cost control of conservation projects

... represents the cost of investment including direct and indirect investment costs instead of the electro-mechanical cost In 2001, Papantonis (2001) estimated the costs of different components of the hydro ... per regions Trang 3cost of generators, speed controls, dams and intakes as function of hydraulic characteristics of a hydro site (head and flow or head and capacity) The cost of electromechanical ... International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2020, 10(3), 136-146. Bootstrapping the Cost Modelling of Hydropower Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case of Chinese Financed Projects Desire

Ngày tải lên: 15/05/2020, 01:54

... Foundations of Cost Introduction to Cost Control chapter 1 Trang 2Opening QuestionsWhat is “Cost Control”? What role does math play in cost control? Why must we learn math as part of cost control? ... Calculate profit or loss Trang 8Types of RevenueFood Sales Beverage Sales Other ―room rental charges ―merchandise sales ―etc. Trang 9Types of Expenses• Food Cost • Beverage Cost • Labor Cost • Direct ... exceed revenue Managers control revenue and expenses to generate profit Trang 5Revenu e PROFIT Trang 6Example 1aProfit (loss) = Revenue – Expenses = $89,500 - $87,000 = $2,500 profit Business has $87,000

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... right of the target is below 5, drop all digits right of the target • If the number to the right of the target is 5 or higher, increase the target by 1 and then drop all digits to the right of ... 2• Provides ease of writing numbers • Reduces accuracy • Too much rounding or rounding repeatedly at each step in a process can greatly impact the final result in a recipe or costing exercise. ... hundredths place “2” is to the right of it Round down to 71.89 Round 71.8972 to the nearest hundredth Trang 6Example 2b“9” is in the hundredths place “7” is to the right of it Round up to 71.90 Round

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... Trang 3Water UniversalBecause of this constant, you can convert between volume and weight on paper in intermediate steps as long as you return to the original type of measure (weight vs volume) ... to a smaller one, multiply the number (to get more of those tiny units) Going from a smaller size unit to a larger one, divide (to get fewer of the big units) 7 Trang 8Example 3aPounds (big) to ... recipe = C F 20 Trang 22Conversion FactorIf the portion size of the recipe changes, you must calculate the total weight (or volume) of each recipe’s yield before using the conversion factor formula.

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... EP CostAP cost (per unit) = AP$ EP cost (per unit) = EP$ Because you pay for edible product and its trim/waste when you purchase, the true EP cost of an ingredient is not the same as its AP cost ... or total value of each by-product using the purveyor list price. 5 Calculate the value of the main item as total value of original cut minus value of all by-products. 6 Calculate cost per useable ... pound as value of main item ÷ weight of main item in pounds Divide result by 16 to get cost per useable oz. Trang 19Conducting Butcher’s Yield Test7 Determine cost multiplier as cost per useable

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... Semester Foundations of Cost Control Recipe Costing chapter 5 Trang 2The Costing Sheet• AP$ for each ingredient • EP$ for any item requiring a butcher’s test The goal of the costing sheet is to ... 28To Calculate True Cost Per Portion from a Costing Sheet1 Divide total recipe cost by the recipe’s yield Cost per portion = total recipe cost ÷ number of portions 2 Multiply cost per portion X ... determine the total recipe cost and cost per portion Trang 3Costing Sheet: Heading• Recipe Name • Number of Portions (Yield) for the recipe • Cost per Portion (calculated in the costing sheet) • Spice

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... another company Trang 25Cost of Food Sold FormulaPreliminary Cost of Food Sold = Opening Inventory + Purchases – Closing Inventory Cost of Food Sold = Preliminary Cost of Food Trang 26Example ... sales over a period of time) Trang 16Why Use Gross Profit Method• Appropriate with low-cost items that are similar in costs to each other – like a coffee shop • Because gross profit per customer ... employee hourly wage rates Trang 10Prime Cost Method Prime Cost = Food Cost + Direct Labor Cost Sales Price = Prime Cost X Price Factor Price factor may start off randomly, but it gets refined with

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... beverage sales to get beverage cost percent The Cost Method is similar to tracking food cost: Trang 19Cost Method: Cost of Food Sold - Promotions and Write-Offs Cost of Beverages Issued (from storeroom) ... scale. • Differential may be positive or negative. Step Two Trang 21Cost Method: Cost of Food Sold Cost of Beverages Sold = Cost of Beverages Issued + Bar Inventory Differential • If differential ... Trang 22Cost Method: Cost of Food Sold Cost of Beverages Sold (BC) ÷ Beverage Sales • BC% can be done separately for beer, wine, liquor, and non-alcohol by calculating each category’s cost and

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... periodic inventory system. Trang 37Make-Buy AnalysisFactors • cost of ingredients (cost per portion) • labor (direct labor cost) • energy cost in the decision-making process To decide when to make ... $2.00 in energy and only 15 minutes of the $12/hour cook’s time What is the cost of the premade lasagna? Trang 41Other Variables in Make-Buy Analysis• Is quality of the two products similar or is ... 7% of guests usually order the cream of asparagus soup How many asparagus soups should the chef expect to sell? Trang 12Example 8bAsparagus Soup Yield = 20 portions Chef forecasts sales of

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... More control Con: More costly, requiring high labor costs for a storeroom manager or clerk vs. Open Storerooms Pro: Less costly Con: Less secure Trang 16Storeroom ControlsOpen Storeroom controls: ... number of units of that ingredient purchased during the same period = Trang 29Actual Cost Method• Inventory sheet must have multiple lines per product as identical products with different unit costs ... 35Example 9d35 For January, cost of food sold in restaurant is $37,500 Opening inventory for January is $12,300 and closing inventory is $12,900 How often (in number of days) does this restaurant’s

