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Trang 5CALL ADMISSION CONTROL
Editors: Stylianos Karapantazis1, Petia Todorova2
Contributors: Stylianos Karapantazis1, Petia Todorova2, Franco Davoli3, Erina Ferro4
1AUTh - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
2FhI - Fraunhofer Institute - FOKUS, Berlin, Germany
3CNIT - University of Genoa, Italy
4CNR-ISTI - Research Area of Pisa, Italy
6.1 Introduction to Call Admission Control
RRM in multimedia satellite networks aims to guarantee the fair distribution
of available resources, due to the fact that the total link capacity has to be divided among several users, as well as to fulfill certain pre-negotiated QoS requirements for the lifetime of the connection RRM is one of the functions
that are carried out in the Data Link Layer (DLL) A general DLL protocol
stack that applies to satellite networks is depicted in Figure 6.1, while Figure 6.2 illustrates the most important RRM entities
One of the most important resource management functions is Call
Ad-mission Control (CAC), which comprises the set of functions taken by the
satellite network during the phase of connection establishment or connection re-negotiation to decide whether to accept or reject a user’s request for
a connection A new user’s request can be accepted provided that there
Trang 6178 Stylianos Karapantazis, Petia Todorova
are adequate network resources available to guarantee the QoS of both all already-existing connections and the new requested one Generally, the CAC function results in the blocking of new calls or call dropping in the case of ongoing calls when the bandwidth required for the connection exceeds the available bandwidth CAC, which turns out to be a crucial function to provide high utilization of network resources, is network-specific and is generally
managed by the Network Control Center (NCC - recall that a description
of the NCC functions is given in Chapter 1, sub-Section 1.4.3) However, in non-GEO satellite systems the CAC function has to be implemented on board
of the satellite as well Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that this approach requires satellites with on-board processing capabilities
Fig 6.1: A general protocol stack for the main elements of a satellite network.
Fig 6.2: The main RRM entities.
Trang 76.2 CAC and QoS management
As noted in [1], the public data network provides a resource that could profoundly impact on high-priority activities of society, like defense and disaster recovery operations Under stress, however, the public network turns out to be a virtually unusable resource, unless suitable traffic prioritization and CAC are applied to improve its performance CAC has been extensively studied in the past as a general resource allocation mechanism in various networking contexts Ross [2] is an excellent reference for CAC mechanisms
in general, whereas reference [3] contains a recent survey on this topic in the context of wireless networks
In the simplest case of resource allocation, a connection is admitted simply
if resources are available at the time the connection is requested This policy
is commonly called Complete Sharing (CS), where the only constraint on the
system is the overall system capacity In a CS policy, connections that request fewer resource units are more likely to be admitted (e.g., a voice connection will more likely be admitted compared to a video connection) A CS policy does not consider the importance of a connection when resources are allocated
At the other extreme, in a Complete Partitioning (CP) policy, every traffic
class is allocated a set of resources that can only be used by that specific
class Other solutions are represented by Trunk Reservation (TR), where class
i may use resources in a network as long as ri units remain available [4],
and Guaranteed Minimum (GM) [5],[6], which gives each class its own small
portion of resources; once used up, classes can then attempt to use resources
from a shared pool An Upper Limit (UL) policy was adopted in [1], and
Virtual Partitioning (VP) was proposed in [7].
As far as satellite systems are concerned, the architecture of the new satellite systems testifies the interest in ATM, IP and DVB technologies A general architecture of a satellite system is illustrated in Figure 6.3 An Earth station (Gateway) is in charge of mapping ATM/IP traffic originated from terrestrial terminals over satellite connections, while the NCC performs CAC and DBA functions The role of the aforementioned functions is to meet the QoS requirements of different service classes, i.e., delay, jitter and packet loss
A plethora of CAC algorithms were proposed in the literature for terrestrial ATM-based networks Some of them require an explicit traffic model, while some others require traffic parameters such as peak and average rate A classification of these schemes is provided in [8] along with the description
of their salient features Nevertheless, it should be noted that while some parameters can be easily specified (for instance, the peak rate), the actual average rate is difficult to estimate, since the source does not know it Then, the user can declare an upper bound, which, however, results in low bandwidth efficiency To cope with this issue, measurement-based CAC methods have been proposed In [9], the authors present a taxonomy as well
as a detailed survey of measurement-based CAC techniques In that study, different measurement-based CAC methods were compared against each other
Trang 8180 Stylianos Karapantazis, Petia Todorova
Fig 6.3: General architecture of a satellite system.
