Tài liệu Module 7: Managing Data Storage doc

Lead-in Compressed files and folders occupy less space NTFS allocates space for compressed files and folders based on the uncompressed size of the file or folder when it is copied or mo

Contents

Overview 1

Lab A: Compressing Files and Folders 8

Lab C: Defragmenting Hard Disks 36

Troubleshooting Data Storage 39

Review 40

This course is a prerelease course and is based on

Microsoft Windows 2000 Beta 3 software Content in the

final release of the course may be different than the content

included in this prerelease version All labs in the course

are to be completed using the Beta 3 version of

Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server

Module 7: Managing Data Storage

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Group Product Manager: Robert Stewart

Introduction

This module provides students with information about data storage and how

to manage it They will learn about the tools that Microsoft® Windows® 2000 provides to help them manage data storage Students will learn how to compress files and folders, assign disk quotas to users, use encryption to provide additional file protection, and to defragment data

At the end of this module, students will be able to maintain stored data in a way that ensures secure and adequate storage capacity for current and anticipated needs

There are three labs in this module In them, students compress and uncompress files and folders, manage compressed files, configure and manage disk quotas, analyze a hard disk to determine whether defragmenting is necessary, and review the steps necessary to defragment a hard disk

Materials and Preparation

This section provides you with the materials and preparation needed to teach this module

Materials

To teach this module, you need the following materials:

Preparation

To prepare for this module, you should:

and require that you click them several times as you step students through the corresponding process Animated slides are indicated with an icon in the lower left corner

exceeded the quota limit set for all users, log on as a user and copy files to the hard disk The combined size of the files must exceed the quota set for all users

Presentation:

60 Minutes

Labs:

45 Minutes

!"To demonstrate monitoring disk quotas, you should demonstrate monitoring quota entries Point out accounts that are below the limit, above the warning level, and above the quota limit If you have not logged on as a user and copied files to the partition, you will not have much to show students in the interface

provide answers to them

Module Strategy

Use the following strategy to present this module:

Provide an overview of data compression management Describe the characteristics of compressed files and folders Describe and demonstrate how to compress files and folders Explain the compression state of files and folders that are copied and moved within and between partitions The topic

on copying and moving compressed files and folders has an animated slide The icon on the bottom left corner of the slide identifies the slide Use the slide to show students how the compression state of files and folders is retained when they copy or move them within and between NTFS file system partitions and non-NTFS partitions Present best practices for managing NTFS compression

Provide students with an overview of disk quota management Define disk quota management Describe setting disk quota warnings and limits Explain and demonstrate how to enable disk quotas for all users and for individual users Explain and demonstrate how to monitor quota entries Present best practices for managing disk quotas

Provide an overview of the Encrypting File System (EFS) The topic on defining the Encrypting File System has an animated slide The icon on the bottom left corner of the slide identifies the animated slide Use the slide to show students that they can use EFS to store data in encrypted form Then explain that Windows 2000 does encryption and decryption transparently whenever encrypted data is read from or written to the hard disk Describe the Encrypting File System as a way to ensure data security Describe how

to encrypt files and folders Explain what happens when encrypted files and folders are copied and moved Present best practices for encrypting data

Provide an overview of Disk Defragmenter Describe Disk Defragmenter as

a tool to consolidate fragmented files and folders Describe how to defragment partitions Demonstrate Disk Defragmenter analyzing a partition

on your computer Describe best practices for using Disk Defragmenter

Provide students with solutions to data storage problems

Customization Information

This section identifies the lab setup requirements for a module and the configuration changes that occur on the student computers during the labs This information is provided to assist you in replicating or customizing Microsoft Official Curriculum (MOC) courseware

The labs in this module are also dependent on the classroom configuration that is specified in the Customization Information section at

the end of the Classroom Setup Guide for course 1556A, Administering

of the following actions:

