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Books for professionals By professionals®RMAN Recipes for Oracle Database 11g: A Problem-Solution Approach Dear Reader, RMAN is the tool of choice for Oracle database backup and recover

Books for professionals By professionals®

RMAN Recipes for Oracle Database 11g:

A Problem-Solution Approach

Dear Reader, RMAN is the tool of choice for Oracle database backup and recovery RMAN contains core features that aren’t available with other backup and recovery solutions Furthermore, Oracle continues to integrate RMAN with other products such as Enterprise Manager, RAC, ASM, and Data Guard If you are a DBA in an Oracle shop, then it’s vital that you know how to use RMAN effectively Your job depends on it.

This recipe book provides you with focused solutions for the gamut of RMAN backup and recovery tasks We know from hard experience that sometimes all you need is an easy-to-find, clear example showing how a feature works This is especially true when you have a critical issue that is causing database downtime

In those situations, people expect you to earn your keep and quickly solve the problem Failure is not an option.

This book is unique in that it contains answers for almost any RMAN backup and recovery problem that you’re likely to encounter We tackle all scenarios, from simple to complex Each recipe title is an indexed entry to a particular problem In the recipe you’ll find the solution and a detailed explanation of how it works You won’t be shown merely how to parrot RMAN commands We

explain why features work like they do.

If your company uses Oracle technology, then RMAN should be a key piece

of your data protection strategy As a DBA, you’re the one responsible for making

it work We hope that you’ll use this book to fully maximize RMAN to protect, secure, and ensure the availability of your company’s databases.

Sincerely, Darl Kuhn, Sam Alapati, Arup Nanda

THE APRESS ROADMAP

Expert Oracle Database Architecture

RMAN Recipes for

An example-based approach to backing

up and recovering your Oracle database.

this print for content only—size & color not accurate spine = 1.3237" 704 page count

Sam Alapati, author of

Expert Oracle Database

10g Administration

Arup Nanda, author of

Oracle 11g New Features

Series on Oracle

Technology Network

Darl Kuhn, Sam Alapati, and Arup Nanda

RMAN Recipes for

Oracle Database 11g

A Problem-Solution Approach

RMAN Recipes for Oracle Database 11g : A Problem-Solution Approach

Copyright © 2007 by Darl Kuhn, Sam Alapati, Arup Nanda

All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.

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The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work

The source code for this book is available to readers at http://www.apress.com in the Source Code/ Download section You will need to answer questions pertaining to this book in order to successfully download the code.

To Heidi, Lisa, and Brandi —Darl Kuhn

To my wife Valerie; for her enormous support and sacrifice —Sam Alapati

To Anu and Anish —Arup Nanda

Contents at a Glance

Foreword xvii

About the Authors xxi

About the Technical Reviewer xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Introduction xxix

■ CHAPTER 1 Backup and Recovery 101 1

■ CHAPTER 2 Jump-Starting RMAN 23

■ CHAPTER 3 Using the Flash Recovery Area 39

■ CHAPTER 4 Using RMAN 89

■ CHAPTER 5 Configuring the RMAN Environment 113

■ CHAPTER 6 Using the Recovery Catalog 149

■ CHAPTER 7 Making Backups with RMAN 177

■ CHAPTER 8 Maintaining RMAN Backups and the Repository 225

■ CHAPTER 9 Scripting RMAN 257

■ CHAPTER 10 Restoring the Control File 295

■ CHAPTER 11 Performing Complete Recovery 313

■ CHAPTER 12 Performing Incomplete Recovery 359

■ CHAPTER 13 Performing Flashback Recovery 385

■ CHAPTER 14 Handling Online Redo Log Failures 427

■ CHAPTER 15 Duplicating Databases and Transporting Data 443

■ CHAPTER 16 Tuning RMAN 491

■ CHAPTER 17 Troubleshooting RMAN 517

■ CHAPTER 18 Using a Media Management Layer 545

■ CHAPTER 19 Performing Backup and Recovery with Enterprise Manager 583

■ CHAPTER 20 Using the Data Recovery Advisor 611

■ CHAPTER 21 Using RMAN on Windows 623

■ INDEX 645

v

Foreword xvii

About the Authors xxi

About the Technical Reviewer xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Introduction xxix

