Tài liệu engineering geology applied to the design and operation of ungerground coal mines ppt

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY APPLIED TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES... Engineering Geology Applied to the Design and Operation of Underground Coal Mines By C.. PREFACE ‘Th

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

APPLIED TO THE

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

Engineering Geology Applied to the

Design and Operation of

Underground Coal Mines

By C Richard Dunrud

U.S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2147

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1998

US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

US, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Thomas J Casadevall, Acting Director

PREFACE

‘The flowing couse on engineering seoeay applied to uerround coal ning is ring pine al he quest of geass ad enpners eget ao ask isan updsed version of 2-wosk sours that was ap to genlopistsand engineers of Sst and Federal govern, mining conpanss, and eonsling fms ivoled i sesping developns and operating ander coal mines a Bra The enue wat ein Septcraer 1984, n Sh Paulo B, Bra tthe roqes of IPT sto de Peas Teno

“The ens hen upd nea geloa an mining lotion chained by the autor o eld wists tas coal mining wes ofthe Westen Unie Sas, Yugo Slvia and Bru nd euified a a eal of comments by 840 US Geologic Suey technical resiewer—Bon H, Kent and Mark A Risctnun, Thon prs pening ral mining, subsidence, and mine st serio ere given in 2 ease to gee fists und engines of he Feral and State gmemtmsnh ad te nứng compare in Spl 1985, 1 Grand Jono, Calo, The aie was again lied a vest of Sst

“The ours n detail how the dsiplines of psy and geteeroloy,ein called engincrig geology, app to exploration, design and operation of underground

fl mines incorporates resus of 28 years of eeerch staes eo slom s coal

‘eons ty the anor ad alto by many sient 9 Federal an Se governess, tn Sticsonlfstaion ni nthe mining sey I tended fo practic xi {is engincring polos, nd engines ‘The cre material reseed none feet fica organiation, eel, and presentation al ay par of 8 or 9 The asc palo the coure caine ito show how the spies of goto, goth Inning safer more fie and me enzonmetallyseceptatie

Fe and sboraty Tour on Coal and Rock m

Enineering Proper set Dẹtttmsuen Cloesoetliexof ks 8

(Cot Mining Matos and Mie Sapper occ Gren: Minine Meio 2 =

Mining Metis Used Under Vaseus Geog Conon ss

FIGURES eld google map sad vera srw serial photographs of coal aig rocks athe Code ae,

Profiles showing genera stigaphic ramework ote col ring racks of the Sewende Formation inthe

Diagn showing casein of fas caused by vats sas Coole bie on tho Ma a

Rove dag showing the elton berween te reds of la, insti outro ners „ Pole swig tral ears Been sedi rocks a aes he Pata, Col ce " Profle and ngs seing efoto songle or dixon cosl Bsn the Eoene Ah cl ld

Stech map, er set, tad photograph showing ans athe Soar wren Dcia Conny, Co 0

‘Shook and bck diagram of model of warns dessins riemmen's m (Geertz satrap clu in Aptlehian Bar adnghbalgy 1o nai dí ni wrsuRotnnepisama 21 iagren bowne semenl anh teen peat foing lennon resell gal

‘Diagram sowing clascaion of sedrcmay cocks by hoy, pai and mai lì

bused on stance om points of mesure

Geologie string kong: relive restos weathering, rain sae, ner saraceis

Semiarogan of coal icknes showing data pins ted 1 sphecl made

Map of Aasersn oa dept ner Roser Basin, Wyo showing esta kas ermine iy Kine Map of Anderson oa depo showing ented Krieg vara

alton of smut of col place athe Anderson coal ep, by Grnain a waster Wyong

Soke nd grap of polo nsx sang st

[Grape coe! pont ead index teat stata cure ameter oF <0

{Gong ant goes op of ee ole ete eth of Senden, W3e

Crap sowing general efrmaton process in ok,

CChalesteadiagam of ginEdruk manee

Craps sing lation ete eres ahem ses with depth

Sketch of zones azo a mid ile, tay dil hoe in 3 permeate sandstone

{Los showine ration between Hang and petophsicl lng

hbo clan std diagram showing lation bene Ee

‘respec lop, Somerset Ca ae

‘Maps shang mining roman pl pane

‘Mize tech aps hing common ronan pir mining soquavss

lock diagram sowing a pial eveaing ong al ss

Stok map and cots section sowing mnie ck val dsb he dogo amgwall mathe noe Bers Ben lezen (omer Yop

Skech map and cos scion sosing mining ik coal ed hy onl wih sblevel saving ner Zon,

‘Bosna Herzegovina, omer Yass,

Pl profes showin smo to ad pla wining metho

Diggnation cto oie opens showing ham Uc Kea re mone able han in Dem

Petras of longa power wt pens

Photograph ssn nsae mine roofm Somers, Co,

otras and crow seton sowing sme aus ad esse of mining hazards in Somers, Cl, ra

‘Photog and sketches showing arts ete that cts severe ool arin the Saya cal Photogniph an tech seston shaming effets of rck “spar in the “Boal os Somat, Cala, ve,

Siea seolon anh phetnyngbe sing unable mine opcings ound by laa testo a

‘apo raph sting potential ana ors sabi ros nother Peony ana ad

notern Wes Virginia

ap and cons section showing conics casey ck bust and burps a Geneva ese

[Emery Coon, Uh

Map, toss seton and poeapts showing danags cased by Yok bus and hat Getsv3 me at

ery Count, Utd O41 28,1967

CConcepnal ingrams showing geal lation o cecal Yo une cea and gota onal and roor-an-pilrexustos pels

