internetworking with tcp ip vol 3 pdf

... of group membership We also said that IP allows any host to join or leave a multicast group at any time, which results in rapid membership changes More important, membership does not follow ... schemes, RPM propagates membership information bottom-up The informa- tion starts with hosts that choose to join or leave groups Hosts communicate member- ship information with their local router by ... than one path) Trang 10338 Internet Multicasting Chap 17 17.21 The Essence Of Multicast Routing Observant readers may have noticed an inconsistency between the features of IP multicasting and

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... Figure 17.10 illustrates the concept ?Recall that is the UNIX program that implements RIP Trang 3net 1 net 2 (with no support Figure 17.10 An example internet configuration that requires multicast ... when intermedi- ate routers do not understand multicasting Trang 4342 Internet Multicasting Chap 17 As the figure shows, IP-in-IP encapsulation preserves the original multicast da- tagram, including ... Internet sites participate in the MBONE; the MBONE allows hosts at participat- ing sites to send and receive multicast datagrams, which are then propagated to all other participating sites The MBONE

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... begins with a URL, extracts the hosmarne section, uses DNS to map the name into an equivalent IP address, and uses the IP address to form a TCP connection Trang 3Sec 28.7 HTTP GET Request 53 1 ... error message: The browser uses the "head" of the document (i-e., the items between cHEAD> and </HEAD>) internally, and only shows the "body" to the user The pair of tags ... can further optimize by pipelining requests (i.e., send requests back- to-back without waiting for a response) Pipelining is especially attractive in situations where multiple images must be retrieved

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... 293, 305 ICMP 129 IGMP 328 IGP 295 IP 95, 97 IPV4 602 IPV6 602 Internet 95 MOSPF 343, 347 MTP 518 OSPF 293, 308 PIM 343, 344 RARP 89, 90 RIP 293, 296 RTCP 544 RTP 542 SMTP 518 SNMP 556 ST 602 TCP ... 347,612,613,699 address 29, 323 data-driven 339 demand-driven 343 group 321 router 322, 326 tunnel 340 Multicast Area Border Router 347 Multicast Backbone 342 Multicast extensions to OSPF 343, 347 ... virtual circuit 356 persistent connection 532 PF-DIET 415, 418 physical address 29, 78, 703 physical layer 182 piggybacking 21 1 PIM 343, 344,703 PING 133, 146,398,703 pipe 416 pipeline 532 playback

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... address 3 for a computer with the IP address 192.5.48.3 because 192.5.48.3 is a class C address with the host portion equal to 3 For networks like proNET, computing a physical address from an IP ... TARGET HA (octets 2-5) TARGET IP (octets 0-3) SENDER HA (octets 0-3) HLEN SENDER IP (octets 0-1) Figure 5.3 An example of the A R P W message format when used for IP- to-Ethernet address resolution ... behind dynamic resolution with ARP is simple: when host A wants to resolve IP address ZB, it broadcasts a special packet that asks the host with IP address l e to respond with its physical address,

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... corrupted data go undetected Fields SOURCE IP ADDRESS and DESTINATION IP ADDRESS contain the 32-bit IP addresses of the datagram's sender and intended recipient Although the datagram may be routed ... shipped across the underlying network in a single frame In addition, because IP represents the offset of the data in multiples of eight octets, the fragment size must be chosen to be a multiple ... header contains IP ad- dresses whereas the frame header contains physical addresses Figure 7.2 shows the general form of a datagram: Figure 7.2 General form of an IP datagram, the TCP/IP analogy to

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... field specifies the offset within the option of the next avail- able slot Trang 3Figure 7.13 The format of the record route option in an IP datagram The option begins with three octets immediately ... basic unit of transfer in a TCP/IP internet is the IP da- tagram This chapter adds to the description of connectionless service by describing how routers forward IP datagrams and deliver them ... directly to multiple networks Both hosts and routers participate in routing an IP datagram to its destination When an application program on a host attempts to communicate, the TCPJIP protocols

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... always specify the IP address of the original source and the IP address of the ultimate destination? When IP executes the routing algorithm, it selects a new IP address, the IP address of the ... an IP datagram has reached its final destination is not quite as trivial as it seems Remember that even a host may have multiple physical connec- tions, each with its own IP address When an IP ... router S, 30.0.0.7 S will then deliver the datagram directly R can reach address 30.0.0.7 because both R and S attach directly to network 30.0.0.0 Figure 8.2 (a) An example intemet with 4 networks

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... message mechanism to the TCP/IP protocols The mechanism, known as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), is considered a required part of IP and must be included in every IP implemen- tation ... Trang 3130 Internet Protocol: b r And Control Messages (ICMP) Chap 9 congested that they cannot process the incoming traffic The important difference between having a single network implemented with ... ICMP messages are encapsulated and sent using IP, ICMP is not considered a higher level protocol - it is a required part of IP The reason for using IP to deliver ICMP messages is that they may

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... of the IP address scheme We said that the 32-bit addresses are carefully assigned to make the IP addresses of all hosts on a given physical network share a common prefix In the original IP address ... operate indepen- dently, with each machine maintaining its own notion of the current time Clocks that differ widely can confuse users of distributed systems software The TCPJIP protocol suite includes ... some bits in the hostid portion of their IP address identlfy a physical network To participate in subnet addressing, a host needs to know which bits of the 32-bit internet address correspond to

