Cracking the toefl ibt 2008 part 48

That means the answer is where the passage discusses the “second stage of tree worship.” Here are the lines we need, It is not Bound i a single tree but rather stands for a group.. The

THE PRINCETON REVIEW TOEFL iBT PRACTICE TEST IN 495

Answer Key

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Because the Speaking and Writing section questions are not multiple choice, see the ex- planations in Chapter 19 for how these ques-

tions may be answered

ANSWER KEY IN 499

Answers and Explanations

THE READING SECTION

READpING PAssAcr #Ï: THE VENERATION OF TREES

1 C Refer back to the first paragraph for the answer to this question The text says

lt was not a great mental leap for people to see the trees that populated them as embodiments

of the natural forces that governed their lives

Answer choice (C) is the only choice close in meaning to these lines Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

e Fortunately, neither (A) nor (B) is mentioned at all in this paragraph

e Answer choice (D) is the trap Although the paragraph does say that the veneratior

of trees united people, this is not how people viewed the trees

2 A Here is the line in question

The woods that covered large areas of Europe and North America, particularly, were difficult to

and dangerous to cross

We should look for an answer that refers to woods that are “dangerous to cross.” Enter is closest in meaning to “cross.” The other answer choices are not close in meaning to the word cross

3 C This question asks us, Why does the author mention Druids? Go back to the second paragraph and read the lines about Druids

It is known that both the Celtic and the Germanic tribes that inhabited ancient Northern Europe

regarded certain trees as sacred, setting them apart by species (as the Druids worshipped

oaks)

These lines tell us that the Druids “worshipped oaks,” which is what choice (C) states Here’s

why the other answer choices are incorrect

¢ Eliminate choice (A) because the author has not introduced the other two stages yet

e And (B) and (D) are not mentioned in relationship to Druids

4 B Let's look at the lines referred to in the question for a clue to the answer

These taboos were taken very seriously In some places, one could be punished for

injuring the bark of a tree or stealing its fruit

According to these lines, the taboos were taken “seriously.” Therefore, the word we need in the blank should mean “seriously.” Answer choice (B) is best Here’s why the other answer

choices are incorrect

¢ There is no mention of how often the punishment took place, so eliminate (A) and

(C), both of which pertain to time

¢ Also, the lines do not say that the punishment was “secret,” so eliminate (D)

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5 D Fora NOT question, return to the passage and look for evidence for the answers If you're

having trouble figuring out where to look, remember that the questions appear roughly in the

sequence of fhe passage Here’s each answer choice, with the corresponding lines of text that

coniradicteach choice, thereby eliminating them

(A) “Before a tree was felled for human use, woodcutters in many world cultures would

offer it both apologies and thanks for the resources it was about to provide them.”

(B) “In some places, one could be punished

stealing its fruit.”

(C) “In some societies, it was claimed that trees cry out in pain when struck or cut into.”

iy for injuring the bark of a tree or

(D) This is not in the passage, so this is the correct answer

6 D This question asks, What is the distinction in the second stage of tree worship? That means the

answer is where the passage discusses the “second stage of tree worship.” Here are the lines

we need,

It is not Bound i a single tree but rather stands for a group The distinction may seem small,

but itis.a significant first step toward symbolic thinking

These lines say that the distinction is nota “single tree” but a “group,” which is.a paraphrase

of (D) The other choices are not mentioned as a distinction in the paragraph

7 A Once again, we need to look at the lines around the shaded word and look for a clue to its

meaning Take a look at these lines

The same spirit may thus take up resid in any tree of a forest; it is not killed when ar

individual tree is cut down It is not a single tree but rather stands for a group

These lines say that the spirit does not take up “residence” in a “single” tree; this is the type of

word we need for our answer, and “limited to,” choice (A), makes sense with a “single” tree

