dynamic radio resource management in 3gpp lte

... virtual radio resource management The management hierarchy of virtual radio resources is also shown in Figure 2, consisting of VRRM on the top of the usual radio resource management entities in heterogeneous ... is introduced in [8], by adding an entity, called‘hypervisor’, on the top of physical resources, which allocates these resources among various virtual instances Using the concept of RAN sharing, ... sharing, the air interface resources (i.e the LTE spectrum) are dynamically divided among various virtual eNodeBs by the hypervisor In [9], an adaptive allocation of virtual radio resources in hetero-geneous

Ngày tải lên: 02/11/2022, 08:53

... This presents opportunities for sharing memory across virtual machines (as well as sharing within a single virtual machine) For example, several virtual machines may be running the same guest operating system, have the same applications, or contain the same user data ... swapping may cause unintended interactions with the native memory management policies in the guest operating system For example, the guest operating system will never page out its kernel pages since ... virtual machine memory reclamation These techniques are transparent page sharing, ballooning, and host swapping. Trang 73.2 Transparent Page Sharing (TPS)When multiple virtual machines are running, some of them may have identical sets of memory content

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 15:20

... satellites in the Internet world. Satellite solutions are being used for both broadcast/multicast applications and point-to-point services. End-user access combines multicast and point-to-point services ... Kourtis, G. Stefanou, “Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for LAN2LAN Interconnection Using DVB-S Satellite Transmission”, in Proc. of the 2 nd Internat. Working Conf. on Performance Modelling and Evaluation ... best results are obtained with the cooperation of the protocols operating at different architectural layers, i.e., through a cross-layer approach, while maintaining the principle of layer separation.

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... domain of operation It also monitors the edges for incoming and outgoing resource reservations/utilization The information thereby acquired is used in conjunction with the policy system information ... [10]: both IntServ and DiffServ endow the routers with QoS mechanisms, such as queuing, scheduling and shaping, as illustrated in Figure 3.2 These mechanisms are implemented in the router interfaces ... delay constraint In principle, an essentially error-free delivered information is the only requirement for applications in this category However, there is still a delay constraint, since data is

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... managing inter-domain communications with neighbor QoS brokers, so that QoS-enabled transport services are implemented in a coordinated way across various domains Since IntServ requires resource ... depending on both the available resources and the kind of application involved In general, interface selection can be network-initiated or terminal-initiated In the first case, the network operator ... QoS capabilities depending on the available resources In the case of multicast and broadcast services, terminal-initiated interface selection seems the natural approach, since it would be too difficult

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... obtained by using the optimal Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) for a particular BER In [8], it is shown that an 18-25% throughput gain may be obtained by increasing the frame length, depending on radio ... heterogeneity adapting themselves, for instance in “layered” video, sending only detailed layers when the available bandwidth is high, for instance in downlink satellite links As aforementioned, ... obtained in an NGN prototype and check the differences Two kinds of tests were performed: the first was intended to characterize application behavior in terms of bandwidth needs (including burstiness);

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... transmission rate being used at the link layer Moreover, the network layer can gain by looking both up and down the stack in order to obtain route diversity and multilink routing, where the routing algorithm ... performance index nor any characterization of the traffic sources A cross-layer radio resource management problem involving network and MAC layers has been extensively considered in [29],[41], and [42] In ... is maintained for the IP-level queues [i.e., those corresponding to Expedited Forwarding (EF), Assured Forwarding (AF) and Best Effort (BE) services within a given Earth station] The remaining

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... available resources [48] Cross-layering is aimed to optimize bandwidth allocation, and to provide for low CDP for reliable handovers and acceptable CBP for new calls, while maintaining high resource ... Davoli, E Ferro, “Static and Dynamic Resource Allocation in a Multiservice Satellite Network with Fading”, International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, Vol 21, No 4-5, pp 469-487, ... Greece 5.1 Introduction The dual objectives of achieving efficient satellite resource utilization and acceptable user QoS levels require a consistent, controllable and flexible Radio Resource Management

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... called PRMA with Hindering States (PRMA-HS) has been proposed in [11] In this PRMA version, the UT employs a more aggressive behavior in the contending state by continuously reattempting random access ... the UMTS air interface, since it is used not only for initial channel access to the network (e.g., call origination, paging response and registration messages), but also for sending short data ... SMS), as investigated in the following simulative study. In 3GPP specifications [6], the PRACH transmission is based on a Slotted-ALOHA (S-Slotted-ALOHA) approach with fast acquisition indication

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... transmission quality (interpreted in this context in terms of Eb/I0) increases for GOOD and decreases for BAD channel conditions Likewise, if the information rate is kept constant, maintaining the same ... positive if the flow is lagging and negative if the flow is leading In principle, flows are scheduled according to STFQ; however, if a flow i in error channel has allocated resources, the scheduler ... terminals having backlogged packets Detailed examples of these techniques are reported below referring to the UMTS scenario Packet scheduling in UMTS In case of CDMA cellular systems, the resources