Microsoft Windows 2000

each domain controller in each child domain

Setup Requirement 2

The labs in this module require the following user accounts: User71, User72

To prepare the student computers to meet this requirement,

Important

Caution

Overview

As an administrator, you must maintain stored data in a way that ensures adequate storage capacity and data security for current and anticipated work Microsoft® Windows® 2000 provides tools to help you manage data storage You use data compression to store files using less disk space You use disk quotas to monitor and control data storage on partitions where users share hard disk space You use encryption to protect data from unauthorized viewing or use You defragment partitions to compile pieces of files that are distributed over a partition, thereby improving the performance of your system

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

In this module, you will learn

how to manage data storage

on NTFS-formatted

partitions

# Managing Data Compression

NTFS file system data compression enables you to compress files and folders Compressed files and folders occupy less space on an NTFS-formatted partition, enabling you to store more data You set the compression state, either compressed or uncompressed, of files and folders Files and folders that you copy or move can retain their compression states, or they can inherit the compression state of the target folder to which they are copied or moved There are best practices for managing data compression that you should follow

Slide Objective

To introduce NTFS data

compression management

Lead-in

You compress files and

folders so that they occupy

less space on a partition

Delivery Tip

This is an overview of

managing data

compression Prepare

students for the topic by

providing the following key

points of information

Key Points

Compress files and folders

to occupy less hard disk

space

You can set the

compression state of files

and folders

Copying and moving

compressed files and

folders may affect their

compression state

Use best practices when

managing data

compression

Defining Compressed Files and Folders

Files

be enough space on the partition for the uncompressed file size Compressed files and folders can be easily distinguished by using a different display color

Compression State

Each file and folder on an NTFS partition has a compression state, which is

either compressed or uncompressed The compression state for a folder does

not necessarily reflect the compression state of the files and subfolders in that folder A folder can be compressed, yet all of the files in that folder can be uncompressed; an uncompressed folder can contain compressed files To change the compression state for a file or folder, you must have Write permission for the file or folder

Access to Compressed Files

Compressed files can be read, and written to, by any Windows-based or MS-DOS®-based application without first being uncompressed by another application When a file is compressed, Windows 2000 automatically uncompresses and compresses the file in the background when it is opened and closed When you use an application such as Microsoft Word, or an operating

system command such as copy, to request access to a compressed file,

Windows 2000 automatically uncompresses the file When you close or save a file, Windows 2000 compresses it again

Slide Objective

To describe compressed

files and folders

Lead-in

Compressed files and

folders occupy less space

NTFS allocates space for

compressed files and

folders based on the

uncompressed size of the

file or folder when it is

copied or moved

Space Allocation for Compressed Files

When a compressed file is copied from one partition to a compressed folder on another partition, it is uncompressed, copied in its uncompressed state, and then compressed Because the file is in an uncompressed state for a period of time, there must be enough space on the partition to which the file is being copied to hold the file in its uncompressed state If there is not enough space, the file cannot be copied to the partition Therefore, if you copy a compressed file to a compressed folder on an NTFS partition, and you have enough space for the compressed file but not for the uncompressed file, you will get an error message stating that there is not enough disk space for the file

Compression State Display Color

By using Windows Explorer you can select a different display color for compressed files and folders in order to distinguish them from uncompressed files and folders

Compressing Files and Folders

FolderA Properties

General Web Sharing Sharing Security

FolderA Type:

0 bytes 2.00 KB (2,048 bytes)

1 Files, 0 Folders

Wednesday, September 16, 1998, 10:44:01 AM

Read-only Hidden

Folder is ready for archiving Index contents for fast file searching Compress or Encrypt attributes (mutually exclusive) Compress contents to save disk space Encrypt contents to secure data

OK Cancel

In Windows Explorer, you can set the compression state of files and folders and change the display color for compressed files and folders

You cannot compress a file or folder if it is encrypted If the Encrypt

contents to secure data check box is selected, you cannot compress the file or

folder

Compression State You set the compression state of a folder or file in the Advanced attributes dialog box Select the Compress contents to save disk space check box

