teaching academic esl writing part 1

... Written Academic 3 Discourse: Ongoing Goals in Teaching ESL Skills 2 Student Writing Tasks and Written Academic Genres 17 3 Curriculum for Teaching the Language Features 33 of Academic Writing Part ... paper) 1 English language—Rehtoric—Study and teaching 2 English language— Study and teaching—Foreign speakers 3 Academic writing—Studying and teaching I Title. PE1404.H57 2003 808'042'071—dc21 2003046234 ... • Teaching Academic ESL Writing: Practical Techniques in Vocabulary and Grammar Hinkel/Fotos, Eds • New Perspectives on Grammar Teaching in Second Language Classrooms Trang 4Teaching AcademicESL

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 08:20

... careers (Horowitz, 1986a; Johns, 1981, 1997; Leki & Carson, 1997; Nation & Waring, 1997; Santos, 1984, 1988) The curriculum outline for teaching the essential features of academic text in ... Worlds": EAP and the writing experiences of ESL students in university courses TESOL Quarterly, 31(1), 39-70. Trang 5Ostler, S (1980) A survey of needs of advanced ESL TESOL Quarterly, 14(4),489-502. ... & St John, 1998; Trang 10Johns & Dudley-Evans, 1991; Jordan, 1997; Nation, 1990, 2001) Among the most urgent are: • Expanding the accessible repertoire of common academic nouns, verbs, adjectives,

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 19:15

... (Celce-Murcia & Hilles, 1988; R Ellis, 1994; Hammerly, 1991; Schmidt, 1994; Shaw & Liu, 1998) R Ellis (1990) explained that "formal classroom teaching with its emphasis on linguistic ... practiced in the production of academic writing (R Ellis, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2002; James, 1998) For example, at the high intermediate and/or advanced levels, grammar teaching can focus on constructions ... has shown that these are fundamental to both L1 and L2 learning and use (N Ellis, 1997; R Ellis, 1994; Lewis, 1993, 1997; Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992) Stock grammatical and lexical chunks can

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... Laufer & Nation, 1995; Myers, 1996, 1999; Nation, 1990, 2001; Ostler, 1987; Poole, 1991; Santos, 1984, 1988; Scollon, 1991, 1993a, 1993b; Shaw & Liu, 1998; Swales, 1990a, 1990b, to mention ... student academic writing and text (Byrd & Reid, 1998; Chang & Swales, 1999; Coxhead, 1998; Hinkel, 1995c, 1997b, 1999a, 2002a; Hyland, 1998; Hyland & Milton, 1997; Johns, 1997; Laufer ... learners' vocabulary base and range and the quality of their academic writing (Johns, 1981, 1997; Jordan, 1997; Nation, 1990, 2001) Al-though much vocabulary instruction focuses on reading as

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... professional, and socru-cial opportunities (Celce-Murcia, 1991; Celce-Murcia & Hilles, 1988; R Ellis, 1990, 1994; Fries, 1945; Hammerly, 1991; Schmidt, 1994) RIGID AND MOBILE SENTENCE ELEMENTS In general, ... 15 to 20 total) Trang 2TEACHING LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING 59• information synthesis from several or long readings (assigned daily as homework for 2 to 3 weeks, 15 to 20 total) • writing ... redundancy (concept of re-dundancy) Trang 4TEACHING LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING 61Discourse-Level Work • Upfront thesis statement (that incorporates parts of or references to topic sentences

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 09:15

... on their prevalence in academic prose as identified in various analyses of academic English language corpora (Biber, 1988; Biber et al., 1999; Hyland, 1996; Quirk et al., 1985) Be-verbs Copula ... prevalence in academic texts Biber's, et al (1999) large corpus analysis of various types of written texts in-dicates that lexical verbs (e.g., walk, sing, talk) are far less common in academic prose ... verbs are hardly ever used in academic prose (Biber et al., 1999) The most common are to be set out in or to be set up in used at the rate of 0.002% (20 occurrences per 1 million words). Trang 7discussion