■ CHAPTER 1 Backup and Recovery 101 1

Types of Database Failures 2

Oracle Backup and Recovery Concepts 4

Backup Types 9

Recovery Types 11

RMAN Architecture 15

Backup and Recovery Best Practices 17

■ CHAPTER 2 Jump-Starting RMAN 23

2-1 Connecting to Your Database 23

2-2 Starting and Stopping Your Database 27

2-3 Toggling Archivelog Mode 29

2-4 Connecting to RMAN 31

2-5 Backing Up Your Database 33

2-6 Simulating a Failure 34

2-7 Restoring and Recovering Your Database 35

■ CHAPTER 3 Using the Flash Recovery Area 39

3-1 Creating the Flash Recovery Area 40

3-2 Writing Regular RMAN Backups to the FRA 41

3-3 Freeing FRA Space in an Emergency 44

3-4 Checking Space Usage in the FRA 47

3-5 Expanding or Shrinking the FRA 50

3-6 Configuring Archived Redo Logs to Go to FRA 53

3-7 Using the Same FRA for Two Databases with the Same Name 55

3-8 Placing a Control File in the FRA 60

3-9 Placing Online Redo Log Files in FRA 63

3-10 Sending Image Copies to the FRA 70

3-11 Deleting Backup Sets from the FRA 71

vii

3-12 Deleting Archived Redo Logs from the FRA 73

3-13 Reinstating a Damaged Datafile from an Image Copy 74

3-14 Switching Back from an Image Copy 79

3-15 Backing Up the FRA to Tape 82

3-16 Sizing the Flash Recovery Area 83

■ CHAPTER 4 Using RMAN 89

4-1 Starting the RMAN Client 90

4-2 Issuing RMAN Commands 91

4-3 Saving RMAN Output to a Text File 92

4-4 Logging Command-Line RMAN Output 93

4-5 Connecting to a Target Database from the RMAN Prompt 94

4-6 Connecting to a Target Database from the Operating System Command Line 96

4-7 Executing Operating System Commands from Within RMAN 96

4-8 Scripting RMAN 97

4-9 Executing RMAN Command Files 99

4-10 Creating Dynamic Command Files 101

4-11 Connecting to an Auxiliary Database 102

4-12 Executing Multiple RMAN Commands As a Single Unit 103

4-13 Issuing SQL Statements from the RMAN Client 104

4-14 Starting and Shutting Down a Database with RMAN 106

4-15 Checking the Syntax of RMAN Commands 107

4-16 Hiding Passwords When Connecting to RMAN 109

4-17 Identifying RMAN Server Sessions 110

4-18 Dropping a Database using the RMAN Client 112

■ CHAPTER 5 Configuring the RMAN Environment 113

5-1 Showing RMAN Configuration Settings 113

5-2 Configuring RMAN 116

5-3 Restoring Default Parameter Settings 117

5-4 Enabling and Disabling Automatic Control File Backups 118

5-5 Specifying the Autobackup Control File Directory and Filename 120

5-6 Specifying the Snapshot Control Filename and Location 121

5-7 Specifying the Retention Period for RMAN History 122

5-8 Configuring the Default Device Type 124

5-9 Configuring the Default Backup Type 125

5-10 Making Compressed Backup Sets the Default 126

5-11 Configuring Multiple Backup Copies 127

5-12 Skipping Previously Backed Up Files 129

5-13 Specifying Backup Piece Filenames 133

5-14 Generating Filenames for Image Copies 134

■ C O N T E N T S

viii

5-15 Tagging RMAN Backups 135

5-16 Configuring Automatic Channels 136

5-17 Manually Allocating RMAN Channels 140

5-18 Allocating an RMAN Maintenance Channel 142

5-19 Creating a Backup Retention Policy 143

5-20 Configuring an Archived Redo Log Deletion Policy 145

5-21 Limiting the Size of Individual Backup Pieces 146

5-22 Configuring the Maximum Size of Backup Sets 146

■ CHAPTER 6 Using the Recovery Catalog 149

6-1 Creating the Recovery Catalog 151

6-2 Granting Restricted Access 153

6-3 Connecting to the Catalog from the Command Line 157

6-4 Connecting to the Catalog from the RMAN Prompt 159

6-5 Registering Target Databases 159

6-6 Unregistering a Database 161

6-7 Cataloging Older Files 162

6-8 Updating the Recovery Catalog 164

6-9 Dropping the Recovery Catalog 166

6-10 Merging Recovery Catalogs 167

6-11 Moving the Recovery Catalog to Another Database 170

6-12 Creating a High-Availability Recovery Catalog 170

6-13 Viewing Backup Information 171

6-14 Uncataloging RMAN Records 172

6-15 Using a Release 11.x Client with Older Catalogs 173

