondo.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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feedstock cost, quality, and quantity metrics. With feedstock cost being a significant barrier to the economics of biofuel and bioproduct production, it tends to be the main focus of feedstock supply system design. In this case, feedstock quantity and quality are generally considered as constraints on the system rather than main objectives of feedstock supply system design. This chapter presents a methodology for quantifying the impact of logistics parameters on feedstock cost in order to identify and rank supply system barriers. These effects are presented in terms of statistical parameters of sensitivity, uncertainty, and influence. Discussion of these three analysis parameters will show that though feedstock cost is the primary outcome; feedstock cost and quality constraints are manifest in the form of uncertainty. Further, the sources of uncertainty are identified, and logistics solutions are discussed. Finally, we conclude that successful supply system designs and effective biomass logistics systems must control uncertainty to be successful.