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 09:15

... commute increased 3.1 minutes from 22.4 minutes to 25.5 between 1990 and 2000 Among the 25 large cities, Seattle's average commute time ranked 15th in 2000, up slightly from 17th in 1990 Los Angeles, ... parallel nouns or verbs; see chap 11 for further discussion.) Com-pound sentences can be joined by the following: Trang 41 Comma Plus Coordinating ConjunctionSentence #1 , and Sentence #2 , or , yet ... learners often have trouble using verb tenses and aspects appropriately in their academic writing Techniques for teaching L2 academic writers to get around the com-plexities of the verb phrase are further

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... reading and writing assignments, fall back on the lexicon immediately accessible to them or found in the reading at hand (Johns, 1990a, 1990b; Vann et al., 1991) Although many books for teaching ... (Hinkel, 2001c; Johns, 1997) One of the tasks teachers of writing face is trying to build up students' vo-cabulary to provide them with tools for survival in academic courses and writing tasks ... most egregious shortfalls in L2 academic texts—on par with errors in verb tenses and subject-verb agreement (Johns, 1997; Santos, 1988; Vann, Lorenz, & Meyer, 1991) To help learners expand their

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... 2000; Nation, 1990) The University Word List (Nation, 1990) and the Academic Word List (Coxhead, 1998; cited in Nation, 2001) include 800 words and 567 head words of word families in academic texts, ... Trang 1and 11) A study based on a large corpus of L2 academic essays has shown that even advanced L2 writers employ lexical substitutions ... contextualized exposure to 700 to 1,000 words during one 10- to 12-week term may be reasonable assuming that students are assigned homework or projects outside the class (see following Teaching Suggestions).

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... written and academic English corpora have demonstrated that gerunds and abstract derived nouns are very common in academic and pro-fessional texts (Bhatia, 1993) According to Biber's et al (1999) findings, ... highly common nouns employed in academic textbooks across various disciplines A reasonable number of words learned during a 10- to 12-week course can range from 700 to 1,000, and the rate of instructed ... training in writing (Hinkel, Trang 32002a, 2003b) The outcome of the NNS shortfalls in the uses of these lexical features is that L2 academic text—both spoken and written—ap-pears to be far less academic

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... DISCUSSION1 In teaching ESL to L2 university-bound students, instruction in vo-cabulary and grammar usually take place in courses separate from the teaching of L2 writing Why were ESL curricula ... use have been identified in NNS students' academic prose (Indrasuta, 1988; Johns, 1991, 1997; Vaughan, 1991) 125 Trang 9Additional levels of complexity arise when L2 writers transfer culturally ... Advances in written text analysis (pp 83-101) New York: Routledge. Nation, I S P (1990) Teaching and learning vocabulary New York: Newbury House Nation, I S P (2001) Learning vocabulary in another language

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... conversational and colloquial tone to written academic prose—a point worth making in teaching formal academic writing Pronouns as Noun Replacements In academic essays, the use of third-person singular ... organization, how is change possible? (Charon, 1999, pp 181-182) (2) How does economics relate to the problems discussed in the previous chapters? (Schumacher, 1999, p 26) Such nouns as factor and problem ... (Schumacher, 1999, p 103) Trang 5It-cleft constructions are syntactically complex, and for this reason, theyfrequently present an area of difficulty for academic L2 writers In the prac-tical reality of writing

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... language writing (pp 71-86) Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Trang 4PRONOUNS 141Johns, A (1981) Necessary English: A faculty survey TESOL Quarterly, 15(1), 51-57. Johns, A (1991) Faculty assessment of ESL student ... TESOL Quarterly, 20(4), 445-462. Horowitz, D (1986b) Process, not product: Less than meets the eye TESOL Quar-terly, 20/1, 141-144. Horowitz, D (1991) ESL writing assessment: Contradictions and resolutions ... 1981; Ostler, 1980; Reid, 1993; Santos, 1988; Vann et al., 1984, 1991;Vaughan, 1991) TENSES AND ASPECTS Although ESL grammar textbooks describe around 12 tenses or more (e.g., the present progressive,