‘Mine nap cation of un obtains se, Pin Cosy Calo, 18

hotogaph ad rose scons sowing effets of ers Somerset, Col ate

Diagrams an potopraps sowing pocesos coal ine deformation an subsidence

(Graph showing maximum siidece rato for Westem United Stead the Une Kingdon,

contents

afi showing laterally constined plate undergoing downsaring 31 (Coal sing and ssieace ap ad uli rss sc, Smet sea Cobra o

Subsidence grit and ap fr predicting init angle ipso, nd horizon sn 98

“anh Hotrding actual vag in elation to cnt sean ed length of uc tới {Gon seston ard petogrigh towing how fs san contol bids te tới

‘Subsidence devslgmsnt cares fr lang and oone-aod- pla exacton peal in Wenn Unie Stace

rons etna of eal mie openings showing ches waity with dp of a te of 108 Sieehe leanginE da sake stoping nly and hy yee ook, 103

` Photgrgh showing stoping proces the Shern ren, Wyong 105

ups eor sectors abd poogrants swing lose ovement awe ered eval mines Color

Maps showing tos ofl explosions Cara sath em] Yugislaia us Flow degra sbowiag pone sep inne se tleton, mine desi telGpcaion of dcp

Maps shoring hicks ofthe Prshurh cal ol and overburden tiknes elaine wo te Paste ol el

Fence nga ofthe Pitsburg coat al and oven sock aubvetem Ramayhomis nổ

Mine napshowing rerun plc extacion ad longwal ine pci Htngon an Usb im {Composite map showing mie workings and comples mine raf orks thes of sper, Uh i Maps sowing cours fel percents of and ter of Mins

TABLE Madinum allowable sosidence deformations fr various group clases of rusts in forms] Yugslns,

METRIC CONVERSION TABLE

‘Many ofthe measurements his ep arin et, miles, nd 200 pound as oe sos,

‘noi yuaees ae reseed aloes, Pr ohars, ces Lor ae flo

Engineering Geology Applied to the Design and Operation of Underground Coal Mines

By C, Richatal Dunrud?

INTRODUCTION RESULTS OF EXPERIENCE

perience i the Usied Stats ad a ter toanhio

has repeatedly showa that proper pe-mine planning i

lnounta sueesfilsmleeietowlergrsun niing

‘pean Th ne ad nae spent in abla then

‘fe ond ffiientanderrund eat mines in aance of

ting, ae only a small action ofthe cote tat re on

rc later ede nad to Ms pope thee

‘eo, ah fending; an ieee can case cy ree

"len and 'hiNing: er may cten free abandonment of

tines tat ve Ieopery planed italy In ain,

“alu aa resources ay best he psc

Following ae ome examples of ming Mazads and

1H Coa sures ap ming egipnet have been

sexing: bumps rock hans, eqoeres, rot le am Hoar

eaves have cased premature abandooment of paras

2 Many mies have been ijt oiled by oo

weak or mhere geologic foes sucha chanel depts

{in licensed surfaces weaken the 0h

3.- Many irs hve bce nue kl sch yer

Je US by mine cuponin ad ie

4, Tan area of the U.S stbdece a fie in

dergroand mites tht were ahandoned many yea OF

ecades ago are hazards, because many of the aes ae

For example, expenditure by the US Deparment of the

Ineo w midge mergency aa high rarity subsidence

and ire robles on ns hase bo develops ove

shndoned uiegsoud co mines eaeboda al of $198.7

‘lon af March 1985 This total doesnt nla expen

‘hres by tke Federal and She agenesis These Hh (feof Surface Mining writen om, 18S),

PURPOSE The primary glo hi opr io pesent in 2s E8nEm= t may mini: cgieenl mã time E2

US another counties nods

‘eredeign anderson mines tht sf mee

em and compan wih the cainment by cere

‘he foation presente even

2 Eos that mine planners ne more aware of Soe ofthe ee mportant ooops and geotebil cas t

‘sonrlo aft ming

3 Show how gelouls,potechnical, and ining fc tes, comaonly port topper mine design ay be Incorporated ito he planing ad design phase ofthe oa

GEOLOGIC MAPPING

1 Maps of goog fates are asi information ous

‘which ar uel oom selecting th best mine ses ad

‘siping the sata nt licen unergrund mies,

COMPILATION OF GEOLOGIC MAPS + evolves gathering alt sede information fon (1) dats Seaches of ery and cipny file, (2) fell gvlopc

‘app 3 ding, logging and oft geophysics (2) ulisis of staignphic tamework and genesis of aa

‘sing rks, nd (5) ent eon Fo es ens thse edites commonly ae dove interactively do some

———

j1 tional eas BL Dailey vais ‘Stl gooey

12 Key sos from compuesied vanes, 1 Statraphic ad pops sip os of

gure abo facing pa loin ps

‘tbe Men Forme se Pan Corge ea bean Gambon Char ia Dire anon ced

‘Cand Mou Crt CA,Eatwet sons tein mo Anat Ck Non thes om Dah

3 Stipaphic and protic sf

bes fom computer databases of dling

¬ Field Geologic Mapping (for example, Lee, 19,

395-558)

+ Comics a stematic examination, analysand pat

ling of col bedrock, ded sunita depos on & mp

Sens of sparse aps

+ One sonofensetvely make 2 bedrock, fic and

Steger map conceal othe Held example)

+ Foc hes ess comple he peo (fhoeys, sc,

tur ad staph ection on a oprapie Bass mop

+ Porahe mircomputrs wth caput tpl stat

‘raph seston can Beef dung eld ception + Mapping methods depend on such fairs as detail equ, scwacy aoe ad ine ave

A Reconnaissance anspping—may be used whete trelinlaary itbnation i seeded to pln