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... Net 2 (subnet of address N) Net 3 (subnet of address N) Figure 10.7 An example (illegal) topology with three networks where Nets 2 and 3 are subnets of a single IP network address, N If such ... original IP addressing scheme, each network was assigned a unique prefm In particular, because IP views each point-to-point connection between a pair of machines as a "network," the connection ... matches were found, declare a routing error; Figure 10.8 The unified IP routing algorithm Given an IP datagram and a routing table with masks, this algorithm selects a next hop router to which the

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... layer The realistic diagram in Figure 11.2b shows that the IP software may communicate with multiple high-level protocol modules and with multiple network interfaces Although a diagram of conceptual ... organization showing multiple network in- terfaces below IF' and multiple protocols above it As Figure 11.3 shows, a sender on the original machine transmits a message which the IP layer places in ... 11.5.1 The TCPAP 5-Layer Reference Model The second major layering model did not arise from a standards committee, but came instead from research that led to the TCPIIP protocol suite With a little

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... while the TCPIIP protocols provide an example of a different layering scheme In practice, protocol software uses multiplexing and demultiplexing to distinguish among multiple protocols within a ... Multiplexing and demultiplexing occur at almost every protocol layer For exam- ple, after the network interface demultiplexes frames and passes those frames that con- tain IP datagrams to the IP ... "How do the protocols used on serial lines fit into the TCPJIP layering scheme?" The answer depends on how the designer views the serial line interconnections From the perspective of IP,

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... obtain the destination IP address without interacting with the IP layer However, the source IP ad- dress depends on the route IP chooses for the datagram, because the IP source address identifies ... from IP 12.8 UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Ports We have seen in Chapter 11 that software throughout the layers of a protocol hierarchy must multiplex or demultiplex among multiple objects ... UDP cannot know a source IP address unless it interacts with the IP layer We assume that UDP software asks the IP layer to compute the source and (possi- bly) destination IP addresses, uses them

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... Send Packet 3 Receive ACK 1 Receive ACK 2 Receive ACK 3 Events At Receiver Site Receive Packet 1 Send ACK 1 Receive Packet 2 Send ACK 2 Receive Packet 3 Send ACK 3 Figure 13.4 An example ... layering scheme Figure 13.5 shows the conceptual organiza- tion TCP allows multiple application programs on a given machine to communicate concurrently, and it demultiplexes incoming TCP traffic among ... an incoming IP datagram identifies the protocol being used well the port Trang 10Conceptual Layering Network Interface Figure 13.5 The conceptual layering of UDP and TCP above IP TCP pro- vides

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... (128.2.254.139, 1184) and (128.10.2.3, 53). It might seem strange that two connections can use the TCP port 53 on machine 128.10.2.3 simultaneously, but there is no ambiguity. Because TCP associates ... Service (TCP) Chap. 13 13.1 4 TCP Checksum Computation The CHECKSUM field in the TCP header contains a 16-bit integer checksum used to verify the integrity of the data as well as the TCP header. ... times, TCP computes an elapsed time known as a sample round trip time or round trip sample. Whenever it obtains a new round trip sample, TCP adjusts its notion of the average round trip

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... values in the table are equivalent to using y =2 Trang 3230 Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) Chap 13 TCP recomputes the round trip estimate and resets the timeout accordingly Experience ... round trip time is slightly longer than some multiple of T Implementations of TCP that associate acknowledgements with the most recent re- transmission have been observed in a stable state with ... successive packets arrive without retransmission Trang 510 2 8 s 6 s Time 4 s 2 s Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) Chap 13 I Datagram Number Figure 13.12 The TCP retransmission timer

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... 00 73 0b d4 6d 00 00 04 3b 8c 28 28 20 0d 00 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 d ... 08.00 (IP) Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 Part 2 18 2005 Remainder Of This Section d History of Internet protocols (TCP/ IP) d Organizations d Documents Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 Part ... (updated by RFC 2644) Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 Part 1 21 2005 Why Study TCP/ IP? d The Internet is everywhere d Most applications are distributed Internetworking With TCP/ IP vol 1 Part 1 8...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2013, 23:15

... Of IP 601 33 .6 The Name Of The Next IP 602 33 .7 Features Of IPv6 602 33 .8 General Form Of An IPv6 Datagram 6 03 33 .9 IPv6 Base Header Format 6 03 33 .10 IPv6 Extension Headers 605 33 .11 ... xxii Chapter 33 The Future Of TCPnP (IPv6) Contents 599 33 .1 Introduction 599 33 .2 Why Change? 600 33 .3 New Policies 600 33 .4 Motivation For Changing IPv4 600 33 .5 The Road To ... Connection 239 13. 26 TCP Connection Reset 241 13. 27 TCP State Machine 241 13. 28 Forcing Data Delivery 2 43 13. 29 Reserved TCP Port Numbers 2 43 13. 30 TCP Performance 2 43 13. 31 Silly Window...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 13:35