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... (Halliday & Hasan, 1976; Matthiessen, 1996; see also chap 11) Inconsistent uses of tenses (aka "jumping" tenses) represent highly common types of errors in L2 academic writing Fortunately, ... not be particularly necessarily for the purposes of academic writing According to Biber's, et al (1999) anal-ysis, across various types of language use (e.g., news reportage or aca-demic writing), ... making (see chap 12 on Hedges) Studies of L2 writing and text have noted that NNS academic prose often creates an impression of a high degree of certainty (Hyland & Milton, 1997) Among other

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... conventions (Biber, 1988; Myers, 1989; Poole, 1991; Swales, 1990a) The use of passive voice in formal writing has a number of important textual functions One of these is to project an academic indi-rectness, ... of passives in real academic writing are far more complex than doing exer-cises in an ESL grammar textbook or filling in the blanks Trang 4TEACHING VERB TENSES AND VOICE 161The Uses and Functions ... re-mains a prevalent feature of academic text in various disciplines (Biber, 1988; Hyland, 1998; Johns, 1997; Swales, 1990a) A commonsense recommendation is provided in the writing guide spe-cifically

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... DeLancey, S (1985) Agentivity and syntax Chicago Linguistic Society, 21, 1-12. Hinkel, E (1997) The past tense and temporal verb meanings in a contextual frame TESOL Quarterly, 31(2), 289-313. Hinkel, ... perspective (pp 91-101) Frank-furt: Peter Lang. Vassivela, I (2001) Commitment and detachment in English and Bulgarian aca-demic writing English for Specific Purpose, 20, 83-102. Appendix to ... interpretations (pp 431-498) Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Owen, C (1993) Corpus-based grammar and the Heineken effect: Lexico-gram-matical description for language learners Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 167-187. Thompson,

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... in diverse genres of academic texts ranging from introduc-tory course books to publications of innovative research (Biber et al., 1999; Leech et al., 2001; Nation, 1990, 2001) Therefore, it stands ... al., 1999; Leech et al, 2001; Nation 1990, 2001) Learning many of the essential verbs may take little effort because they can be encountered in all kinds of settings that are not necessarily academic ... play the same role in teaching L2 academic writing, and some are more important than others For example, few activity and mental/emotive verbs are actually encoun-tered in academic text, but linking

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... that may not be completely certain (Chafe, 1985, 1986) In academic texts, these verbs are usually employed as hedges (Huebler, 1983; Hyland, 1998; see chap 12 on hedges) Various linking verbs that ... included in the category (Charon, 1999, p 145) Symbols are the basics for human thinking, and thinking in turn is_ basic to what we do in situations (Charon, 1999, p 173) In these texts, the subject ... impart per-sonal and subjective tone to formal discourse In classroom teaching, the former can be combined with reporting verbs, and the latter should be Trang 3dis-couraged in L2 academic writing

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... words without parsing them into constituent parts in those cases when affixes appear to be particularly opaque (Adams, 2001; Schmitt, 2000) Numerous teaching materials are available for prefixes ... word roots are so common in academic discourse that it may be difficult to do without them (e.g., non-, il-, intro-, post-) In teaching, productive and trans-parent word parts should be selected ... Nation, learning word parts "can help the learning of thousands of English words," with both high and low frequen-cies of use in academic vocabulary Trang 2Verb Prefixes and Academic Verbscon-

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... AND TEACHING Duffley, P J (1992) The English infinitive London: Longman. Halliday, M A K., & Hasan, R (1976) Cohesion in English London: Longman. Hinkel, E (1997) Indirectness in L1 and L2 academic ... work on nouns and/or verbs—see Strategies for Teaching in chaps 5 and 8.) In Part 1, the adjectives need to be replaced to restate the authors' text In Part 2, please paraphrase the sentences whenever ... and Feak (1994), for instance, in literature Trang 3overviews and summaries, evaluative adjectives represent an integral partof the writer's description of a work or source. To this end, particularly

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15