engineering design and drafting costs

... conditions that R1=R2=R and s1=s2=s, and by using equation B8, the capacitance between two parallel cylindrical conductors per unit length is given by (B26) Using equations B5 and B8 and simplifying ... B8 for potential, the potential difference between points P and Q is given as By putting the values of s1 and s2 in the above equation and simplifying, Putting this value in equation for E p (equation ... The ground plane at point G and the round conductor can be replaced by the configuration of the conductor and its image as shown in the figure From equations B12 and B13 the electric field intensity,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... rating and size of the transformer Presently, there are two types ofdesign: single-core and two-core design Single-core design is used for smallphase shifts and lower MVA/voltage ratings Two-core design ... checkthe electromagnetic and thermal aspects of design For transformers used withHVDC converters, insulation design is the most challenging design aspect Theinsulation has to be designed for combined ... tools and several emerging trends in transformer applications areexpected to fulfill a number of existing and future requirements of utilities andend-users of transformers 1.2 Applications and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... (2.12) where and are hysteresis and eddy loss fractions of the total core lossrespectively The following values are usually taken for these two fractions, and for cold rolled steel and for hot ... currents and powers are balanced if mutual impedances Z ry , Z yb and Z br are equal.These impedances are function of number of turns and disposition of windings,winding connections within a phase and ... windings in the plane of core issurrounded by limbs and yokes, is also used It has the advantage that one can usesandwich construction of LV and HV windings to get very low impedance, ifdesired,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... 82and the corresponding expression for the leakage reactance X is a two winding transformer shown in figure 3.2 The constants a and b have the values of 0 and 1 for LV, 1 and 1 for gap, and 1 and ... and 1 for gap, and 1 and 0 for HV respectively If D1, D g and D2 are the mean diameters and T1, T g and T2 are the radial depths of LV, gapand HV respectively, using equation 3.12 we get (3.17) ... forreactance calculation of non-standard winding configurations and asymmetrical/non-uniform ampere-turn distributions, which cannot be easily and accuratelyhandled by the classical method given...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... +∞ inthe x and y directions, and from 0 to ∞ in the z direction Similar to Section 4.1, we assume that E and H vectors have components in only the x and y directions respectively, and that they ... stray losses in windings In order to accurately estimate and control the stray losses in windings andstructural parts, in-depth understanding of the fundamentals of eddy currentsstarting from ... differential equations 4.1 and 4.8 involving both H and E are combined to give a second-order equation in H or E as follows. Taking curl of both sides of equation 4.8 and using equation 4.5 we...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... mild steel and aluminum. The intersection point (B) of the curves for stainless steel and aluminum occurs atabout 5 mm and the intersection point (C) of the curves for stainless steel and mildsteel ... designers to simulate thecomplex electromagnetic structure of transformers for control of stray loss andelimination of hot spots However, FEM analysis may require considerableamount of time and ... ahighly asymmetrical and three-dimensional structure The computation iscomplicated by - magnetic non-linearity - difficulty in quick and accurate computation of stray field and its effects - inability...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... short circuit withstandcapability are enumerated Design parameters and manufacturing processes havepronounced effect on natural frequencies of a winding Design aspects of windingand clamping structures ... positive-sequence impedance is where Z 1HS and Z 1LS are positive-sequence system impedances, and Z 1H and Z 1L arepositive-sequence impedances of HV and LV windings respectively in the starequivalent ... stresses anddisplacements produced by the short circuit forces The dynamic analysis,although quite complex, is certainly desirable which improves the understanding of the whole phenomenon and helps designers...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... [15, 18,19] (7.56) where (7.57) and N A and N B are the turns in sections A and B respectively, whereas K(k) and E(k) are the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds respectively ... between a cylindrical conductor and ground plane is given by(appendix B, equation B30) (7.14) where R and H are radius and length of the cylindrical conductor respectively and s is distance of center ... terminalpotential and hence requires to be insulated from the winding and tank along itsheight As the voltage ratings and corresponding dielectric test levels increased,transformer designers found...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... 1Insulation DesignInsulation design is one of the most important aspects of the transformer design It is the heart of transformer design, particularly in high voltage transformers Sounddesign practices, ... iscommonly used for the design of the insulation system of transformers Theapproach is used for both creepage withstand assessment and oil gap design.For estimating creepage withstand characteristics, ... categorized into major insulationand minor insulation The major insulation consists of insulation betweenwindings, between windings and limb/yoke, and between high voltage leads andground The minor insulation...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... values of maximum oil and winding temperatures depend on the ambienttemperature, transformer design, loading conditions and cooling provided Thelimits for ambient temperature and the corresponding ... quitedifficult and hence designers mostly rely on empirical formulae 9.1.1 Conduction Almost all the types of transformers are either oil or gas filled, and heat flows fromthe core and windings ... as OFAF (Oil Forced and Air Forced) or FOA cooling There are basicallytwo types of pump designs: axial flow in-line type and radial flow type forcirculating oil against low and high frictional...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... rails or pipes. Seismic and wind load: The transformer has to be designed for a specified seismic acceleration and wind load. Seismic and wind loads are very important design considerations for ... Design 393 Plain tank: The plain tank of rectangular shape is quite simple in construction. It is easy from design and manufacturing points of view since it facilitates standardization. The design ... the operating one, as specified by the standards. The tank design and fabrication are complicated due to limitations imposed by transportation (weight and size), requirement that the oil quantity...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... conventional transformers The shape and placement of barriers and the width of the resulting oil ducts would have already beendecided by the requirements of AC design and the thermal considerations ... size and cost of the interphase transformer is reduced When the 12-pulse operation is obtainedthrough one primary winding (usually star connected) and two secondarywindings (one in star and other ... the windings may also have to be designed with a gap at the location facing the core gap Trang 7Because of possibilities of rectifier faults, special design and manufacturingprecautions are taken...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... reduce The design of conductor paper insulation (conflict between dielectric design and thermal design), design of supporting structures (conflict between stray loss control and structural design), ... designs The standardization not only reduces the engineering efforts but it also enhances the quality and reliability of the transformers The standardization enables the use of drafting software ... time, and hence the speed of design and manufacture of the transformers is the key issue Therefore, it should be ensured that the process of optimization does not lead to non-standard designs...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... Theory and Implementation, Ali Abur and Antonio Gómez Expósito 25 Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice, S.V.Kulkarni and S.A.Khaparde ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION Trang 3Engineering Design ... losses and related theory of eddy currents, short-circuit forces and withstand, part winding resonance phenomena, insulation design, and design aspects of transformers for rectifier, furnace and ... 10and creepage withstand are very useful to designers Procedures for the design of major and minor insulation systems are presented Chapter 9 deals with the thermal aspects of transformer design...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... Collaborative Engineering Design and Analysis • Computer Aided Engineering Design and Analysis Computer Aided Design (CAD), emerged in the early 1960s, relates to the use of computers to assist the design ... collaborative design process By standardizing the various design activities, the authors integrated concurrentdesign and axiomatic design concepts in a unified and structure-oriented automaticdesign ... a group of designers jointly design a product model and evaluate its perfor-mance This would include the disparate functions in design, assembly, evaluationand those in suppliers and customers...

