Tài liệu Wireless Technology P1 ppt

Chapter 3—Multiple Access—analyzes a considerable number of multiple access control techniques.. Several conventional and more advanced ing and multiple access protocols are detailed tha

Protocols, Standards, and Techniques

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

CRC PR E S S

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C

Protocols, Standards, and Techniques

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Michel Daoud Yacoub

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material

is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

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No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0969-7 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

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Technology has its time; knowledge is timeless.

Technowledge boosts Technowledge.

To those who idealize, conceive, standardize, implement, test, operate, tain, upgrade; to those professionals, for whose knowledge and work we owe

main-the technology and all it conveys—to those technowledgers—I pay my most

sincere tribute

I dedicate this book to my beloved family Thank you, Maria N´ıdia, my cious wife, and thank you, Alexandre, Helena, Carolina, Ricardo, Vin´ıcius,and Elisa, my wonderful children, for your love, patience, and unconditionalsupport

The challenge of writing a book in such a “hot” and vivacious field is toprovide a clear and concise resource to accommodate the learning process ofthe basic functions of the main technologies I did try to keep this in mindthroughout the course of selection and description of the topics included inthis book I hope I have succeeded, at least to a certain extent.

The book, divided into five parts, describes protocols, standards, and niques for 2G and 3G technologies, including those specific to wireless mul-

tech-timedia The first part—Introduction—contains three chapters and covers the basic principles of wireless communications The second part—2G Systems—

consists of two chapters and describes two leading technologies of the second

generation The third part—Wireless Data—comprises one chapter and duces three main wireless data technologies The fourth part—3G Systems—

intro-encompasses three chapters and details the general concepts of generation systems as well as two chief third-generation technologies The

third-fifth part—Appendices—provides a glimpse at some telecommunication

is-sues that are relevant to the understanding of the main text and that are notcovered in the introductory part of the book A more detailed description ofthe book structure follows

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1—Wireless Network —develops the wireless network concepts within

the Intelligent Network framework and describes the basic functions a communication system must provide so that wireless and mobile capabili-ties can be implemented General network and protocol architectures andchannel structures are described that are common to the main systems These

tele-descriptions are based on ITU Recommendations, which generalize those cepts that have been used for the various cellular networks Specific solutionsare then detailed in the other chapters.

con-Chapter 2—Cellular Principles—introduces the cellular technology

funda-mentals, providing a unified approach of these concepts for narrowbandand wideband solutions Topics explored in this chapter include universalfrequency reuse, sectorization, power control, handoff, voice activity, inter-ference, and others Besides the traditional hexagonal tessellation for macro-cellular networks, the chapter examines the subject of reuse pattern for micro-cellular systems In addition, hierarchical cell structure, overall mean capacityfor multirate systems, and the main features of narrowband and widebandnetworks are also addressed

Chapter 3—Multiple Access—analyzes a considerable number of multiple

access control techniques Several conventional and more advanced ing and multiple access protocols are detailed that comply with the variousclasses of traffic and multirate transmission utilized in broadband services.The access and duplexing methods are explored in the frequency domain,time domain, code domain, and space domain The performance of the tech-niques is investigated in terms of channel capacity, throughput, and delay

duplex-Part II: 2G Systems

Chapter 4—GSM—describes the Global System for Mobile Communication

cellular network in terms of its features and services, architecture, sical channels, logical channels, signaling messages, call management, andparticular features

phy-Chapter 5—cdmaOne—details the features and services, architecture,

phys-ical channels, logphys-ical channels, signaling messages, call management, andparticular features for TIA/EIA/IS-95-A as well as for its evolved versionTIA/EIA/IS-95-B

Part III: Wireless Data

Chapter 6—Wireless Data Technology—depicts three data technologies

ap-plied to wireless networks, namely, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),TIA/EIA/IS-95B, and High Data Rate (HDR) These technologies are de-scribed in terms of their basic architectures and achievable data transmissionrates

Part IV: 3G Systems

Chapter 7—IMT-2000—introduces the topic on third-generation wireless

net-works based on the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 2000) concept It describes the functional subsystems, the IMT-2000 familyconcept, and the capability set concept It also develops the network func-tional model for IMT-2000

(IMT-Chapter 8—UTRA—details the IMT-2000 radio interface for direct

sequence code division multiple access, the so-called Universal TerrestrialRadio Access (UTRA) or Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 3G radio transmis-sion technology Descriptions include its FDD as well as its TDD options

Chapter 9—cdma2000—details the IMT-2000 CDMA multicarrier radio

interface, the so-called cdma2000 3G radio transmission technology criptions include its various radio configurations, the 1xEV-DO radio con-figuration option being one of them

Des-Part V: Appendices

These Appendices provide tutorial information on topics such as OSI

Refer-ence Model, Signaling System Number 7, Spread Spectrum, and Positioning

of Interferers in a Microcellular Grid

The book is suitable as text as well as a reference As a textbook, it fits into

a semester course for both undergraduate and graduate levels in electricalengineering, wireless communications, and more generally in informationtechnology As a reference, it serves systems engineers and analysts, hard-ware and software developers, researchers, and engineers responsible forthe operation, maintenance, and management of wireless communicationsystems