Here's why the other choices are incorrect

* Answers (C) and (D) do not have this meaning, so eliminate them

* And although answer (B) may be tempting, it’s the trap The lines do not say that

the spirit is “hidden” inside the tree

8 C The question asks us, Why does the author use this phrase? Return to the passage to see these

lines

To think about a tree spirit identified with the forest as a whole, therefore, people had to

think about phenomena that were removed from them in time and space

(HE Such a tree spirit represented the potential and abstract rather than the concrete and

immediate,

These lines tell us that people had to think of things that were “removed from them in fime

and space.” The spirits also represent “the potential and abstract.” Both these lines point to

choice (C) as the answer Here’s why the other choices ate incorrect,

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS M@ 503

¢ These lines do not mention danger, so eliminate answer (A)

* Similarly, these lines do not say the people stopped fearing the forest, so answer (B)

is incorrect

e Answer (D) is extreme and also not mentioned

9 D This is an inference question, asking us about the “most complex” phase of tree worship We should look in the last paragraph, where the author talks about “complexity.” Here are the appropriate lines

Liberated from each other, trees and their spirits can begin to be seen as symbols and

embodiments of other natural processes of significance to primitive life: the power of weather and seasons to produce good or bad harvests, the mysteries of childbirth and disease At that point, the veneration of trees reaches its stage of greatest complexity Also, later in the paragraph, it states: “The appearance of these beliefs indicates that a society has made its first steps toward symbolic and abstract thinking.” Thus, answer choice (D),

which talks of trees as “symbols” is best Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

® Eliminate (A) because it is extreme—there is no information about “all” trees pro- vided

¢ Male and female tree spirits are not mentioned, so answer choice (B) must be wrong

e And no evidence is offered of different “ceremonies” for different seasons, so elimi- nate choice (C)

10.B Read the following sentence for the clue to this question:

Societies in both Eastern Euro| nd the South Pacific presented ceremonial offerings to trees

in the hopes that they would furnish rain and sunshine

This says that the societies “presented offerings” to the trees Thus, we should look for a word that is similar in meaning to this The best match is answer choice (B) Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

e Answers (C) and (D) are the opposite of what we need

® Answer choice (A) doesn’t make sense in this sentence

11.A Return to paragraph five for the answer to this questions It may be best to use POE on the answer choices

® The second answer refers to the “three stages” of a tree But the paragraph is about

the third stage of the people's beliefs, not the tree So eliminate (B)

® Answer choice (C) talks about trees that required “little” rain or sun But the only

mention of rain and sunshine states that people asked trees to provide rain and

sunshine Therefore, choice (C) is wrong

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* And the final answer mentions trees “raised by women.” The paragraph says that

women “embraced” trees, but it doesn’t say they “raised” them

* Thus, answer choice (A) is the correct choice

12 From the previous questions answered and any active reading you've done of the passage,

you may have noted that the main idea of the passage is the three stages of tree veneration

Here's the correctly completed chart

Three basic levels of tree worship can be observed

in The Golden Bough

* ‘Some societies believed each tree had an individual spirit, the way a human being

has a distinet mind,

* Certain peoples came to believe that tree spirits were independent of individual

trees and instead represented a whole forest

* A.basis for abstract thinking was achieved when tree spirits were believed to

control natural forces such as crops and human fertility,

Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

* “Tt was forbidden to cut down certain trees because they would be seriously

offended at being injured” is wrong because it only mentions a detail about one of

the stages

* “More is known about the ceremonies of Europe than about the ceremonies of

North America.and the South Pacific” is wrong because it talks about ceremonies,

not stages of belief

e “Ancient Germans believed certain groves were sacred and used them as temples,

but Druids venerated the oak tree in particular” is also a specific detail that is men-

tioned only once in the passage

Reapinc Passace #2: DAGUERREOTYPES

13 A This is an inference question Feel free to skip it and do any easier questions first and come

back to it later The answer to this question is in the following lines:

Today, the surviving photographs produced by these methads are often referred to as

daguerreotypes, but that designation is incorrect:

Answer choice (A) is correct because it refers to this inaccuracy: Here's why the other choices

are incorrect

* Eliminate choices (B).and.(D) because they use the extreme words most and first

