Tài liệu Cracking the toefl ibt 2008 part 33 ppt

Still, there is enough to conclude that ancient peoples, motivated by the nutritional value of bread or cakes made of wild wheat, looked for controiled ways to grow it to provide a consi

Scant physical evidence remains of the

first human domestication of grain Still,

there is enough to conclude that ancient

peoples, motivated by the nutritional value

of bread or cakes made of wild wheat,

looked for controiled ways to grow it to

provide a consistent food supply Three

related discoveries are likely to have led to

the introduction of bread as the first

grain-based food

The first discovery was that wheat could

be prepared for use by grinding People

probably began consuming wheat by

chewing it raw Because wheat is very

hard, they gradually discovered that it

was less trouble to eat if crushed to paste

between two stones—the result would

have been the ancestor of the drier, more

powdery wheat flour we use today

From there, it was a short step to the next

breakthrough: baking the simplest bread,

which requires no technology but fire

Loaves of wheat paste, when baked into

bread, could be stored for long periods,

certainly longer than raw seeds, This

kept the food value of wheat available

for an extended period after it had been

harvested

Finally, ancient peoples found that, if the

paste was allowed to sit in the open, yeast

spores from the air settled on it and began

fermenting the wheat This natural process

of fermentation caused bubbles to form in

the wheat paste that suggested it would

be lighter in texture and even easier to eat

when baked

336 MB CRACKING THE TOEFL

Resume playing Track 10 on the CD-ROM

N° Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about >

N: Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt

on the contents of the reading You may refer to the passage as you write

Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining

how they cast doubt on the contents of reading You may refer to the passage

as you write

Word Count:.0

Seant physical evidence remains of the first human

domestication of grain Still, there is enougit to

conclude that ancient peoples, motivated by the

nutritional value of bread or cakes made of wild

wheat, looked for controlled ways to grow it to

provide.a consistent food supply Three related

discoveries are likely to have led to the introduction

of bread as the first grain-based food

The first discovery was that wheat could be

prepared for use by grinding, People probably

began consuming wheat by chewing it raw,

Bacause wheat is very hard, they gradually

discovered that it was’ less trouble'fo eat if crushed

to paste between twa stones—the result would have

been the ancestor of the drier, more powdery wheat

flour we_use today

From there, it was a short step to.the next

breakthrough: baking the simplest bread, which

requires no technology’ but fire Loaves of wheat

paste, wher baked into bread, could be stored

for long periods, certainly longer than raw seeds

This kept the food value of wheat available for an

extended périod after it had been harvested

Finally, ancient peoples found that, ifthe paste was

allowed fo:sit in the.apen, yeast spores from the air

setiled on it and began fermenting the wheat This

natural process of fermentation caused bubbles

to form in the wheat paste that.suagested it would

be lighter in texture and even easier to eat when

WRITING PRACTICE DRILLS Ml 337

338 ME CRACKING THE TOEFL

WRITING PRACTICE DRILL #2

The second type of writing question asks you to write a response to a question in 30 minutes It will

look something like the following: te ee oar Aine

Word 'Count::0

Directions: For this essay, you will have 30

minutes to write a response to a question that

asks you to state, explain, and support your

position on an issue An effective essay is

usually 300 words in length, Your response

will bé graded on the quality of your writing,

the organization of your ideas, and the

accuracy of the language you use

Question:

Do you agree or disagree with the following

statement?

Teachers should encourage their students to

question everything

Use examples and reasons to support your

position

WRITING PRACTICE DRILLS MI 339

WRITING PRACTICE DRILL #3

This drill again asks you to write a response to a question in 30 minutes

Word Count: 0

Directions: For this essay, you will have 30

minutes to write a response to a question

that asks you to state, explain, and support

your position on an issue An effective essay

is usually 300 words in length Your response

will be graded on the quality of your writing,

the organization of your ideas, and the

accuracy of the language you use

Question:

Do you agree or disagree with the following

statement?

Countries should not isolate themselves from

the world, but instead engage other countries

Use examples and reasons to support your

position

342 MB CRACKING THE TOEFL

WRITING PRACTICE DRILL #4

This is another opportunity for you ta write a response to a question in 30 minutes

Directions: For this essay, you will have 30

minutes to write a response to a question

that asks you ta state, explain, and support

your position on an issue An effective

essay is usually 300 words in length Your

response will be graded on the quality of

your writing, the organization of your ideas,

and the accuracy of the language you use

Students, not teachers or administrators,

should be in control of their own education

Use examples and reasons to support your

position

WRITING PRACTICE DRILLS MM 345

WRITING PRACTICE DRILL #5

Here’s another chance to write a response to a question in 30 minutes

eats

Word Count: 0

Directions: For this essay, you will have 30 minutes to write a response to a question that asks you to state, explain, and support your position on an issue An effective essay is usually 300 words in length Your

response will be graded on the quality of your writing, the organization of your ideas,

and the accuracy of the language you use

Question:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Before making a decision, it is important to find out if the decision will be popular with others