I am grateful to a number of people who have generously helped with thecompletion of this book Some provided me with updated material and origi-nal results, others revised parts of the manuscript, and still others stimulateddiscussions and lent me their ideas, suggestions, incentive, encouragement,motivation, and so many distinct forms of assistance In the endeavor to citetheir names, I may inadvertently leave some out, for they are many and mymemory will certainly deceive me To these who are not quoted here, myforgiveness

I thank Professor Kenneth W Cattermole, Professor Att´ılio J Giarola, fessor Helio Waldman, Professor Dalton S Arantes, Professor Rui F de Souza,Professor Ivan L M Ricarte, Dr Ant ˆonio F de Toledo, Dr Ailton A Shinoda,

Pro-Dr Omar C Branquinho, Pro-Dr C´esar K d’ ´Avila, Dr Ernesto L A Neto, Dr Paula

R C Gomez, Alexandre R Esper, Alexandre R Romero, Ant ˆonio V Rodrigues,Cl´audio R C M da Silva, Edigar Alves, Fabbryccio A C M Cardoso, andGustavo Fraidenraich I am also indebted to my colleagues of the Department

of Communications (DECOM), School of Electrical Engineering (FEEC), atThe State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)

I would like to express my gratitude to FEEC, CPqD, CelTec/CelPlan, sson, IBM, Telesp Celular, Motorola, Instituto Eldorado, Lucent Technologies,CNPq, CAPES, and FAPESP for supporting my research efforts in wirelesscommunications over the years

Eric-Finally, I am very thankful to the CRC Press staff for their support andincentive and for the opportunity to publish this book

Part I Introduction

1 Wireless Network

1.1 Introduction1.2 Intelligent Network1.2.1 IN Protocol Architecture1.2.2 IN Elements

1.2.3 Wireless Service Requirements1.2.4 Wireless IN Services

1.2.5 IN Standards1.3 Network Architecture1.4 Protocol Architecture1.5 Channel Structure1.5.1 RF Channel1.5.2 Physical Channel1.5.3 Logical Channel1.6 Narrowband and Wideband Systems1.7 Multiple Access

1.7.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access1.7.2 Time Division Multiple Access1.7.3 Code Division Multiple Access1.7.4 Space Division Multiple Access1.8 Summary

2 Cellular Principles

2.1 Introduction2.2 Cellular Hierarchy2.3 System Management2.3.1 Link Quality Measurement2.3.2 Cell Selection

2.3.3 Channel Selection/Assignment2.3.4 Handover

2.3.5 Mobility Support2.4 System Performance2.4.1 Interference Control2.4.2 Diversity Strategies

2.4.3 Variable Data Rate Control2.4.4 Capacity Improvement Techniques2.4.5 Battery-Saving Techniques

2.5 Cellular Reuse Pattern2.6 Macrocellular Reuse Pattern2.6.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster)2.6.2 Reuse Ratio

2.6.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells2.7 Microcellular Reuse Pattern2.7.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster)2.7.2 Reuse Ratio

2.7.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells2.8 Interference in Narrowband and Wideband Systems2.9 Interference in Narrowband Macrocellular Systems2.9.1 Downlink Interference—Omnidirectional Antenna2.9.2 Uplink Interference—Omnidirectional Antenna2.9.3 Downlink Interference—Directional Antenna2.9.4 Uplink Interference—Directional Antenna2.9.5 Examples

2.10 Interference in Narrowband Microcellular Systems2.10.1 Propagation

2.10.2 Uplink Interference2.10.3 Downlink Interference2.10.4 Examples

2.11 Interference in Wideband Systems2.11.1 Uplink Interference2.11.2 Downlink Interference2.12 Network Capacity

2.12.1 Narrowband Systems2.12.2 Wideband Systems2.12.3 Uplink Load Factor2.12.4 Downlink Load Factor2.13 Summary

3 Multiple Access

3.1 Introduction3.2 Signal Domains3.2.1 Frequency Domain3.2.2 Time Domain3.2.3 Code Domain3.2.4 Space Domain3.2.5 Brief Remarks on Signal Domains

3.3 Duplexing3.3.1 Frequency Division Duplexing3.3.2 Time Division Duplexing3.3.3 Code Division Duplexing 3.3.4 Space Division Duplexing3.3.5 Brief Remarks on Duplexing Techniques3.4 Multiple-Access Categories

3.5 Scheduled Multiple Access3.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access3.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access3.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access3.5.4 Space Division Multiple Access3.5.5 Brief Remarks on Scheduled Multiple-AccessTechniques

3.6 Random Multiple Access3.6.1 ALOHA

3.6.2 Splitting Algorithms3.6.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access3.6.4 Brief Remarks on Random Multiple-AccessTechniques