* Itis not clear from the paragraph whether (C) is true or not, so eliminate it, Remem-

ber that the answer to an inference question must be true

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS WM S05

14.C This question is a bit tougher than some of the others we ve seen Here are the lines we need

By strictest definition, the daguerreotype process was common for Ì han 20 years in

the mid-1800s Other ways of making photographic images on metal plates, such as tintypes

and ferrotypes, were developed rapidly after the advent of the daguerreotype

These lines say that the daguerreotype process was “common for 20 years” and that “other ways developed rapidly.” So we need a word that means the daguerreotype process didn’t last a long time Choice (C) is closest in meaning None of the other answers fits, although

answer choice (D) is the trap

15.D To answer this question, we need to go to the following lines:

The materials it required were both expensive—the plates contained silver and one of

th d olutions contained gold—and extremely risky Strict adherence to pr

was necessary in order to avoid poisoning by noxious gases

According to the lines above, the materials were “extremely risky” and could cause

“poisoning by noxious gases.” Therefore, the author must be referring to choice (D), the

dangers of daguerreotype making Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

e There are no “true scientists” mentioned, so eliminate choice (A),

¢ Nor does the author talk about “other fields,” so choice (B) is wrong

e Answer choice (C) is wrong because the “laboratory procedure” is not an example

of an “expensive material.”

16.A Look back at the third paragraph, focusing on the part about “dust.” It says

Since even one speck of dust could easily create a deep enough groove to render the final

image worthless, they had to be perfectly buffed

The author says the dust can make the final image “worthless.” That makes choice (A) correct

Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

* What people prefer is not mentioned, so eliminate choice (B)

¢ The lines do not talk about making chemicals “stick” to the surface, which means

that choice (C) is incorrect

s Finally, the paragraph states that the layer of bromo-iodine makes the plates more

sensitive, not the buffing Thus, choice (D) is wrong

17.D Here are the lines we need for this question

After exposure, the plates were dipped alternately in heated mercury and freezing-cold water

The mercury vapors helped fix the images to the plates and developed them

We need a word that describes what happens “after exposure” and before the pictures are

“developed.” The only answer that makes sense is choice (D) This is also a good question on

which to use POE

506 ME CRACKING THE TOEFL

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see * Choice (A) is the trap answer because a different meaning of “fix” is synonymous

with “correct,” but this is not the meaning of “fix” that is used in this passage The

lines discuss the initial process, not anything having to do with repairing the pic-

tures,

« There is no support for“cut” or “brighten” either

18.B Treat this question just like the vocabulary in context questions at which we've looked Go back

to the following lines:

The mercury vapors helped fi the images to the plates and developed them The chilled water

kept the plates from breaking up during

The author is describing the process What step is being detailed? The “fixing and developing”

part That is our answer Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

* The hydrosulfate soda appears “next” in the process, so eliminate choice (D),

® Choices (A) and (C) are not part of the process described

19.B This is another inference question Go back to the paragraph, and look for what the author says

about “mercury.” The passage states:

After exposure, the plates were dipped alternately in heated mercury and freezing-cold waier

The mercury vapors helped x the images ates and developed them The chilled water

kept the plates from breaking up during lỗ TGTTHGHI SIBE

These are the only lines about mercury, so the answer must be here The only answer choice

that matches is (B) Here’s why the other choices are incorrect

@ These lines do not mention “bromo-iodine,” so eliminate (A)

¢ The author talked about “noxious” vapors in the previous paragraph, not here That

means (C) is wrong,

® Choice (D) is contradicted in the passage because it states that the mercury is used

“after exposure.”

20.A This question asks you to figure out to whom the author is referring The passage says

Only the rich could easily afford to sit for a daguerreotype portrait For those of ,a

daguerreotype was a once-inea-lifetime treat

The clue hese is “only the rich could afford a daguerreotype.” Therefore, the answer should

refer to people who are not rich Only choice (A) refers to these people None of the other

answers is mentioned

21.C Here are the lines that answer this question

Chairs and tables with special support were designed to help those posing for portraits to

remain absolutely’still throughout the exposure time If they did not, the resulting image would

be blurred

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS @ 507