"ed sy or where rquremens fo dea

ad compilonacarcy aia ap tưng

Tà do keo feats are oeted and ans feed to abuse map

IE By pacer emer compass, an ai siết sanenss(a mehod tt hạ ben ne fee dca)

sap 9h io mh the al of me:

Son photogrametic plots (moder thd

3 Deed mapping Wor exanle, Hages and

Sancher, 197; Daal al Bares, 1972)

Map stage urs, bedding aide eal beds, lineaments, ral, ni jin on

‘opogtaphic hse map by

1, Pla tableand stain od sing intr luge oF bingulion for seumge

ng esol sian fama fsa hs of

Late, 194, p 506-526) or saccessive

5 ông te deeoKcpe an ieengagbic

an sĩ sơ photos, ssf, da biden ef edfock and sur túc and alto fests an be ote hy Inspection othe fed and cas be sat ase mops where outcrops of trou holopies ae extensive, this metal smmeniy acute sad effet for

#elngiar who (I) can sce được

Aimensoes in scope poetoa

fa eval landforms and (2) bave

SAenelse wih fiting Instr sen

Plating slic contacts amổ nhẹc

_ssalopcifomationontpngraptichse

`"

phe tap srtckioeplofe le Se uot tehoiges where oxsesiry €

“oni, however, may’ ot fit on mi

score iftgpognphic map was mae

2 Campte geologic information on ontop

‘orp thathaveboen ied othe top raphy of be image

{Conti and ober infomation can be lot ae pston an levato by Tspesinn Hf pon apd contours se accurate teeter

Seecuonof gol estes ad informain to temapps and deserted

1 Lae map meas, and dsr cae ter foal el

2 Measure col thickness a the rap

—

Map important sedimentary rok mits et

sbetopogtphc hse for example Roser

1979: Sancher and Hayes 1979, Ductal

and Bares, 1972} help detrine

© Lihology of toes above andow coal

«4 Deposona enviroment) and dom

an pentrdniel nuiedie sĩ he cal

es and cel ening rks

`

esing cocks: ths commonly involves:

4 Conmpiing ost-setions (hg, 2) od fence diagrams ofthe co-testing rocks dian ese sections of beock fave Sae age enough o eve the nds coal bes onrmonly H019 150000)

`" ReReeen dil holes am messed toring where ext sont points from diigo measured sections ate shy of coal eosin and esurce

“alelton depends on an undersnding

ff the dopestonal envionment of the

0 ENGINEERING OUOLOGY AND UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

CROSS SECTIONS OF FAULTS

the thskent eal zoe inne Somer {et (Colordn) are can be ae Tan corelsod where dell bos

ie spud aot 300-8900 f apa ecu th exes, rege Member of he Mesiverde Foon Yon provided depestonal env Torment conducive eeiaiv con

‘deposition “and seo contains 3 truer bron to corelte he coal 2< The Hevkoe *EP ca bại (Some cree ata), however ean e cor aed with eaonabe accuracy oly Shout 2000 Mop cae Jocated ia ade sequence at his

‘alate the coal ede

4 Map he fau—they ae rele vo regional stesses (683)

1+ They common comet he layout of mine pel and rai and ln cool the feation apd esa a og wall panels

"`

‘ice the relative magmtulee md điedo0t of pris ces ht mye Tod tis mining ara ad Conk, tàn 45446)

+ Tạpesefele (0g 3Ƒ

te vero lề agptmaimasn

‘ul toe verge overburden {Easy (pms gaan as ron ines Be col Sep) time of formaion) te boeie) fommpesie sss stall

2 Rovcrse—msximin pip ses

‘sbovaoatl and preter han

& Ske sipc meauman pasp

sa h9izono and gree han ps: smite cpl ses =

‘etal nds aot ea 7

5 Map be me are out daphec: men dey CoNHOHÿ ứS MAI 10 line campuedon(denh aia,

2 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND UNDERGROUND CON MINES

Figure 4 Ros duran showing heaton Stocntbetens of sea Bye tet

Ta mở mehvetem Me Vinmie Rơm

‘Mecano (1975 p28 9,48)

| Stee dipping ove oins

1 Commly are onent sbperalel

tothe sre a sip of beac in

level aes ofthe Wester US

2 Spacing, cononuiy, ad denon

consnony ae acon of itholosy

—¬

Widely space and move exten

‘vein sastnes than sls,

tay becsee te ranJvene

tre contmaoy ưe tieke ao

nao aed han he shales

| Soins na gen ihology com

‘moc ae more cosly spaced

(ogee air desnager that

chewee, Recsee hizo

Soofinng ‘stesso reso

‘er dings

onagate jit se nt Pao

nin Col, rea and appr tobe

fsbtedt alae tectote tiiy

Trends of joins cn be menses by

det obsration with compass in the

fed where bedrock expec ot BY

‘camp Leonard Mayer 984)

6 Cledlaal qhaudeomaialydeoineoal

“ai perpen facta sytem ate

Caled ae cers and bt chess MeCuooh

fd oes, 1974; McCue and othe,

44 Thefsecteaecommonty ane, om

tinuous andenesive ay ber fe

se lengthy may cat rss hed,

plane nde rca ets fe

‘eatsconseoly ate aboutperpendicla

{othe foldaxefantlineandsyoctios

b Te bt cles ofen ate les nest, less

tear let comin, and le exten

Bere mining was achaizd he 0

Etation tie leas efen contd He

drecoon of ming, ease it Was

taser 0 mie perpen 0 he Lise

‘let than at anal to them

fe ray asa Bes nu siết

in velying col bed, here pind

athe tne of oe ration (fg WD; McClean thes Relationships are shown by egltea {Heck sat roa, 1980, p 61-86) ane toes diagrams (MoCo ad eke