in the light of bandwidth efficiency, Cell Loss Ratio (CLR), implementation
complexity, scalability and dependency on traffic model The authors were led
to the conclusion that those methods that are based on effective bandwidth
are the most suitable for high-speed communication systems, since they are simple enough to be implemented in real systems, they attain high bandwidth efficiency and last, but not least, they assume fewer traffic parameters The rationale behind this category of CAC schemes is rather simple First, the effective bandwidth for the aggregate connections is measured, namely the equivalent bandwidth needs of ongoing connections Then, a request for a new connection is accepted provided that the requested bandwidth is smaller than the residual bandwidth, that is, the total link bandwidth minus the effective bandwidth
Concerning ATM-based satellite networks, they are able to meet different QoS requirements at the ATM layer [10] These requirements are defined
in terms of objective values of the network performance parameters, as specified in ITU-R Recommendation S.1420 [11] Some of the QoS parameters
(Peak-to-Peak Cell Delay Variation, Max Cell Transfer Delay and Cell Loss
Ratio) may be offered on a per-call/connection basis and negotiated between
the end-system and the network, whereas some other QoS parameters (Cell
Error Ratio, Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio and Cell Misinsertion Rate)
cannot be negotiated For each direction of the call/connection, a specific QoS
is negotiated, based on a traffic contract between the network and the user
At call set-up time, the user declares the source traffic descriptors and the
Trang 9QoS class by means of signaling or subscription The traffic descriptors in the set-up signaling message include a generic list of traffic parameters, specific for each user connection For each connection request, the CAC function derives the following information:
• The source traffic descriptors, including the traffic characteristics of the
ATM source;
• The Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (CDVT) value;
• The requested and acceptable values of each QoS parameter, and the QoS
class
In particular, the idea of endowing LEO satellites with on-board ATM switching capabilities (Figure 6.4) combines the advantages of LEO systems, like significantly reduced propagation delay, rendering them suitable for real-time applications, with those offered by ATM, including faster trans-mission rate, bandwidth on demand, compatibility with existing protocols and guaranteed QoS [12],[13] By supporting statistical multiplexing, priority queuing and multicasting, ATM technology can accommodate all QoS features requested by the user and therefore, becomes a suitable solution for broad-band multimedia communications However, as LEO satellites’ coverage area changes continuously over time, in order to maintain connectivity, end-users must switch from beam to beam and from satellite to satellite, resulting in frequent intra- and inter-satellite handovers
Fig 6.4: An on-board ATM switching/processing architecture See reference [12].
Copyright c2003 IEEE.
Trang 10182 Stylianos Karapantazis, Petia Todorova
The functions of the individual modules in Figure 6.4 are as follows:
• Switch Fabric: switching cells from input ports to appropriate output
ports
• Input Processor: scheduling, buffer monitoring.
• Output Processor: scheduling, buffer monitoring and cell discarding.
• Control Module: CAC, handover monitor & control, resource allocation,
routing table update, signaling protocol, etc
The ATM switch uses different input/output ports for the uplink/downlink
and for the Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) This is because of the different
bandwidth and signaling protocols used
The functions of the Control Module (CM) are shown in Figure 6.5,
assuming that signaling and routing table updating are implemented [13]
For intra-satellite handover, the Handover Monitor & Control module has
to monitor and measure the handover status of all beams belonging to the satellite
Fig 6.5: The anatomy of an ATM switch with CAC/handover control module See
reference [13] Copyright c2004 IEEE.
It is assumed that the mobile user initiates the intra-satellite handover process based on physical link quality measurements Then, the mobile user will send a handover request message to the LEO satellite, indicating the new beam identification and the QoS requirements The satellite CM has
to implement the handover/CAC process in order to decide whether or not the new beam could provide the QoS requirements If the handover is