GRAMMAR + VOCABULARY ENGLISH 9 TERM 1

Past simple and present perfect - Things that happened at a specific time in the past.. CÂU HỎI TRONG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG a.. - Lúc này, đổi từ câu bình thường đã đổi sang bị động về dạng câu hỏ

UNIT 1: A VISIT FROM A PEN PAL

Việc trao đổi thư từTrao đổi thư từ (với ai)Modern (adj)

Sự hiện đại hóaImpressed (by/with sb/sth) (adj)

Phụ thuộc, tùy thuộcPhụ thuộc, lệ thuộc

 Compulsion (n)

 To compel (v)

/k mə ˈpʌl.sɚ.i/

/k mə ˈpʌl.ʃ n/ə/k mə ˈpel/

Bắt buộc

Sự ép buộcBuộc, bắt buộc

To be/get in touch (with sb)

Chia ra, phân ra (thành)

Sự phân chia; phép chia

To comprise = to consist of (v) /k mə ˈpraɪz/ Bao gồm, gồm có; tạo thành

PART 2: GRAMMAR

A WISH SENTENCES WITH PAST SIMPLE

We use wish + past simple to show that we would like something to be different, that we are not

happy with a present situation

S + wish + past simple

I wish I had more money

- We can use were instead of was after I, he, she and it.

I wish I were/was rich.

- We often use I wish + could.

I wish I could fly!

- To talk about habits, things that we do regularly

I go to school every day

- Facts, things that are always and usually true

My parents work in a bank

The Earth goes around the sun

3 Adverbs

- Every day/month/week

- Adverbs of frequency: always, often, sometimes, usually, seldom,…

- Once/twice a week/month

II THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

- To talk about something that is happening at the time speaking

Jenny is doing her homework

- Temporary situations

My cousins are staying with us this week

3 Adverbs

- Now, right now

- At the moment/ at this time, today

- Listen! , Look! , Be quite!

 NOTES

- Some verbs that cannot be used in present continuous, instead of we will use the present

simple.

 Sense perceptions : hear, seem, see, smell, sound, feel

 Mental state : know, believe, understand, remember, need, want,…

 Emotional state : love, like, hate, dislite, prefer, care, surprise,…

 Other existing states : look, owe, be, wish, have, belong, own,…

- On the other hand, some of verbs can be used with continuous form.

 See: mang nghĩa gặp, hẹn gặp, thăm

I am seeing you tomorrow.

 Think: mang nghĩa suy nghĩ, ngẫm nghĩ

What are you thinking about?

 Feel: mang nghĩa cảm thấy (sức khỏe)

I’m feeling well.

 Have: mang nghĩa làm một việc gì

He is having his dinner.

III THE PRESENT PERFECT

1 Structures

(+) S + have/has + Vpp

(-) S + have/has + not + Vpp

(?) Have/Has + S + Vpp?

2 Usages

- To talk about things that happened in the recent past but have a result in the present

I’ve lost my keys I can’t open the door

- Things that happened in the past, without saying exactly when they happened

Sarah and Nick have moved to London

- To talk about the experiences, the thing we have or have not done in lives

Have you ever seen shark?

3 Adverbs

- Just, recently, lately, already, yet

- Since, for

- Up to now, until now, so far, up to the present

- This is the first/second time…

- For/during the last few years

 Notes:

a Since and for

 Since + point in time: since June, since Monday, since 1987,…

 For + period of time: for six months, for 10 minutes,…

b Just, already, and yet

 Just and already are used in positive sentences They come after have/has and before the

main verb

I’ve just finished my Science project

 Yet is used in negative sentences and questions Yet comes at the end of the sentence or

question

Peter hasn’t phoned yet

 How long…? is used in questions, to ask when something started.

How long have you known Alex?

IV THE SIMPLE PAST

- To talk about something that finished at the stated time in the past.