‘Can be vse ep determioe po

‘ipa sess duction tthe ute of

Lasclits—venial and era it ory change:

sbeodih th 5)

‘he conan and quay (coal ak

sd quality may dierabote sai Hit he Deolth base of ren eat and chemical ies) (Coal rank ad quality sally ad ericlly alo lea parts ofthe Sucke—predominanly vera in one_chnmoes

gece Polc Aamig anstinl cideehetreexeltcrag rck aac the Pei, Col, Tne of att

‘ry ine te bare ert fe ened Fea, which cases okt ae geo spl Tro sD Montsa.viecaexzk nd bls Neve he ng ely ee aa exe olen, Oe Query lv andes bse Oe, Query ee dept Tey Eee nase ks capone may wane Ty, oes

‘Nich Roman: Kao, Ou Crete ef he Uper reason Mer Foran Kb, aren amb oh Mose anon Kw co teang mee fe Mca Roman, Kew ROlneSualeene Meroe Mester Roma,

21 Derm al seta net innosive orale! to Bedok in short dts

g.6) ¬ ie<el Em MEN vưahle xay

‘Sly in a wertsacetion than oo Tnhh

Coal and rock may be deformed 10 Ease ek

2+ Mining Hazan, seh a5 rofl thre lows are extensive set coat deposi pauls

1 Asta depose eats, Reon) 1ˆ Ar te mn consaing cal bods becuse thy provide ae adept Ueda ere hey ae posers

tusmps and curt, aye more into net dies tan elsewhere bocase they wanect at Cate the rcks a th ot an lor

os ea acted chs em wooly defor ad theally ale the Comal Sree went mot

coal ver Jrge areas, whece imrsion NA MT H0 -sv: hen

Complex ievusons ate ular bakes nough, bess they afen are nae

‘hat hicken and thin cess a fadloatve ha he hot soc

6 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND UNDERGROUND CORE MINES

.d201 01C MANG " gure acing age res op swings

Sr of AaB, Ltge a enapyea loge soi

‘hove they may fest coal plain

BC velopment, petsonne, minng

Supmen, and surface etres (nis,

Sats loading fies, access rts

‘ype depot:

depose Tals ok phasis, cok fal acess raviy movemens—need 0 Tee Understand ross, and describe sate of avy (ave, doen ua tae) Tri te dsign of moe fate, we tis, ad rds (ir deta on fn pnssee ee Winerne, 1984p Eir-ts2; Varnes, 17% 1-336 7

1 Excavation for ade and balding ede Ines) spon and case Unstable condone

Weaies caused by changes ie round an uae wate ow and Daly nthe sound

2 Reve movements inde fl sombinatinns of these (Wares 9E œ0)

wot aa be pects

2 Large movements, ssh collage fan andes inolsing tion, owing of Reoek sai sia rote, may be wgaet where Sabetance sheave Bs 20868

4 Shumpiag of the seated lok ray ocr where the rocks ae Mao gent ies

fotos Mock may osc where sted use) le shouldbe the sme the Bock die modestly tse overview ad dtaed maps seep toward the cazrop—‘L Driling—commanly necessary oat and analyze

+ Overiew maps died gelqjc nổ engering eo dented on gel ngs) lec GHI,

ko maps and derivative aps hat systematically por caer a

al resources (coal thichess and aual0),gedog (180 &

strength, slake durability) should be compiled so tha se,

fficet and ensironmentaly compatible mines eam be

‘Use il core to determine coal hicks and

‘uly and ology, sedimentary srctrs,

fn getehnieal xopete of ocks above and

1 Minimum tcknes of map units bs ace, and geteshnical popes, can be

‘sed map eale corps rectamrle Stored ina computer system, which faites Willams and Hackman, 1971 {1:20005 tte se of data at dferet sale and for dite Hayes snd Sanchen, 199 (1:24, 000); Du cnt puroses,

amon are mapped that re thicker tan Sout 00 20m) stasealent'S000,50 GENSISOF COAL-BEARING ROCKS (15 m) aba scale of 125,00, 5-10 8

(15-3 mata sae of 12500 + tavoresdteising (1) depostiona environment 2)

2 Map sei govered by degre of deat palbtetoni environment 3) cal-eening enionment

a (4) pdeeelrnue ) process of coal formation, and (6)

2 Overview maps (or general mine ste 5

10 1250000 foe mining, such assess and deformation inthe com,

0 Dried miso ce wes er" Sa ths pal fr Rear eee ee CM squecres; and pe and extent of of suport equa fs bang valuation and mine design: cle range proiesof coal es and associated rock in dil holes

` 2yandmestued sections comple ca androck-tikness

.GE0LCICMARENG »

ap eratse maps: to maks mathematica tas

‘alyssa King) to etme coal hckaess Wak

1 Chatels rage fom spit wi later

tars to ide wih arab, sinus

‘sith poe rs, to dbs wh tere

rluany bán (RE MA)

Meindeine dhnek vĩ ket cá go

vie condvons for sccmiaticn of peut

Melsvanpx

3 Thothck al eds ptcotzoessethe

Paleocene Tongue River Member ofthe Fact Union Formation inthe Powder River Gi, for example, may have meandering eum, wtich were eo Ted by shanges inte couse of scam chatals (aatsons and wbete the

as pay deport (Tones, 1980p 92)

‘ay ease y breaches eves (ceasie

ham nd revere spy) on

1) Coie mine ro contol problems de

Trợ vợ mong

J

4 Cae ctanges ia it of lola ia

short dtanes (a pid fg 8 Flores ther, 1983)

Lacuna) depots—aumeros artes,

‘ependng tn cima, wat ph lates

‘en and sole np

7 Ol shale and toma were deposited in vast

"stountein the Bosene Groen River Forma

min Colorado nd Wyening

2 Th col beds, ebted with easton

Shortnes oresampe, Foes, 198, 9.93)

