internetworking with tcp ip vol 2 design implementation and internals pdf

... here is a TCP/IF' standard defined by Postel [RFC '7921 and updated by Braden [RFC [1122] Nagle [RFC 8961 discusses ICMP source quench messages and shows how routers should use them to handle congestion ... request and reply messages, and Deering [RFC 12561 discusses the solicitation and advertisement messages used in router discovery Jain, Ramakrishnan and Chiu [I9871 considers how routers and transport ... now part of the TCP/IF' standards, and the classless address scheme that is an elective standard 10.2 Review Of Relevant Facts Chapter 4 discusses addressing in internetworks and presents the

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... and routes datagrams with value 1 to the network labeled 128.10.1.0 and those with value 2 to the network labeled 128.10.2.0 Conceptually, adding subnets only changes the interpretation of IP ... and a destination PSN (i) Octet u remained uninterpreted Thus, the ARPANET addresses 10.2.5.37 and 10.2.9.37 both refer to host 2 on PSN 37 A transparent router comected to PSN 37 on port 2 ... example Network 128.10.1.0 REST OF THE Network 128.1 0.2.0 all traffic to 128.1 0.0.0 Figure 103 A site with two physical networks using subnet addressing to la- bel them with a single class

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... customer with only two computers, the ISP might choose to assign another block 128.21 1.176.212129, which covers the address range that Figure 10.12 specifies lowest 128.21 1 l76.212 10000000 ... lowest 128.21 1 l76.212 10000000 11 01 001 1 101 10000 11 01 01 00 Figure 10.12 An example of CIDR block 128.21 1.176.212129 The use of an arbitrary bit mask allows more flexibility in assigning ... 10.12 The Subnet Routing Algorithm Like the standard IF' routing algorithm, the algorithm used with subnets searches a table of routes Recall that in the standard algorithm, per-host routes and

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... protocol layer and a network interface layer The realistic diagram in Figure 11.2b shows that the IP software may communicate with multiple high-level protocol modules and with multiple network ... X.25 protocol layering, the TCP/IP software focuses most of its reliability control in one layer 11.6.2 Locus of Intelligence and Decision Making Another difference between the X.25 model and ... the tganspoa layer handles most error detection and recovery problems The resulting freedom from interface layer verification makes TCP/IP software much easier to understand and implement correctly

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... Multiplexing and demultiplexing occur at almost every protocol layer For exam- ple, after the network interface demultiplexes frames and passes those frames that con- tain IP datagrams to the IP ... which we have already examined, and UDP, and TCP, which we will examine in later chapters A IP Module 4 UDP Protocol 1 1 I 2 Summary Protocols are the standards that specify how data is ... multiple IP addresses to the physical wires Instead, it treats all the connections col- lectively as a single, independent IP network with its own frame format, hardware ad- dressing scheme, and

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... transfer speed with messages of 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, and 8192 bytes Can you explain the results (hint: what is your network MTU)? 12.2 Why is the UDP checksum separate from the IP checksum? ... example of multiplexing and demultiplexing It accepts UDP datagrams from many application programs and passes them to IP for transmission, and it accepts aniving UDP datagrams from IP and passes ... from IP 12.8 UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Ports We have seen in Chapter 11 that software throughout the layers of a protocol hierarchy must multiplex or demultiplex among multiple objects

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... connection from machine (18.26.0.36) at MIT to machine (128.10.2.3) at Purdue University, it might be defined by the endpoints: (18.26.0.36, 1069) and (128.10.2.3, 25) ... the endpoint (128.10.2.3,25) specifies TCP port 25 on the machine with IP address 128.10.2.3 Now that we have defined endpoints, it will be easy to understand connections Recall that a c o ~ ... Instead, TCP defines an endpoint to be a pair of integers (host,port), where host is the IP address for a host and port is a TCP port on that host For example, the endpoint (128.10.2.3,25) specifies

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... multiple connections to share an endpoint. For example, we could add another connec- tion to the two listed above from machine (128.2.254.139) at CMU to the machine at Purdue: (128.2.254.139, ... (128.2.254.139, 1184) and (128.10.2.3, 53). It might seem strange that two connections can use the TCP port 53 on machine 128.10.2.3 simultaneously, but there is no ambiguity. Because TCP associates ... 13.16 Timeout And Retransmission One of the most important and complex ideas in TCP is embedded in the way it handles timeout and retransmission. Like other reliable protocols, TCP expects the

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... arrives, and TCP retransmits the segment Shortly after TCP retransmits, the first acknowledgement arrives and is associated with the retransmission The round trip sample will be much too small and ... round trip time is slightly longer than some multiple of T Implementations of TCP that associate acknowledgements with the most recent re- transmission have been observed in a stable state with ... values in the table are equivalent to using y =2 Trang 3230 Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) Chap 13 TCP recomputes the round trip estimate and resets the timeout accordingly Experience

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... 13.27 TCP State Machine Like most protocols, the operation of TCP can best be explained with a theoretical model called afinite state machine Figure 13.15 shows the TCP finite state machine, with ... either with TCP or with UDP In ei- ther protocol, port number 53 has been reserved for servers in the domain name system 13.30 TCP Performance As we have seen, TCP is a complex protocol that handles ... assigned TCP port numbers To the ex- tent possible, protocols like UDP use the same numbers ?Ethernet, IP, and TCP headers and the required inter-packet gap account for the remaining bandwidth

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... through 200 and the second carries bytes 150 through 250) Trace the TCP finite state machine transitions for two sites that execute a passive and ac- tive open and step through the three-way handshake ... current TCP standard specifies exponential backoff for retransmission timers and congestion avoidance algorithms like slow-start, multiplicative decrease, and addi- tive increase In addition, TCP ... avoids TCP synchronization and improves throughput Trang 3Reliable Stream Transport Service PCP) Chap 13 FOR FURTHER STUDY The standard for TCP can be found in Postel [RFC 7931; Braden [RFC 11221

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... Net 1 Net 2 Net 4 Net 17 Net 24 Net 30 Net 42 Distance 0 0 8 5 6 2 2 (a> Distance 2 3 6 4 5 10 3 Figure 14.7 (a) An existing route table for a router K, and (b) an incoming ... Although GGP only handled classful routes and is no longer part of the TCPJIP standards$, it does provide a concrete example of distance-vector routing GGP was designed to travel in IP da- tagrams ... from Hinden and Sheltzer [RFC 8231 Braden and Postel [RFC 18121 contains further specifications for Internet routers Almquist [RFC 17161 summarizes later discussions Braun [RFC 10931 and Rekhter

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21