■ CHAPTER 7 Making Backups with RMAN 177

Backup Sets and Image Copies 177

RMAN Backup Modes 178

Types of Files That RMAN Can Back Up 179

RMAN Backup Destinations 180

7-1 Specifying Backup Options 180

7-2 Backing Up the Control File 183

7-3 Backing Up the Server Parameter File 185

7-4 Backing Up Datafiles 185

7-5 Backing Up Tablespaces 187

7-6 Making a Whole-Database Backup 189

7-7 Backing Up Archived Redo Logs 190

7-8 Backing Up Everything 191

7-9 Backing Up Flash Recovery Files 194

7-10 Performing Incremental Backups 195

7-11 Reducing Incremental Backup Time 198

■ C O N T E N T S ix

7-12 Creating Multiple Backup Sets 200

7-13 Making Copies of Backup Sets 202

7-14 Making Copies of Image Copy Backups 203

7-15 Making Tape Copies of Disk-Based Image Copies 204

7-16 Excluding a Tablespace from a Backup 205

7-17 Skipping Read-Only, Offline, or Inaccessible Files 206

7-18 Encrypting RMAN Backups 207

7-19 Making a Compressed Backup 210

7-20 Parallelizing Backups 210

7-21 Making Faster Backups of Large Files 212

7-22 Specifying Backup Windows 214

7-23 Reusing RMAN Backup Files 216

7-24 Retaining Backups for a Long Time 216

7-25 Backing Up Only Those Files Previously Not Backed Up 218

7-26 Restarting Backups After a Crash 219

7-27 Updating Image Copies 221

■ CHAPTER 8 Maintaining RMAN Backups and the Repository 225

8-1 Adding User-Made Backups to the Repository 226

8-2 Finding Datafiles and Archivelogs That Need a Backup 227

8-3 Finding Datafiles Affected by Unrecoverable Operations 229

8-4 Identifying Obsolete Backups 230

8-5 Displaying Information About Database Files 232

8-6 Listing RMAN Backups 233

8-7 Listing Expired Backups 236

8-8 Listing Only Recoverable Backups and Copies 237

8-9 Listing Restore Points 237

8-10 Listing Database Incarnations 238

8-11 Updating the RMAN Repository After Manually Deleting Backups 239

8-12 Synchronizing the Repository with the Actual Backups 240

8-13 Deleting Backups 243

8-14 Deleting Archived Redo Logs 246

8-15 Deleting Obsolete RMAN Backups 248

8-16 Changing the Status of an RMAN Backup Record 249

8-17 Changing the Status of Archival Backups 250

8-18 Testing the Integrity of an RMAN Backup 251

8-19 Validating Datafiles, Backup Sets, and Data Blocks 252

■ CHAPTER 9 Scripting RMAN 257

Approaches to Scripting 257

9-1 Developing a Unix Shell Script for RMAN 259

9-2 Scheduling a Unix Shell File 265

■ C O N T E N T S

x

9-3 Developing a Windows Batch File to Run RMAN 267

9-4 Scheduling a Script in Windows via the GUI 272

9-5 Changing the Schedule of a Batch Job in the Task Scheduler 275

9-6 Scheduling in Windows from the Command Line 276

9-7 Creating Local-Stored Scripts 277

9-8 Creating a Global-Stored Script 280

9-9 Updating Stored Scripts 281

9-10 Commenting on Stored Scripts 282

9-11 Displaying Stored Scripts 283

9-12 Listing Stored Scripts 284

9-13 Dropping Stored Scripts 285

9-14 Executing a Global Script When a Local Script of the Same Name Exists 286

9-15 Converting Stored Scripts to Files 287

9-16 Creating or Replacing a Stored Script from a File 287

9-17 Passing Parameters to Stored Scripts 288

9-18 Creating a Parameterized Command File Script 291

■ CHAPTER 10 Restoring the Control File 295

10-1 Restoring Control File Using Flash Recovery Area 296

10-2 Restoring Control File Using Recovery Catalog 298

10-3 Determining the Database Identifier 300

10-4 Restoring Control File with No Flash Recovery Area or Recovery Catalog 303

10-5 Restoring Control File to Nondefault Location 307

10-6 Restoring Lost Copy of Multiplexed Control File 308

10-7 Re-creating the Control File 310

■ CHAPTER 11 Performing Complete Recovery 313

Background 313

If You’re Still Awake 315

11-1 Determining How to Restore and Recover 318

11-2 Previewing Backups Needed for Restore 321

11-3 Verifying Integrity of Backups 323

11-4 Testing Media Recovery 326

11-5 Performing Database-Level Recovery 327