© Bete depsis—type depemds 9a domiant

svn ee 88

1 Thssedineot-tlen war, whee imei

Sujet to fe example, Leste, 1982,

4 Decletaion caused by difsion and

4 Woveindiced crests

^^ ame ie dominated

River darned (or example, te Mis ssp des)~dea pan domed

ty my age ad sell, py chang

ng distri, itritay boys real kes, snd mamerme chi changes (arin) a6 the da po aes and rae changes cae Tide and wane deminates, oe chưng the Niger (Alen, 1970 and Gunde (eras Calf Cost dls Donaldson 1DT2)}—the Niger is characterized by

‘nae coastal bare sands a Fats hat eas he Niger odie ino tated by fie he be aad ee

‘Wed by severe” wave action The Guutaipe de isopod To base Fenestra of Upper Cet eansivanian rks of noteen West Visine

1 Coarsning-apwand depsis on dt nh may be cut by fning-apand,dstsbucy

— samp athe tp of popaatonl dsc

‘Soqnce, wes fe waters lear a grt depositions minal Coat depois

+ sriraphie senses produced by burr san pro:

‘sic te diferent for regressive an eaneresive pes {or etane, Leeder 1982p 198-201: Dicks a ot

fs 1972: se si se 19825 for exam:

1 Regeesive barr depois ny grade spear rom a) tured sora ma Sones, (planar nổ sroe-sraHel 1o ough ross said deposits a he hack sSor-frskore faces to) sone Sandon ofthe win- done deposit

2 “Traneresive Rar formod by tans pests ay rae pad oes (ba fated ngvemalmasones 0 (9) ough

‘sosestatfed flan dl dea depot, 0 (©) Bart deposi wah ple aed trough ere srietng ot, and coal thắc in lộc aa at aod marsh-washover and washer fics, eos aad

——

20 [ENGINEERING GFOLOGY AND UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

‘rir iin andl back baer model

Figure Mos of aro dps enon A i i Morse an vl malo anand iinet (ss barer un ees Fm Flores (1980p 8) AmB ce, Cee ly doo enh age eo Kens Fam Hore snd os O97, p90

2 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

5 Baer nes depois sommonly have 8

7

Hy nÌamÍ tờ bơh HangfeifE td

represine deposits; may ona ever Mộc

tutbated dose snd deporte ih root

fi and rough rosso deposi hap

depos fom peograing and ayes

——

4, Preservation of coal depois Gluing

et ting sea rampresins depends on

tạ) ate in eave, (bt of

SSdeae Leeder (982, 198) a (or se

‘ent sup tere my te

foal preservation, where ransreson

ii

Complete Las wie tangieson is

1 PaletsctnicEirnment

1+ Must he favorable or continued pat acer foe

‘rane Such andes 1975, p 5-58),

Insiatio of oganis rater

1B, Tedone mawenenk tạ luc sieam gr

cons ad crest envionment favor for he

6 Focick col beds to form geraps ike han

shout 10), testonie lowering of ths seve

st ep yace wth pea svunalain: etooie

00g ao engl the pion aad weds of

1 River andlakesystemsnay be pallet oho

anes ener asia he aes of Wack

‘als ay aoe pr tothe an tes

Tivi may ea eg angles to is

{agonal coal depots may besoehly per

ener er stems and may Be Pr

Sit te statues poverig te

Shorelines

4, Ds coal deposits may be st varios alee

toabe ever ad sheen sli en

ML Coa-orming Envicomens factors afin coal

‘A” Depesional environment arse for he fo ti of pest (Fea and Sanders 1973p

199-302; abridge and Bourges, 1978, p

` Wakg ma be noogy sersed (lay 0

fe levee) and side (raf, 198D) se well lear 2ml Magtat eúh 4 ont igh wer ale Stach a te

1975, p10) to preven uation of ie

by Setimest supply mast be lined in sous whee pat ecg se 2b si nga shale om one may real

Cosi prety dill coat cartes and sis ad sapropebe cons ea (of Hơn

‘kcal gan tater (yaa, ese Fur bridge and Bumpers, 1978 9.394 lor def ioe), Đạt seamalses ợm the renaim

sĩ Dreing na, da len, sả va

Ta bảo Sacha thos 192%, p 28-26)

44 The Fermin Gondatan coal of South

‘Af and Bran are teeved to have Teed in sarap between moraine dees isa reueatng i bec ot on Maa

“hen he (chang chen, 19, 19)

Ban Frou C1 Cs ad exh wat cman 5B)

.GPOLOGICMAfNG a + Eneilxr fer lowest, ow-ah ols the flloing

Jƒm—— 1 1 13

A Buco cline (Sth motets, 975, 9.9)

climate change from stern fo monston

Poa oscuted whee star ath cote

trees i 9)

Raised peat Dược ch as those fod in

Simard adenesiatoday ay also be away

to fom lowsulr, lows coals (eam

pe—Pocokonas No.3: C1, Cel, rl com

aun, 1988)

Ty Pesos, whichcommonl hav the shape

gian verted saver, may bean example of

Tow cols flow ah conte ae fxned

flection alas tease gun war

Shere the evernet anni preiptaten

excods about 2¢ i700 sum) (Such ed

fans 975,59)

GA necessary condom 10 fr ows, low

Saher be that he eat etlop rom

1 Phan tht grow ina sic etonment

were water sore oly al

a0oglMeentammaeeD)

3 Phak ta ve podices lay bmh vi

crowns Bobo rots sd may spores

(Geromexphis plans ig 10)