Use examples and reasons to support your position

348 MB CRACKING THE TOEFL

Writing Answers and

Explanations

Read through the following sample responses to the drill you completed in Chapter 15, and compare

your essays with them If possible, have a friend who is proficient in English look over your essays

WRITING PRACTICE DRILL #1

Here’s a look at the first task

Narrator: Now read the passage about the first grain-based food You have 3 minutes to read

the passage Begin reading now

Scant physical evidence remains of the first human domestication of grain Still, there is

enough to conclude that ancient peoples, motivated by the nutritional value of bread or cakes made of wild wheat, looked for controlled ways to grow it to provide a consistent food supply

Three related discoveries are likely to have led to the introduction of bread as the first -

grain-based food _

The first discovery was that wheat could be prepared for use by grinding People probably

began consuming wheat by chewing it raw Because wheat is very hard, they gradually

discovered that it was less trouble to eat if crushed to paste between two stones—the result

would have been the ancestor of the drier, more powdery wheat flour we use today

From there, it was a short step to the next breakthrough: baking the simplest bread, which

requires no technology but fire Loaves of wheat paste, when baked into bread, could be

stored for long periods, certainly longer than raw seeds This kept the food value of wheat

available for an extended period after it had been harvested

Finally, ancient peoples found that, if the paste was allowed to sit in the open, yeast spores

from the air settled on it and began fermenting the wheat This natural process of fermentation caused bubbles to form in the wheat paste that suggested it would be lighter in texture and

even easier to eat when baked

Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about

Professor; Conventional wisdom says that a very primitive kind of bread was the first grain

food that human societies ate But, you know, for the last few decades, there's been

an alternative hypothesis that quite a few anthropologists are starting to give a

closer look That hypothesis says that it was, in fact, beer—not bread—that was the

first grain food Sound strange? Consider a couple of things

For one thing, you don’t have to grind wheat to make it easier to eat If you keep it

in a moist environment, it naturally starts sprouting, with a new baby plant splitting the hard seed case in half Sorouted wheat is sweeter, softer, and actually more nutritious than whole wheat seeds—and it would have developed without human effort In order to discover the usefulness of ground wheat, someone had to get the bright idea of crushing it To discover the usefulness of sprouted wheat, people just had to do nothing and let it sit Which do you think happened first?

Another thing; What turns grain into beer is fermentation, and wheat begins to

ferment almost as soon as it's stored—from water and yeasts in the air After

the wheat sprouted, it would have started to ferment The process would have been obvious because of the bubbles and foam that formed People could have experimented by tasting it and discovering the first beer

352 ME CRACKING THE TOEFL

And even if you assume that people were already grinding wheat to paste, think

about it The paste ferments and bubbles, Is it likely that early peoples would have thought to fire it before eating? We're used to cooking our food, but in prehistoric times, the idea that you would take fire to food ta improve it for eating was not obvious

Nv: Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast

doubt on the contents of the reading You may refer to the passage as you write

Let’s look at some notes you may have taken,

Reading:

Main Idea:

Example/reason:

Example/reason:

Lecture:

Point #1: \

Detail #1: ¢ Point #2:

Detail #2:

Point #3: [t's un hat peo

Detail #3: Early people did not cook things

With that information, let's construct our essay, The following sections offer a variety of responses,

scored from high to low

Ä HieH-ScoRING REsPONSE

The following is an example of a high-scoring response:

In the lecture, the prøfesor makes several pointe about the firet wheat product The profesor argues that

beer was the first wheat product This is different from the reading, which states that bread came first How-

ever, the teacher cast doubt on the reading with several pointe

First of all, the teacher says that wheat doesn't have to be ground lt is easy to people to eat wheat when

it sprouts This is not what the reading states, It says that early people grourid wheat into a paste because

it hard rø-eat The lecture caste doubt oni this vy showing another way to eat wheat

Also, the talk saye that fermenting happens very fast Thie fermenting leads te a foam, which people prob-

ably tasted ao the first beer In the reading, it le arqued that fermeriting made’ people think to bake the bread

The profeseor doubts this pair: by stating It fe unlikely:

Finally; the profesor argues that people woud not think to bake the wheat, The point is made that early

people do not cook things These points made by the teacher cast doubt on the reading It seems like beer not

bread was the firat wheat food,

WRITING ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Ml 353