If you compress a folder, Windows 2000 displays the Confirm Attribute

Changes dialog box, which has the two additional options that the following

table describes

Option Description Apply changes to this

You can set an alternate display color for compressed files and folders In

Windows Explorer, on the Tools menu, click Folder Options On the View tab, select the Display compressed files and folders with alternate color

By using Windows Explorer

you can set the

compression state for files

and folders and change the

display color for

compressed files and

folders

Delivery Tip

Show students how to set

the compression state for a

folder

Show students how to set

an alternate display color for

compressed folders and

files

Note

Copying and Moving Compressed Files and Folders

C D

Inherits

Copy

Move

The following list describes how Windows 2000 treats the compression state of

a file or folder when you copy or move a compressed file or folder within or between NTFS partitions, or between NTFS and non-NTFS partitions:

NTFS partition, the file inherits the compression state of the target folder For example, if you copy a compressed file or folder to an uncompressed folder, the file or folder is automatically uncompressed

NTFS partition, the file or folder retains its original compression state For example, if you move a compressed file to an uncompressed folder, the file remains compressed

NTFS partitions, the file or folder inherits the compression state of the target folder

NTFS partitions, the file or folder inherits the compression state of the target folder Because Windows 2000 treats a move between partitions as a copy and then a delete, the files inherit the compression state of the target folder

move or copy a compressed file or folder to a non-NTFS partition or floppy disk, Windows 2000 automatically uncompresses the file or folder

When you copy a compressed file, Windows 2000 uncompresses the file, copies the file, and then compresses the file again as a new file This may cause performance degradation

Slide Objective

To explain compression of

files and folders that are

copied and moved within

and between partitions

Lead-in

Certain rules determine

whether the compression

state of files and folders is

retained when you copy or

move them within and

between NTFS and

non-NTFS partitions

Key Points

Moving a file or folder from

one NTFS partition to

another is treated as a copy

and then a delete

NTFS compression is not

supported on non-NTFS

partitions Windows 2000

automatically uncompresses

compressed files that you

move or copy to a

how the compression

state of a file inherits the

compression state of the

target folder

Note

Best Practices for Managing Data Compression

Determine Which File Types to Compress

Do Not Compress Already Compressed Files

Use Different Display Colors for Compressed Files and Folders

Compress Static Data Rather Than Data That Changes Frequently

Consider the following best practices for managing compression on NTFS partitions:

types to compress based on the resulting anticipated file size For example, because Windows bitmap files contain more redundant data than application executable files, this file type compresses to a smaller size Bitmaps will often compress to less than 50 percent of the original file size, while application files rarely compress to less than 75 percent of the original size

compress the file even more, wasting system time and yielding no additional disk space

compressed folders and files

and uncompressing files incurs some system overhead By choosing to compress files that are infrequently accessed, you minimize the amount of system time that is dedicated to compression and uncompression activities

Review this checklist before

you compress files and

folders on NTFS partitions

Lab A: Compressing Files and Folders

Objectives

After completing the lab, you will be able to:

Prerequisites

Before working on this lab, you must have:

Lab Setup

To complete this lab, you need the following:

on your computer If your computer does not have this configuration, run Labfiles2.exe located in D:\MOC\WIN1556A\Labfiles or the Labfiles folder

on the Student Materials compact disc

Estimated time to complete this lab: 15 minutes For More Information

For more information on NTFS file system compression, see Inside

Windows NT ® , Second Edition, by David A Solomon

Slide Objective

To prepare students for

the lab

Lead-in

In this lab, you will

compress and uncompress

files and folders, and

manage compressed files

Delivery Tip

After students complete the

lab, review the lab answers

Ask students if they

encountered any problems

during the lab

Exercise 1

Compressing Files and Folders

You have a server where the users have a common area to exchange files and store project information You are concerned that users will run out of disk space (You have ordered some additional hardware, but because you may not receive it for several weeks you have decided to compress the folders.) After the folders and files are compressed, you need some way to indicate which folders and files have been compressed You will configure Microsoft® Windows® Explorer so that the compressed information appears

in another color

!!To view the drive capacity and available free space for drive D

1 Log on to your domain as Administrator, right-click the My Computer icon

on your desktop, and then click Explore

2 Right-click NTFS (D:), and then click Properties

Windows 2000 displays the NTFS (D:) Properties dialog box with the

General tab active

What is the capacity of drive D, in megabytes (MB)?