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... (thus incurring in packet losses due to channel state 2 Video packets exceeding the deadline are dropped; while, Web packets exceeding their deadline are sent anyway since they are related to interactive ... flavors of resource management strategies: code-multiplexing and multi-code operation By means of code-multiplexing, several UEs can be scheduled in the same TTI, thus enhancing the resource utilization ... capacity remains unused and certain inefficiency is experimented PHY-aware scheduling approaches for HSDPA over satellite The design of suitable scheduling techniques for HSDPA-like transmissions in a

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... than performing service prioritization in a semi-dynamic way, a more efficient packet scheduling algorithm performs service prioritization dynamically, depending on the waiting time/queuing delay ... serving orders are calculated and assigned to each FACH according to (5.12) at the beginning of each TTI With the above approaches of semi-dynamic and dynamic service priori-tization in mind, ... For instance, if there is only one multicast member in the cell, it is not worth to use a common channel since a common channel needs additionally a return link dedicated channel for maintaining

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... power due to shadowing and multipath fading Shadowing of the satellite signal is due to obstacles in the propagation path (buildings, trees, bridges, etc) Whereas multipath fading occurs because ... most critical part in satellite communications is the communication link between the satellite and the user terminal (i.e., downlink) The downlink availability could be the limiting factor for the ... through uplink bearer is contained within a 200 kHz sub-band, which is further divided in frequency, and time slots and each slot may contain a burst from a user Trang 4Fig 5.19: Domain architecture

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... area changes continuously over time, in order to maintain connectivity, end-users must switch from beam to beam and from satellite to satellite, resulting in frequent intra- and inter-satellite ... Fabric: switching cells from input ports to appropriate output ports • Input Processor: scheduling, buffer monitoring. • Output Processor: scheduling, buffer monitoring and cell discarding. • Control ... & control, resource allocation, routing table update, signaling protocol, etc The ATM switch uses different input/output ports for the uplink/downlink and for the Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs)

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... communication infrastructure, IP QoS provisioning is a strategic issue in any kind of network A view that has been gaining considerable interest in the scientific community considers that the IP Integrated ... since real-time traffic is characterized by stringent QoS constraints A similar CAC technique is combined in [23] with an in-band signaling scheme in order to combat the adverse effects of the intrinsic ... over-commit resources, thus resulting in low link utilization • Statistical QoS guarantees: in this case, the NCC maintains a statistical allocation instead of guaranteeing a peak rate Losses may occur,

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... an indication of congestion in the network, thus reducing the transmit information rate In this context, a CAC algorithm able to interact with the transport layer is considerably appealing, since ... probability and call dropping probability We are in the midst of a global revolution in information technology and satellite systems can be instrumental in the emerging network infrastructure Nonetheless, ... proposed schemes In this model, satellite footprints are modeled as rectangles The overlapping area between successive satellites in the same orbital plane is not taken into account since in that case

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... efficiency, since no capacity is reserved during inactive periods Notwithstanding, the capacity request signaling channel may become overloaded during transient changes in traffic, leading to higher ... allocation at the data link layer Hence, the feedback information has to be properly filtered, possibly with some hysteresis to obtain a stable allocation at the data link layer Regarding resource allocation, ... complex to obtain in the widest possible extent, which would imply numerous cross-layer interactions for control purposes and the related exchange of signaling information In or-der to obtain optimized

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... allocations lies in maintaining blocking probability values below a given threshold (5% in the specific case), while minimizing the call dropping and the BE traffic cell loss probabilities in the stations’ ... shown in detail in [25], are not only in terms of goodput, but also in terms of fairness 7.3.4 Joint timeslot optimization and fair dynamic bandwidth allocation in a system employing adaptive coding ... probabilities for each point in time are computed by averaging over all stations in the system, and over a time window of 1,000 s The fading is dynamically variable, according to real traces The

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... ), simply assuming one extra resource (round up) to a subgroup of users, sharing the same number of resources, and round down the remaining ones (dotted line in Figure 7.9). Focusing now on the ... the remaining resources on the basis of the VBDC requests. In the next paragraph the problem of fair assignment of resources is stated and solved. Fair resource allocation The following maximization ... minimum to the areas. Allocate the remaining resources with a “fair” algorithm (see the next paragraph). For each area, the problem of distributing the assigned resources among the area terminals

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... A, 3 km/h selective combining and increasing the number of received radio links provides reduction in the transmitted power in- dependently of the combining technique. In Figure 8, for the reference ... combining concept consists of re- ceiving redundantly the same information bearing signal over two or more fading channels, and combine these mul- tiple replicas at the receiver in order to increase ... combining (SC) and maxi- mal ratio combining (MRC). 4.1. Selective combining Figure 4 shows a scheme of how selective combining oper- ates at the receiver side. With SC the path/branch yielding the...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20