internetworking with tcp ip volume 2 pdf

... of group membership We also said that IP allows any host to join or leave a multicast group at any time, which results in rapid membership changes More important, membership does not follow ... schemes, RPM propagates membership information bottom-up The informa- tion starts with hosts that choose to join or leave groups Hosts communicate member- ship information with their local router by ... field when sending membership reports ship report message provides backward compatibility Note that IGMP does not provide a mechanism that allows a host to discover the IP address of a group -

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... implements RIP Trang 3net 1 net 2 (with no support Figure 17.10 An example internet configuration that requires multicast tun- neling for computers attached to networks 1 and 2 to partici- ... tDVMRP changed substantially between version 2 and 3 when it incorporated the RPM algorithm described above Trang 2340 Internet Multicasting Chap 17 17.24 The Mrouted Program Mrouted is a well-known ... when intermedi- ate routers do not understand multicasting Trang 4342 Internet Multicasting Chap 17 As the figure shows, IP-in-IP encapsulation preserves the original multicast da- tagram, including

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... consider Figure 28.2 which shows a few of the headers that are used when a HTML document is transferred across a persistent TCP connection Figure 28.2 An illustration of an HTTP transfer with header ... browser begins with a URL, extracts the hosmarne section, uses DNS to map the name into an equivalent IP address, and uses the IP address to form a TCP connection Trang 3Sec 28.7 HTTP GET ... infom~ation? Interestingly, HTTP borrows the basic fomlat from e-mail, using 822 format and MIME Extensions? Like a standard 822 message, each HTTP transmission contains a header, a blank line, and

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... 211, 243 reset 241 segment format 22 1 sequence number 219 silly window syndrome (SWS) 246 urgent data 222 window 245 window advertisement 220 zero window 220 TCP protocol 209, 215 TCP/IP 2 TCPIIP ... machine 24 1, 242 flow control 220 full duplex 21 1 graceful shutdown 239 header 221 initial sequence 239 maximum segment 223 out of band data 222 port numbers 216 protocol port 243 pseudo header 224 ... retransmission 226, 230 ambiguity of acknowledgements 228 characteristics 210 checksum 224 clumping 248 code bits 222, 241 congestion control 220 ~ 0 ~ e c t i o n close 239 connection establishment 237

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... header contains IP ad- dresses whereas the frame header contains physical addresses Figure 7.2 shows the general form of a datagram: Figure 7.2 General form of an IP datagram, the TCP/IP analogy to ... corrupted data go undetected Fields SOURCE IP ADDRESS and DESTINATION IP ADDRESS contain the 32-bit IP addresses of the datagram's sender and intended recipient Although the datagram may be routed ... FRAGMENT 2 HEADER Fragment 3 (offset 1200) data, Figure 7.9 (a) An original datagram carrying 1400 octets of data and (b) the three fragments for network MTU of 620 Headers 1 and 2 have the

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... basic unit of transfer in a TCP/IP internet is the IP da- tagram This chapter adds to the description of connectionless service by describing how routers forward IP datagrams and deliver them ... directly to multiple networks Both hosts and routers participate in routing an IP datagram to its destination When an application program on a host attempts to communicate, the TCPJIP protocols ... is to make IP routing decisions What about multi-homed hosts? Any computer with multiple network connections can act as a router, and as we will see, multi-homed hosts running TCPJIP have all

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... routes until later Trang 2Sec 8.4 Table-Driven IP Routing 8.4 Table-Driven IP Routing The usual IP routing algorithm employs an Internet routing table (sometimes called an IP routing table) on each ... algorithm used with classless IP addresses Trang 5122 Internet Protocol: Routing IP Datagrams Chap 8 Algorithm: RouteDatagram (Datagram, RoutingTable) Extract destination IP address, D, from the ... always specify the IP address of the original source and the IP address of the ultimate destination? When IP executes the routing algorithm, it selects a new IP address, the IP address of the

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... message mechanism to the TCP/IP protocols The mechanism, known as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), is considered a required part of IP and must be included in every IP implemen- tation ... ICMP messages are encapsulated and sent using IP, ICMP is not considered a higher level protocol - it is a required part of IP The reason for using IP to deliver ICMP messages is that they may ... Because both the request and reply travel in IP datagrams, successful receipt of a reply verifies that major pieces of the transport system work First, IP software on the source computer must route

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... ROUTER ADDRESS 1 PREFERENCE LEVEL 1 ROUTER ADDRESS 2 - PREFERENCE LEVEL 2 Figure 9.11 ICMP router advertisement message format used with IPv4 Routers send these messages periodically Besides ... The Internet Control Message Protocol described here is a TCP/IF' standard defined by Postel [RFC '7921 and updated by Braden [RFC [1122] Nagle [RFC 8961 discusses ICMP source quench messages ... your local TCP/IP software will return such messages to an application program Use the facility to build a tination If you connect to the global Internet, try to ping host 128.10.2.1 (a machine