Answers will vary

What is the available free space on drive D, in MB?

Answers will vary

What is the used space?

Answers will vary

3 Click Cancel to close the NTFS (D:) Properties dialog box and return to

Windows Explorer

!!To compress a folder tree

1 In Windows Explorer, expand D:\MOC\WIN1556A\Labfiles

2 In the Labfiles folder, right-click NTFS, and then click Properties

Windows 2000 displays the NTFS Properties dialog box with the General

tab active

3 On the General tab, click the Advanced button (located near the bottom of

the dialog box)

Windows 2000 displays the Advanced attributes dialog box

4 Select the Compress contents to save disk space check box

Should you give any concern to the type of files that you are going to compress? Why?

Yes, certain file types, such as text files and bmp files, will compress better than others Other files, such as exe and dll files, will not compress well, and you will actually see a performance drop when the system attempts to compress and uncompress the files

Can you also select Encrypt contents to secure data? Why or why not?

No, you cannot encrypt a compressed file When you try to select the other option, the first one is cleared

Windows 2000 may display the Applying Attributes message box,

indicating the progress of the operation and the paths and names of folders and files as they are compressed Because there is little data on drive E, compression will complete too quickly for you to view this dialog box How much free space is available on drive E after compression?

Answers will vary, but more space will be available on the partition than before

!!To display compressed files and folders with an alternate color

1 In Windows Explorer, on the Tools menu, click Folder Options

Windows Explorer displays the Folder Options dialog box with the

General tab active

2 Click the View tab

3 Under Advanced settings, select the Display compressed files and folders

with alternate color check box

4 Click OK to apply your changes

Windows 2000 displays the names of the compressed files and folders in blue If this does not happen, you may have to refresh the screen by pressing F5, or you may have to close Windows Explorer and open it again

Exercise 2

Uncompressing a Folder and Files

One of the folders that you have compressed actually contains the source files for applications Because most of the files are already in a compressed state, you are concerned that compressing this folder will degrade performance when users try to install the software You need to uncompress only the folder and subfolders that contain the software

!!To uncompress a folder

1 In Windows Explorer, expand D:\MOC\WIN1556A\Labfiles\NTFS\Student

2 In the Student folder, right-click Apps, and then click Properties

Windows 2000 displays the Apps Properties dialog box with the General

tab active

3 On the General tab, click the Advanced button

Windows 2000 displays the Advanced attributes dialog box

4 Clear the Compress contents to save disk space check box, and then click

OK to apply your settings and return to the Apps Properties dialog box

5 Click OK to apply your settings and close the Apps Properties dialog box Windows 2000 displays the Confirm Attributes Changes dialog box,

prompting you to specify whether to uncompress this folder only or this folder and all subfolders

6 Select Apply changes to this folder, subfolders and files, and then click OK

Windows 2000 briefly displays the Applying Attributes message box

7 Press F5 to refresh the view in Windows Explorer

What indication do you have that the Apps folder is no longer compressed?

The Apps folder name is displayed in black

Exercise 3

Copying and Moving Compressed files

You have been saving information in folders on the server You have determined that some files, due to their content, belong in different folders Some of the files are large, so you want to compress them You are concerned about whether or not the files will remain compressed after you put them in the other folders After you put the files in the other folders, you check the

compression state of the files

!!To copy a compressed file to an uncompressed folder

1 Examine the properties for D:\MOC\WIN1556A\Labfiles\NTFS\Student\Reports\Stat\Dna.txt

Is Dna.txt compressed or uncompressed?