11-6 Performing Tablespace-Level Recovery 329

11-7 Performing Datafile-Level Recovery 330

11-8 Restoring Datafiles to Nondefault Locations 332

11-9 Performing Block-Level Recovery 334

11-10 Recovering Read-Only Tablespaces 337

11-11 Restoring Temporary Tablespaces 337

■ C O N T E N T S xi

11-12 Forcing RMAN to Restore a File 338

11-13 Restoring from an Older Backup 339

11-14 Recovering Through Resetlogs 342

11-15 Restoring the Spfile 343

11-16 Restoring Archived Redo Log Files 345

11-17 Recovering Datafiles Not Backed Up 347

11-18 Deleting Archived Redo Log Files During Recovery 349

11-19 Restoring from Uncataloged Backup Pieces in Oracle Database 10g and Newer 350

11-20 Restoring from Uncataloged Backup Pieces in Oracle9i Database and Older 351

■ CHAPTER 12 Performing Incomplete Recovery 359

Background 360

12-1 Determining Type of Incomplete Recovery 362

12-2 Performing Time-Based Recovery 363

12-3 Performing Log Sequence–Based Recovery 364

12-4 Performing Cancel-Based Recovery 366

12-5 Using LogMiner to Find an SCN 368

12-6 Performing Change/SCN-Based Recovery 370

12-7 Recovering to a Restore Point 371

12-8 Restoring a Noarchivelog Mode Database 373

12-9 Recovering to a Previous Incarnation 374

12-10 Performing Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery 377

12-11 Recovering a Subset of Datafiles 381

12-12 Troubleshooting Incomplete Recovery 382

■ CHAPTER 13 Performing Flashback Recovery 385

Introducing Flashback 385

13-1 Checking the Flashback Status of a Database 387

13-2 Enabling Flashback on a Database 387

13-3 Disabling Flashback on a Database 390

13-4 Flashing Back a Database from RMAN 390

13-5 Flashing Back a Database from SQL 397

13-6 Finding Out How Far Back into the Past You Can Flash Back 400

13-7 Estimating the Amount of Flashback Logs Generated at Various Times 402

13-8 Estimating the Space Occupied by Flashback Logs in the Flash Recovery Area 403

13-9 Creating Normal Restore Points 404

13-10 Creating Guaranteed Restore Points 405

13-11 Listing Restore Points 406

■ C O N T E N T S

xii

13-12 Dropping Restore Points 407

13-13 Recovering a Dropped Table 407

13-14 Undropping a Table When Another Exists with the Same Name 409

13-15 Undropping a Specific Table from Two Dropped Tables with the Same Name 411

13-16 Checking the Contents of the Recycle Bin 412

13-17 Restoring Dependent Objects of an Undropped Table 414

13-18 Turning Off the Recycle Bin 417

13-19 Clearing the Recycle Bin 418

13-20 Querying the History of a Table Row (Flashback Query) 420

13-21 Flashing Back a Specific Table 422

■ CHAPTER 14 Handling Online Redo Log Failures 427

How Redo Logs Work 427

14-1 Determining How to Restore 430

14-2 Restoring After Losing One Member of the Multiplexed Group 433

14-3 Recovering After Loss of All Members of the INACTIVE Redo Log Group 436

14-4 Recovering After Loss of All Members of the ACTIVE Redo Log Group 439

14-5 Recovering After Loss of All Members of the CURRENT Redo Log Group 441

■ CHAPTER 15 Duplicating Databases and Transporting Data 443

15-1 Renaming Files in a Duplicate Database 444

15-2 Creating a Duplicate Database on the Same Host 450

15-3 Duplicating a Database Without Any RMAN Backups 456

15-4 Creating a Duplicate Database on a Remote Host with the Same File Structure 461

15-5 Duplicating a Database with Several Directories 464

15-6 Creating a Standby Database on a New Host 465

15-7 Duplicating a Database to a Past Point in Time 468

15-8 Skipping Tablespaces During Database Duplication 469

15-9 Duplicating a Database with a Specific Backup Tag 470

15-10 Resynchronizing a Duplicate Database 471

15-11 Transporting Tablespaces on the Same OS Platform 472

15-12 Transporting Tablespaces Across Different Operating System Platforms 477

15-13 Transporting an Entire Database to a Different Platform 480

15-14 Transporting a Database by Converting Datafiles on the Target Platform 485

■ C O N T E N T S xiii