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... Subnet 0 1 65534 2 2 16382 3 6 81 90 4 14 4094 5 30 2046 6 62 1022 7 126 51 0 8 254 254 9 51 0 126 10 1022 62 11 2046 30 12 4094 14 13 81 90 6 14 1 6382 2 Figure 10.6 ... datagrams with value 1 to the network labeled 128.10.1.0 and those with value 2 to the network labeled 128.10.2.0. Conceptually, adding subnets only changes the interpretation of IP addresses ... example. Network 128.10.1.0 REST OF THE Network 128.1 0.2.0 all traffic to 128.1 0.0.0 Figure 103 A site with two physical networks using subnet addressing to la- bel them with a single

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... 128.21 1.176.212129, which covers the address range that Figure 10.12 specifies lowest 128.21 1 l76.212 10000000 11 01 001 1 101 10000 11 01 01 00 Figure 10.12 An example of CIDR block 128.21 ... is assigned 128.21 1.0.01 16, the ISP may choose to give one of its customers the 2048 address in the 121 range that Figure 10.10 specifies If the same ISP also has a small customer with only two ... three network addresses 192.5.48.0, 192.5.49.0, and 192.5.50.0 If a few Internet Service Providers form the core of the Internet and each ISP owns a large block of contiguous IP network numbers, the

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... located in the TCP/IP transport layer uses checksums, acknowledgements, and timeouts to con- trol transmission Thus, unlike the connection-oriented X.25 protocol layering, the TCP/IP software focuses ... realistic diagram in Figure 11.2b shows that the IP software may communicate with multiple high-level protocol modules and with multiple network interfaces Although a diagram of conceptual protocol layering ... 11.5.1 The TCPAP 5-Layer Reference Model The second major layering model did not arise from a standards committee, but came instead from research that led to the TCPIIP protocol suite With a little

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... layered structure. 11.1 1 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing Communication protocols use techniques of multiplexing and demultiplexing throughout the layered hierarchy. When ... contents. Multiplexing and demultiplexing occur at almost every protocol layer. For exam- ple, after the network interface demultiplexes frames and passes those frames that con- tain IP datagrams ... IP module, the IP software extracts the datagram and demulti- plexes further based on the transport protocol. Figure 11.11 demonstrates demultiplex- ing at the Internet layer. A Demultiplexing

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... transfer speed with messages of 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, and 8192 bytes Can you explain the results (hint: what is your network MTU)? 12.2 Why is the UDP checksum separate from the IP checksum? ... from IP 12.8 UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Ports We have seen in Chapter 11 that software throughout the layers of a protocol hierarchy must multiplex or demultiplex among multiple objects ... obtain the destination IP address without interacting with the IP layer However, the source IP ad- dress depends on the route IP chooses for the datagram, because the IP source address identifies

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... connection from machine (18.26.0.36) at MIT to machine (128.10.2.3) at Purdue University, it might be defined by the endpoints: (18.26.0.36, 1069) and (128.10.2.3, 25) ... port on that host For example, the endpoint (128.10.2.3,25) specifies TCP port 25 on the machine with IP address 128.10.2.3 Now that we have defined endpoints, it will be easy to understand ... Instead, TCP defines an endpoint to be a pair of integers (host,port), where host is the IP address for a host and port is a TCP port on that host For example, the endpoint (128.10.2.3,25) specifies

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... 10.0.0.0- 10 .25 5 .25 5 .25 5, 1 72. 16.0.0 - 1 72. 31 .25 5 .25 5, and 1 92. 168.0.0 - 1 92. 168 .25 5 .25 5. Each device or interface will be assigned a unique, host - specific address such as 1 72. 21.35.17. The ... 2. 23. Figure 2. 23. Router Aretha (1 72. 21.5.1) responds to an ARP request from host 1 72. 19.35 .2. Figure 2. 24 shows the ARP packet format. As the fields are described, compare them with the ARP ... data with its attached TCP header is then encapsulated within an IP packet for delivery. Figure 2. 32 shows the fields of the TCP header, and Figure 2. 33 shows an analyzer capture of a TCP...

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 16:15

... A TCP Connection 23 7 13 .24 Initial Sequence Numbers 23 9 13 .25 Closing a TCP Connection 23 9 13 .26 TCP Connection Reset 24 1 13 .27 TCP State Machine 24 1 13 .28 Forcing Data Delivery 24 3 ... 22 .1 7 Obtaining And Setting The Internal Host Domain 427 22 .1 8 Socket Library Calls 427 22 .19 Network Byte Order Conversion Routines 428 22 .20 IP Address Manipulation Routines 429 ... 22 .21 Accessing The Domain Name System 431 22 .22 Obtaining Information About Hosts 4 32 22 .23 Obtaining Information About Networks 433 22 .24 Obtaining Information About Protocols 434 22 .25 ...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 13:35