3 Examine the properties for Dna.txt in the Library folder

Is Dna.txt compressed or uncompressed? Why?

Uncompressed A new file inherits the compression state of the folder to which it is copied

!!To move a compressed file to an uncompressed folder

1 Examine the properties of D:\MOC\WIN1556A\Labfiles\NTFS\Student\Reports\Tech\Labor.txt

Is Labor.txt compressed or uncompressed?

3 Examine the properties of Labor.txt in the Library folder

Is Labor.txt compressed or uncompressed? Why?

Compressed When a file is moved to a new folder on the same partition, its compression state does not change

Your new hardware has arrived, and you have installed it There is plenty of available free space now For performance reasons you have decided to uncompress the folders and files

!!To uncompress the NTFS folder

1 In Windows Explorer, expand D:\MOC\WIN1556A\Labfiles

2 In the Labfiles folder, right-click NTFS, and then click Properties

Windows 2000 displays the NTFS Properties dialog box with the General

tab active

3 On the General tab, click the Advanced button

Windows 2000 displays the Advanced attributes dialog box

4 Clear the Compress contents to save disk space check box, and then click

OK to apply your settings and return to the NTFS Properties dialog box

5 Click OK to apply your settings and close the NTFS Properties dialog box Windows 2000 displays the Confirm Attributes Changes dialog box,

prompting you to specify whether to uncompress this folder only or this folder and all subfolders

6 Select Apply changes to this folder, subfolders and all files, and then click OK

Windows 2000 briefly displays the Applying Attributes message box

7 Log off Windows 2000

# Managing Disk Quotas

A disk quota is the amount of hard disk space allocated to each user Use disk quotas to manage data storage on partitions where multiple users save their files

on shared hard disk space, generally on file servers Disk quotas allow you to allocate disk space usage on a partition based on the files and folders that users own You can set disk quotas, quota warning levels, and quota limits for all users and for individual users You can also monitor the amount of hard disk space that users have consumed and the amount that they have remaining There are best practices for using disk quotas that you should follow

Slide Objective

To introduce disk quota

management

Lead-in

Use disk quotas to manage

storage growth in distributed

environments

Delivery Tip

This is an overview of

managing disk quotas

Prepare students for the

topic by providing the

following key points of

information

Key Points

Use disk quotas to manage

data storage

You can set quotas and

prevent users from saving

data if they exceed their

quotas

When quotas are set, you

can monitor usage

Monitor disk quotas

There are best practices for

using disk quotas that you

should follow

Defining Disk Quotas

Partition

Windows 2000 tracks disk quotas and controls disk usage for each user and for every partition Because of this, every user’s disk space is tracked regardless of the folder in which the user stores files Consider the following characteristics

of disk quotas in Windows 2000:

folders that they own When a user copies or saves a new file to an NTFS partition, or takes ownership of a file on an NTFS partition, Windows 2000 allots the disk space for the file within the user’s quota

usage Each uncompressed byte is counted within the user’s quota, regardless of how much hard disk space is actually used This is partially because file compression produces different degrees of compression for different types of files Different uncompressed file types that are the same size may compress to very different sizes

disk quotas, the free space that Windows 2000 reports to applications for the partition is the amount of space remaining within the user’s disk quota

even if the partitions reside on the same physical hard disk

Slide Objective

To describe disk quota

management

Lead-in

Disk quotas allow you to

monitor and control disk

space usage You can set

warning thresholds to log an

event when users are

approaching their limits

Key Points

Windows 2000 tracks disk

quotas for each partition,

even if the partitions are on

the same hard disk

If a user creates a file, the

user is the owner and

Windows 2000 charges the

file against the user's disk

applications is the amount of

space remaining within the

user’s disk quota limit

Using Disk Quotas

Allocated to User5

NTFS Partition

Disk Quota

Disk Quota

50-MB disk quota 40-MB warning level

Allocated to User3 Allocated to User4

By default, disk quotas are not enabled You enable disk quotas to manage the amount of space that users may use to store their data on servers You can monitor the amount of space that each user uses to save their data, and you can limit the hard disk space that is available to users When users exceed storage limits, you can block their access to partitions