V Presses of Coal Fematon (rom oguic materia

{cou ae thought shale

À Valuearelndie(eaogelirlof time ma

‘es 16 frm pet pean aserage rat of

shout $1) Stach nf bas 1975p 38-38)

B Compoction of pear to form coal (cals

on)-base on peronag angen ate co

wd Sachandothere 1975p 17-Is}sugesthe

folowing row 1) 2 fo gmt, 21-82 for

subiaeaous Boal (3171 ly knh volae

mina cal

C Theamountofcompaeton necessary fora given

rank of coal depends somewbat or ihe spe of

1 Poresetype pans compres les han ved

S Petdospem pease avecompactd

shou 71 anh the coking coal age

2 For dares of Citrus ae fone

fom gyi compacin ey aot senha 20-1 (Sach ao ees 1975, pls)

Two systors may be consieed in coalition

1 Closed system (lai cemain o ysten)

2 Opensyatn (voaies are squeeze ut du ing eeptto: potty he ove coneon Shder many gelopeconétions)

Time sie a for coe pest in ays size sll abot INC ranges fom TH to SỐ eas (CB Ceci ol commu 1981) Genee Typ of Cal ol aie Sach an hes 1975,p, 18-26)

AL Reledothe component ofthe sal maser) and mineral

B Thete te wo pes of eas

1, Asochtonsus (peat foamed in pans)

‘ow onnable co ae of tha Fe Allchtonous (lat deriee was tan ported sonsecable distances fom where

© Moves are vided int tse groups, wish tạm ae died nto ference (ar xan

pe Sta atten 1975, p 55-108)

1 Vine (wos pas fs)

8 Telnie—maerl with ells st tues oot ee tank, ree, tem 1% Clliate—maceras of 3-H om

"`" `

8 Spornte—he exe walls has) of spores nd ple

1 Catmite-semains of Teves, cles

$ Roinle—auunl sede pmulued by

>>" cals)

1 Fusaie—fiom charcoal forms tin

by Semiasinte—tom any cane pat {& Macritie—aorphows, — nana

"`

JEnine of fuse, serfs,

——¬.~

3 Gain form —congne (9 equiiensoma

4, Amangehem-pacjng amessk (long

‘Aves fantion of dems tock seat hades and eaten ono! prety and peemeadlty) tehavioe daring mining tad Consmly cond the sty Grn — at flan nes oes

Of mine openings: sengh and fares re controlled by D Maxx oF eemem—cay wat cement aay tuck extra mineralogy and eye of mai consist cbt sles, hers (een [A ensgy—can be decried i the laboeiony oF ny ets by dlageetieproceses alr se

B, Toxtwe-deernine nth fnd eas orbinccalr TL Sedimenty Characeiscs Ge, for cxangle,

fine 2" 9 2 rm ine (2 0 rh ‘A sing, laminations

wo

Rock fragments ure 1, Onion search egy ain is as Fo Det 98nd Pe nes, 1972 ees, 1p 93) Reps mith cornet of SEP Gieleyl Sömarey Gedap)

GeoLoaie mare 2s

B Crossbeing, pated tells, css tami

Change in aain size with satrap potion

218-25 Hanes, 1975) 1

1 Dtpodieulchioaneosand sraierie

Coven dien tan bẻ deenminel by

‘sg de [gi (GHI sd Hạt, 179)

Soft sine sacs Gave vey important

eating on the stubilty of mie sạenuee

ets hey commonly canse plano ones

ramp, able, 1975: Klein 173, p78

onde, 982,013)

1 Liston and waterscape states

Desig pies

“Tui Row, debs ow

act Sst compaction and ai

© Dingonesie heaton) Le,

+ Based on composi of componcos (cnly que

feitapr rok fagmen), tsar and maton ee ato

Festa 30 pu comes) in ameter i.)

'A Areies—is than Spoon ain

1D Wackes—15 0 75 percent ae

IV Buk Proper of Gan Agarose for exam

gia 1ahe T9 p 30-06)

JA Boosts premage of space oscuped by

pilates per unit ul volute

Fi (att of ved vie ool vom)

1 Comey creases with ate of epson

BB Perncbiliy-a mesa ofthe reve ease of uid ow tha material when le ti ifort presse

1 Increase ith incoming inesconestion even pores

"+ pesue

Micset Papers se for snarl, Stick nd

© Comporton of stkedeermied on posted species Sach ad ees, 1975, 29-100) Compost xe and strate foc ca .Genkchnco hopetlesaieneh, chghecing re ties, nd 3 on discussed in pete stabs Seaton)

REMOTE SENSING APPLIED TO, GEOLOGIC MAPPING Base connie G06, for example, Sigal ant Gites, 1980 Gren, 1983, for more eta

A Flecconaate (EM) raion tro he sa is Imo the ie ander spce, where fe

‘eect by camera, camer, o ther co ing equipoenabourd space, sites, of tic

1 Quan mechaies principles pmdlet dat ahewpinn and emis of radon spa from the mati wil comespnd to dee

rs evel resent he lela sun (© The waelenat ote maz petal emis Sion often kmheneh popornal whe

D The amospee atemaes EM raion as 9 fupction of wavelength the smompuce is test o EME ration at wavekengie faa

14 20,27-29,42-43,52-7 ym, and more thay 139m, whee acophers amas

PM aati at wavelengths of about O-1 3, 16-19 21-26, 20-41 44-51 and 726-138 tim esta winders) ig 12) 1 EM ration testes ae designed 10 recite ration tng these wale The regency sml snphiudeg sale emi