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... Rate Total employees for a year Average on staff during the year = # still working - Trang 6Costs of Turnover• Administrative time for exit interview and paperwork. • Vacant positions may lead ... valuable • Terminate bad fits quickly 7 Trang 8Types of EmployeesTrang 9Full Time vs Part TimeHighly committed Work full schedule Lots of practice at job If exempt, work extra time w/o compensation ... committed • Work full schedule • Lots of practice at job • If exempt, work extra time w/o compensation • Receive same compensation no matter how low business drops • Often receive benefits • Can fill

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... Cost relates to ProfitFixed costs do not change with business volume, so higher sales beyond budget should generate greater profits if management controls variable costs Profit (not labor cost) ... increase food cost and leave profit stagnant Trang 32Prime Cost PercentPrime Cost % Prime Cost Sales = Trang 34Prime Cost (cont.)• Reducing prime cost % (by reducing food, beverage, or labor cost without ... standard cost • Using worked hours yields actual cost Trang 7Labor Cost for Salaried Workers Annual Salary ÷ 365 days • Preliminary Labor Cost for any period of time is the daily cost X the

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... RevenueUsing forecast revenue and target food cost %, beverage cost %, and labor cost %, manager can determine budget in dollars for a given period of time. Trang 19Customers Served in a PeriodTotal ... Trang 13Forecasting Sales• Converting customers to revenue helps to budget and control costs • Average Check = amount of revenue the average person generates on a check • Can calculate average check ... FormulaMenu Mix % Number of that item sold Total number of items sold = Trang 25Menu Mix (cont.)• Menu mix usually calculated against total in a menu category • Manager must calculate % of guests who purchase

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... Fixed Cost + Profit = $28,900 + $22,400 + $800 = $52,100 2) VR = VC ÷ Sales = $28,900 ÷ $52,100 = Business has monthly variable costs of $28,900, fixed costs of $22,400 and profit of $800 ... by controlling costs than by increasing sales, but costs can only be cut so far. Cost/Volume/Profit Analysis is a comparison of how company’s profit shifts as business volume and variable costs ... nor earns a profit; profit= 0 Sales Fixed Cost + Profit Contribution Rate = Trang 13Break-Even Point• For break-even point, insert profit = 0 • For given profit target, insert the profit amount

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2018, 09:10

... the finite-time control of linear time-delay systems with bounded controls is of interest in its own right Motivated by the above discussions, we study the problem of finite-time control for linear ... guaranteed cost value and the designed control u∗ (t) is said to be a guaranteed cost controller We introduce the following technical propositions, which will be used in the proof of our results ... guaranteed cost control of nonlinear systems with mixed multiple time-varying delays IMA J Math Control Inf., 28, 475-486 [9] Palarkci M.N (2009), Robust delay-dependent guaranteed cost controller...

Ngày tải lên: 14/10/2015, 08:03

... Systems of Reporting for Project Control A SURVEY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR THE MANAGEMENT CONTROL OF PROJECTS 2063 2063 2064 2067 2070 2072 2077 2080 2083 2056 Projects are a very common feature of ... conditions of the various markets associated with the stakeholders of the project The development of effective and efficient project controls begins with the determination of the goals of each of the ... subsystems of control But the formal elements of the control system also interact with the informal elements Figure 67.8 shows the interaction of the informal with the formal elements of the project-control...

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2013, 14:15

... 67.5 A SURVEY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR THE MANAGEMENT CONTROL OF PROJECTS There are currently more than 350 software packages available to assist in the management control of complex projects These ... BVWP -budget value of work planned; BVWA—budget value of work accomplished; ACWA-actual cost of work accomplished; EAC-estimate of cost at completion Fig 67.29 Integrated time -cost reporting system ... achieving all demands of the projects of an organization within the resource constraints of the function at minimum disruption to the plans of each of the organization's projects Resource Loading...

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2013, 14:15

... shaft tilting angle Integral gains of the embedded controller Proportional gains of the embedded controller Proportional gain of amplifier circuit Proportional gain of the main blade’s collective ... acceleration of gravity Heave error in the formation frame Heave clearance in the formation frame Moment of inertia matrix Rolling moment of inertia Pitching moment of inertia Yawing moment of inertia ... 118 Formation Control Modeling, Control Law Design and Implementation 120 5.1 Model of a Leader-Follower Formation Flight 121 5.2 Control of Formation Flight ...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:59

... flight control system is depicted in Figure 4.10, which consists of three hierarchical control loops, i.e., an inner-loop control block for internal stabilization of the BabyLion, an outer-loop control ... initial automatic control in hover and near hover conditions, we hereby only focus on the design of inner and outer-loop control blocks Inner-loop Control Law Design The inner-loop control law is ... scheme for a flight control system is depicted in Figure 4.11, which consists of two-layer cascaded control loops, i.e., 1) an inner-loop control block for attitude stabilization of the BabyLion;...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:59

... investment costs – Millions of Euros Operating revenues and costs – Millions of Euros Evaluation of the financial return on investment - Millions of Euros Sources of financing - Millions of Euros ... of labour / Main consumption Conversion factors per type of cost Sales of product C – Assumption Building costs – Assumption (thousands of Euros) New equipment costs – Assumption (thousands of ... (thousands of Euros) Financial return on private equity (thousands of Euros) Financial sustainability (thousands of Euros) Economic analysis (thousands of Euros) Main costs as a percentage of sales Cost...

Ngày tải lên: 04/10/2015, 19:49