Ngày tải lên: 03/10/2015, 20:58

... Trang 1ENGINEERING GEOLOGY APPLIED TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Trang 2Engineering Geology Applied to the Design and Operation of Underground Coal ... Roser 1979: Sancher and Hayes 1979, Ductal and Bares, 1972} help detrine © Lihology of toes above andow coal «4 Deposona enviroment) and dom an pentrdniel nuiedie sĩ he cal es and cel ening rks ... extent of of suport equa fs bang valuation and mine design: cle range proiesof coal es and associated rock in dil holes ` 2yandmestued sections comple ca androck-tikness Trang 26.GE0LCICMARENG...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 08:20

... ethies and design can be found in the field of software design and computer ethics Efforts to incorporate values into the design of software have been labelled "value sensitive design’ Lloyd and ... Overall design: layout of arrangement and proportions ofthe airplane to ‘meet the project definition, 3 Majorcamponent design: division of project into wing design, Fuselage design, landing-gear design, ... principle and normal configuration will not be used in the design 3 Trang 36Engineering ethics and design processes Vincenti’s description of radical design focuses on the structure and physical...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 23:20

... 2Handbook of Reliability, Availability,Maintainability and Safety in Engineering Design Trang 3Rudolph Frederick StapelbergHandbook of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety in Engineering ... ensure due diligence Design reviews are included at different phases of the engineering design process, such as conceptual design, preliminary or schematic design, and final detail design In most cases, ... organisations and companies (manufacturing, mining, engineering and process industries) requiring standard approaches to be understood and adopted throughout by their technical staff 6 Design engineers, design...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 10:20

... Safety and Risk in Engineering Design 5295.1 Introduction 530 5.2 Theoretical Overview of Safety and Risk in Engineering Design 537 5.2.1 Forward Search Techniques for Safety in Engineering ... Safety and Risk Evaluation in Detail Design 627 5.3 Analytic Development of Safety and Risk in Engineering Design 676 5.3.1 Analytic Development of Safety and Risk Prediction in Conceptual Design ... and Risk Assessment in Preliminary Design 687 5.3.3 Analytic Development of Safety and Risk Evaluation in Detail Design 702 5.4 Application Modelling of Safety and Risk in Engineering Design...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 10:20

... of insuf-ficiently designed system circuits and equipment, and increased engineering and maintenance costs Actual construction completion schedule overruns av-eraged 6 months, and commissioning ... good engineering design with the desired engineering integrity This method-ology provides the means by which complex engineering designs can be properly analysed and reviewed Such an analysis and ... disuse This applies to the concept of engineering integrity, particularly to the integrity of engineering design Engineering knowledge and techniques in the design and development of com-plex systems...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 10:20