2 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

"ằ 1 lp analy

5 I nits (Siegal and Giepie, 1940)

£à bu ng w 3 Changes np an aro charcte of eg WAVELENGTH IN MRONETERS om cack eit a tes i Yarns Figre 12 Typ nano neces fees Tr Rflosn ad nian saa of iret

tpn ios an 29-20) th S235 hm (© Maniption of the gay sale of Hak and

1 Expanding te gray-scale range or deosy alas (cousesuetcing)

Taking ros of tga tớ vinh spec ands nage racing)

Yahoneig te hondvie of various ele nets ofa scene ee enkarcerea)

laine teoagh the sowie (eon space ad aera

tnd leone tanstins within he materia ẵ

the tage aren

1 inponan beats, 6 a consequence, the sselength a nest wl ary eh _Falscolor images, made rom kere lak and we Haagen, tht dining grog npoton ofthe mater a the rgt=rea sunbates more clearly and more oe

2 Speaallgatres Sess ottnest cn acerstly character nd nina anon Thanh ek and wie mages Hecate ye

fn disingish many more colors hn ga

1 Forexampl atmaltepctlsanrer (MS) aes the gray eles the Land 1 Diteret cole ate paotuced ie acudance

wih geyacle Glerences bt the os

tf war with suspended sediment , Digialclsiestion of Landsat mlispcal

by, Theme water Does wi een uôlMe đan in winch vegetation pater hgh oun of ssp seria cn be Tt geologic sti So fr exanpe Pe

3 Spor sigue rm mater componed ‘oespondencs of inage oer with vercaion fofrmany subsanes auch ae ack, si nd pe

Segettionarlesclear than pec siena-1V _ pial mạc Booesingffaheeemen)

tars of fated swans becuse of AA nore representation of peal tance Trtraelor betwen feted nd emt tr oer spect such gave eng hd rasa fom he lle soloues or ‘epogragi rl and thermal neta

F Wavelength and iene) of EM adi bee tat genes rate vals, of da reflesied oe abbod and re from the ‘amber (DS of Gillespie 980 19-226, mail se ddeqel mổ nanemirel rom ‘tech sample pin ants ae

Spcsel to Bath stations Lr recone a 1 Teves canbe stored on maga ap Dees craredeteted hy cameras aca disk, cores fr distor, eis

6 mage entancemen ha cannot he one ep 3 Colo pos und clo inetd photos ae cally can be dove dial fr exanple ‘non whl to dstng vt ol el

1 Varios pes of alse wasfeaaions orb escalates} and tier ook

‘omentance mage artes he apa ond sui etn the Western Ud

‘eso opal echaiges (ee, fr example Sis for example, Moin 1985p 1508) Gitespe, 1980p 139-220) to wane Images fom Eating stele, such 8

2 Princpal component uasforme rescuer mapping seals of 1100000 ca hog eran ne apes one pot 15,000,000 or more and where sou cover and tility density freions have orthogonal tage at ot coin problem

(Gndepeneat) aes (ce, for exane 1 Maty geologic Ronres nd ep of west (Gi0erie 1980p 19% 3/7 lờ da) tion can be dings bị lang

1 Canonical anaiysie—a multiple dsc mager by ích method as contrast sh inant analysis which doses wats ing, image eating, ponsial componen ofthe element fs sne and geomet ‘aking fake color cornet the

‘ally produes 3st of nally etog manced images at scales ranging tom Saat (adependent) ates: the ates ae tou 0,09 015,000,000 (ce lads

Fi othe nae nfraton ly oe ‘sriowe, 1982, Feige, 82s Lana fons twalaton, and seaing in soch vers TST: nd Sultan an er, 1987, wry tthe fis neve ani creted ik Tore)

the peat amt of spec vais Rating of ines fran te slap {great stout of iformatin) (oe ssatner (MSS) an thematic ape (TM) forecampie, Abrs and Ses, 1980 fan yield vate infermaion dat go

1 Appcatons to Googie Analysis ad Mapping esse ates

A Aeld ghaagrghe—-etordel ơn Madk-and 2 Euhased images may be ova or com

1, Used primacy ia conn geology nthe Sac

field eld seremeape) or te fee wong Landsat D big aTM wth a round eshaton of peSieen plots (8e Mina, 1983p 1800, for eas) at Sales of 15,000 to shou 100 G0 mete MSS ha ground (gi f abt 24089 my ence Hera es

2 Ca eds, rocks associated withthe col Ato of sue 3 30 m)

eds sd iii mera ean he mapped 1 The folowing wavelengths and principal api

‘des on appropiate oposanhie ape tions, a vl othe srs a

‘hing stco mes sexcocope, ahd = perc spurl windows (ig 12) py tthe cos sceosraptic pltor or example, Ahem mapper Peden and Gaston, 1983p

* ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

VI Automatic Chsfaion of Features on the Surlace

‘Banh nd ote Pant (Theme Mapping)

A A dats sly chaque wing aleotis that

tin image classes onthe scene ih ii

spec deny se, Tr example, Azan and

Sigal, 1980, 408-412)

1B, Manipulation f sled elo properties due

sstraton, and ent) of ¢ dst age by

Sordi tantomatin 19 enhance vai

‘peste (esogy, vegetation, water tui) of

thetarget aren (sce 1983 107-111)

1 nage sles may ory nt he ally

—

(6 Two pede forimage classifi

1 Superisd-srage elses are dete

hy’ operator ing ont Knowledge of

vein ground ut

Unsperised—insge cases ae dete

‘its

SUBSURFACE GEOLOGIC STUDIES

4 asc caceps involve ie ot wtlonc gs we ft

Suet sts tate mays ro Lana apts com

‘ins wth den petty! logging abd stm re

Filing oder the (1 elevation, aad and ches

‘fool beds or rones (2) chen fark she, betwee,

thalbelow oa bed or zones and (3) ysl od shen

cpus of al an etc rocks Bae porta

1 Geologic and Meoatc Maps

+ eo design the cation and spacing of dil oles ant

to selest dling procedures (ore ding ry din)