By default, only members of the Administrators group can view and change quota settings However, you can allow users to view quota settings

Setting Disk Quota Warnings and Limits

Set disk quotas to specify the amount of disk space that is available for each user You can:

event, indicating that the user is nearing his or her limit

limits, or you can allow them continued access

When you enable disk quotas for the system partition, you must consider the disk space that the Windows 2000 system files use You can set a high disk quota for the user account that you use to install Windows 2000, or you can log

on as Administrator and install Windows 2000 and system applications By default, the Administrator account is not limited by disk quota settings

Slide Objective

To describe setting up disk

quotas

Lead-in

Enable disk quotas to

monitor and control hard

disk space usage

Key Points

Administrative accounts are

not limited by disk quota

settings

Note

Setting Disk Quotas

Local Disk Properties

General Tools Hardware Sharing

Web Sharing Security Quota

Status: Disk quota system is active Enable quota management Deny disk space to users exceeding quota limit Select the default quota limit for new users on this volume:

Do not limit disk usage Limit disk space to Set warning level to Select the quota logging options for this volume:

Log event when a user exceeds their quota limit Log event when a user exceeds their warning level

Domain\Tom

Domain\Sue Domain\Jim Domain\Peg Domain\Admin

OK

OK Warning Above Limit OK

5 total item(s), 1 selected

Quota Entries for Local Disk (C:)

Status Name Logon Name Amount Used Quota Limit Warning Level Percent Used

! Set Quotas for All Users

management

Select this check box to enable disk quota management

Deny disk space to users exceeding quota limit

Select this check box so that when users exceed their hard disk space allocations, they receive an “insufficient disk space” message and cannot write to the partition

Do not limit disk usage Click this option when you do not want to limit the

amount of hard disk space for users and you do want to track disk usage on a per-user basis

Limit disk space to Configure the amount of disk space that users can use

Set warning level to Configure the amount of disk space that users can

consume before Windows 2000 logs an event, indicating that a user is nearing his or her limit

Log event when a user exceeds the quota limit

Select this check box so that each time a user exceeds the quota limit an event is logged in the event log and can be viewed by an administrator

Log event when a user exceeds the warning level

Select this check box so that each time a user exceeds the warning level an event is logged in the event log and can

be viewed by an administrator

Quota Entries Click this button to open the Quota Entries for dialog

box, where you can add a new entry, delete an entry, and view the properties for a quota entry

Slide Objective

To explain how to set disk

quotas

Lead-in

You can enable disk quotas

and enforce quota limits for

all users and for individual

users

Delivery Tip

Show how to enable disk

quotas for all users

Then, show how to enable

disk quotas for one user

Enforce Disk Quotas for All Users You can enforce quota limits for all users In the Limit disk space to and Set

warning level to dialog boxes, enter the values that you want to set for the limit

and warning levels When you select the Deny disk space to users exceeding

quota limit check box, Windows 2000 will monitor usage and will not allow

users to create files or folders on partitions if they exceed the limits

Enforce Quotas for a Specific User

If a particular user’s needs exceed that of other users—for example, the user is working on a project and is expected to use additional disk space—you can override default settings to enforce quota limits for the individual user On the

Quota tab in the Properties dialog box for a partition, click the Quota Entries

button In the Quota Entries for dialog box, double-click the user account for which you want to set a disk quota limit, or create an entry by clicking New

Quota Entry on the Quota menu Select a user and configure the disk space

limit and the warning level for the individual user

Disk Quota Status You can determine the status of disk quotas in the Properties dialog box for a

disk A traffic light icon designates the status:

Icon Status

Red light Disk quotas are disabled

Yellow light Windows 2000 is rebuilding disk quota information

Green light The disk quota system is active

Delivery Tip

Demonstrate raising the

quota limit for an individual

user who has exceeded the

quota limit set for all users