3.7 Controlled Multiple Access3.7.1 Polling Controlled3.7.2 Token Controlled3.7.3 Brief Remarks on Controlled Multiple-AccessTechniques

3.8 Hybrid Multiple Access3.8.1 Reservation-ALOHA (R-ALOHA)3.8.2 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)3.8.3 Distributed Queuing Request Update MultipleAccess (DQRUMA)

3.8.4 Dynamic Slot Assignment (DSA++)3.8.5 Dynamic TDMA with PiggybackReservation (DTDMA/PR)3.8.6 Mobile Access Scheme Based on Contentionand Reservation for ATM (MASCARA)3.8.7 Dynamic TDMA with Time DivisionDuplex (DTDMA/TDD)

3.8.8 Resource Auction MultipleAccess (RAMA)

3.8.9 Brief Remarks on Hybrid Multiple-AccessTechniques

3.9 Summary

Part II 2G Systems

4.1 Introduction4.2 Features and Services4.2.1 Teleservices4.2.2 Bearer Services4.2.3 Supplementary Services4.3 Architecture

4.3.1 Mobile Station Subsystem4.3.2 Base Station Subsystem 4.3.3 Network and Switching Subsystem4.3.4 Operation and Support Subsystem 4.3.5 Open Interfaces

4.4 Multiple Access4.4.1 Signal Processing4.4.2 Multiple Access 4.4.3 Physical Channels4.4.4 Burst Formats4.4.5 Logical Channels 4.4.6 Multiframes4.5 The Logical Channels4.5.1 Traffic Channels4.5.2 Frequency Correction Channel 4.5.3 Synchronization Channel4.5.4 Broadcast Control Channel4.5.5 Paging Channel

4.5.6 Access Grant Channel4.5.7 Random Access Channel4.5.8 Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel4.5.9 Slow Associated Control Channel4.5.10 Fast Associated Control Channel4.6 Messages

4.6.1 DLC Messages4.6.2 RRM Messages4.6.3 CM Messages4.6.4 MM Messages4.7 Call Management4.7.1 Mobile Initialization4.7.2 Location Update4.7.3 Authentication4.7.4 Ciphering4.7.5 Mobile Station Termination

4.7.6 Mobile Station Origination 4.7.7 Handover

4.7.8 Call Clearing4.8 Frequency Hopping4.9 Discontinuous Transmission4.10 Power Control

4.11 Spectral Efficiency4.12 Summary

5 cdmaOne

5.1 Introduction5.2 Features and Services5.2.1 Voice Features 5.2.2 Short Message Service Features5.3 Architecture

5.3.1 Mobile Station5.3.2 Base Station5.3.3 Mobile Switching Center 5.3.4 Home Location Register 5.3.5 Visitor Location Register5.3.6 Authentication Center5.3.7 Equipment Identity Register5.3.8 Message Center

5.3.9 Short Message Entity5.3.10 Data Message Handler5.3.11 Operations System 5.3.12 Interworking Function 5.3.13 External Networks 5.3.14 Interface Reference Points5.4 Multiple-Access Structure5.4.1 Forward Link5.4.2 Reverse Link5.4.3 Physical Channels5.4.4 Logical Channels5.5 The Logical Channels5.5.1 Pilot Channel5.5.2 Sync Channel 5.5.3 Paging Channel5.5.4 Access Channel5.5.5 Traffic Channel—Forward andReverse Links

5.6 Signaling Format5.7 Messages, Orders, and Parameters

5.8 Messages and Orders and Logical Channels5.8.1 Pilot Channel

5.8.2 Sync Channel5.8.3 Paging Channel5.8.4 Access Channel5.8.5 Traffic Channel: Forward and Reverse Links5.8.6 Forward Traffic Channel

5.8.7 Reverse Traffic Channel5.9 Mobile Station Call Processing5.9.1 Mobile Station Initialization State5.9.2 Mobile Station Idle State

5.9.3 System Access State5.9.4 Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State5.10 Base Station Call Processing

5.10.1 Pilot and Sync Channel Processing5.10.2 Paging Channel Processing5.10.3 Access Channel Processing5.10.4 Traffic Channel Processing5.11 Authentication, Message Encryption, and Voice Privacy5.12 Authentication

5.12.1 Updating the Shared Secret Data5.12.2 Mobile Station Registrations5.12.3 Mobile Station Originations5.12.4 Mobile Station Terminations5.12.5 Mobile Station Data Burst 5.12.6 Unique Challenge-Response Procedure5.13 Message Encryption

5.14 Voice Privacy5.15 Roaming5.16 Handoff5.16.1 Types of Handoff5.16.2 Handoff and Pilot Sets5.16.3 Handoff Parameters5.16.4 Handoff Messages5.16.5 Pilot Sets Updating5.17 Power Control

5.17.1 Reverse-Link Power Control5.17.2 Forward-Link Power Control5.18 Call Procedures

5.18.1 Mobile Station Origination5.18.2 Mobile Station Termination5.18.3 Call Disconnect

5.19 EIA/TIA/IS-95B