1, Fro Ava Safe Map an Dring and Log

{Bing loermation Make Desiraive Maps sch

[A Strctr-comou maps of coal Red ad ether

1B Tchnes map ofthe coal ds

C.Ovesrin theese fsa ove the

+Rotry eng tems gonelly consis of 1) a mastor

Tower) il ois and a andened sel dan od

(cece ysom, 3 rotary power stem, nd) celton

‘stom sit pup ad ak the sytem comony

Ss erckemnted fr pra (Camssng and Wiklund,

195: Mose, 1974 and Lace, 1941 59.579)

+ Using n9 cicvldio pater clas ma ces lại dowa edi ttm apd rock ep are bgt inthe annus betwee dl te and dl le (ie 3),

A Conventional sytem

1 Cones culled in coe laml lesled

‘tween end dil tn sad dl bit 2AM dil pipe nas be sero fom the arsine cach time son contierIce bi bis tal

B,_ Wien system

Á Camiee of (1 an or cưc ai cơ ected to thn il ode, (2) a ner ove ae ht san be ple ious Đệ Sri ods and (Sb catshing, reotne and

Figure LH, Diagacimati pole stoning 2 tary di

ta eee ores sl ml msn Sora abot 2

Ngon costean besummadia

No mile (6 6 4 600nele red

gure 14, nex sowing iy cater et eile acai of ol itl on dase

fm tcf meu Hom Won nds OH

st ovtiting core bre, nd no dropping

“Tis stem ves time an money com Roy

‘re othe coneatonaleuing system mì

‘ph of mae thn ab 400 zcnrông

to Camaigg and Woodland (97S p 69) MẸ

1 Deilisg ts ling ing tot king oe)

vinous eX 10 set

4 Caves! ermoved fom inside dil pipe

removing il a fom

4, Gare quality depends on maining proper

Ran z=

AWS R

1, Toinote dein commonly oles

1 Core ding a ies Rls logic a

colecnal so

2 Roary dling aol nae he cove hole

TR v4 te gian beter netephydallöec ÔNG Locating Dl Sas

A- Use svalable iforation sn siuchie aal

Inches ofthe coal ods) om soc mops

forest sus

1 Selec dell sites a8 nde 9 spptnent

and augment owcrp ifort

2 Requited spacing of dlls for accurate

irelauo of cual beds vais with dea

800 mite 2

3, Reloity eaezoss for classification of

cal reuse ot the bast of discs

by ihe USGS (U.S, Geolopeal Surey) in the felling manner (i 4; Wood and ther, 183,921

4 Mcasted— to fom dts point

1B Laewe peilen of sil sie accurately with

reaps section, een, and range ie

Tent coosintos (x,y ad elevation above

aleve)

i Precision theodoite (abost 1 seoond aeowgsy) and distance ean few centimeter

1b Theale and distance massing

<ril-bole sites with an accuracy of afew

teneen (at LH)

c

+ Logsng of dhl ore am dl es commly ios

Shite Iolo, pesethoggl an pctoptydel lop,

Sct “Goverhnel Stas”; polo an pets)

‘ogg shouldbe de concurs cee tea money

1 Logging votes cxamining washed and on)

1 Primary seinen srctucs—such

ts Bing cohen, soft seine Stacres hogan seacres—cap be ered with he aed eye baal es

eg in weg oe graphically secondary peed om login writing or graphically Temure—sie, shige, and arangereat

‘eit incor micescpe or hand lene for oarer grins! rocks and tog esnita o rape

ios oF depois of eat nthe ars erat sich frm nda that conor exactions cure pte aly tease” ¢Woad an tet, 1983p.) he reuse may belpohelksl endowed) enti

+ Rosme i ileentned tom soe by bei tose [sical a sericea el cme mig Production paces inudine tbose for guy ph {tokens rank, and canes om pint of test (Wood an tes 1985, p 18-1) abd hich ae ceases: + Cut ed eles, gli (ul ath, energy contr {in Buh or cali) rink, sre, nd verre thick ess canal be esd tale, and mapped athe se

A Maps are osully mice ding ing and pletion, mine site easton, ec mine

‘lsign phases mp proluts should three

1 Thshnes naps of th eal hess 2g le ch Mỹ cdeawie a 4: see, Fee example Wl ands, 1985 Reston, 179)

2 Dun coal quay fae vals, ula

3 Sucre contour maps of he bse oF op

be cal els) of sea eet Fo resid sections, dling, amd gsi

‘Sonos ccouoey a conte ty hand

or computer fom ditote an nương

4 Thee of the rocks Hewooa el ah

(0wehuden mapO) whee more than one

teal bis reser

SS Overhnden hickness mays)

rovks beneath coal

ti fr seal deposit thickness may offen te

toot uf pl othe she of penton

Thickness maps of small areas commonly

ne sompiled by bant-deaing mss

‘sing suri framework data help

akan oa quay aa elation o dep

2 Matbematicn-satistisl metho can be

time vals, sith 8 clevaion ofc Bea hicks an, sul as, meistse

‘nen cloii val bsivei daa pots har the vals of the dn pins Be fntesed ino a cempuerzed dts base ats the esi apo th

en proces the ivornation ot ne Sst by various poli, mht, {i sata meted t various Sele

` MabenaicsLdsôsiol meho, tịch RE: ing have Bon eo canin ponents coal eka abd twee

1 The Krging method takes iio acct locaton an psig of Uta ots fa ace of sa minima of ero tne (figs 16-18; Clark, 1995 FW Perce

‘othe, ten cman, 1983; Pesce Ren 1982)