- To talk about an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past

We were having lunch at one o’clock yesterday

- Two actions that were in progress at the same time in the past (usually using with “while”)Dad was reading his newspaper while Mum was making dinner

3 Adverbs

- All… (all yesterday, all last week)

- The whole of… (the whole of yesterday)

- At this/that time… yesterday/last…

- To say what we think, guess or know will happen in the future

I think she’ll help you

- Express predictions

It will rain tomorrow

- To talk about something that may happen in the future

He will come back next week.

Hurry up! We’re going to miss the bus

- To talk about our plans and intentions for the future

I’m going to buy a new computer next month

3 Adverbs

- Tomorrow, tonight

- Next week/month/Monday

 Notes:

- We don’t use “go/come” with the near future We will use the present continous instead.

He is going to London next month

COMPARISION OF TENSES

1 Past simple and present perfect

- Things that happened at a specific time in

the past

He left five minutes ago

- Things that started and finished in the

past

We lived in London two years ago

- Things that happened in the recent past without saying exactly when they happened

He’s left

- Things that started in the past and continous in the present

We’ve lived in London for two years

Present Perfect + SINCE + Past Simple

I have felt better since I lived here

2 Past simple and past continous

- We can use the past simple and past continuous together, to talk about an action that happenedwhile another action was in progress.

We use the past continous for the long action, the action that was in progress The shorter action, we use the past simple

He was watching TV when I left

While were were waiting for the bus, it started to rain

 When + past simple

 While + past continous

3 Present simple and present continous

- Things that happen regularly

They wacth TV every day

- Things that are always true

He works in London

- Things that are happening now.They’re watching TV at the moment

- For temporary situations

He’s working in London this week

4 Future simple and near future

- Things that we will do at the time of

speaking, without any plans or intentions

Someone is knocking the door I will open

- Making a prediction without any

proves, based on the speaker’s opinion

I think she will like this present

- Things that will happen in the future because they aleardy have a plan.Why do you need a lot of paint? – I amgoing to paint my room

- Making a prediction base on the present situation

Look at the dark cloulds! It’s going to rain

UNIT 2: CLOTHING PART 1: VOCABULARY

/ˈpoʊ.ə.tri/

Nhà thơ, thi sĩ

(thuộc) âm nhạcTradition (n)

Cảm hứng; nguồn cảm hứngSymbol of sth (n)

Là biểu tượng (của…)Economic (adj)

To mention (v) / men n/ˈmjuː.zɪk/ ʃ.ən/ən/ Đề cập, nói đến

Loose # tight (adj) /lu s/ # /ta t/ː.zɪk/ ɪk/ Rộng # chật

Occasion (n) / ke n/ən/ˈmjuː.zɪk/ ɪk/ ʒ/ən/ Dịp, cơ hội

To modernize (v) / m d na z/ˈmjuː.zɪk/ ɑː.zɪk/ ɚ.naɪz/ ɪk/ Hiện đại hóa

Minority (n) /ma n r i/ɪk/ˈmjuː.zɪk/ ɔː.zɪk/ ən/ t̬i/ Thiểu số

To wear out Mòn, làm mòn, làm rách

To embroider (v) / m br d /ɪk/ ˈmjuː.zɪk/ ɔɪk/ ɚ.naɪz/ Thêu, thêu thùa

Practical (adj) / præk.t k l/ˈmjuː.zɪk/ ɪk/ ən/ Thực tế

Self-confident (adj) / self k n.f d nt/ˌ ˈmjuː.zɪk/ ɑː.zɪk/ ən/ ən/ Tự tin

- Actions or events just happened

I have just seen my old friend in the street

- The recent actions or states or for actions which happened at an unstated time in past

I have bought a new car

- Actions which repeated many times up to the present

Daisy has read that novel several times

- The actions or stated which began in the past and continue up to the present

I have been a clerk for two years

3 Adverbs

- Just, recently, lately

- Already, yet, since, for

- So far, up to now, up to the present

- This morning; this week/month/year…

- This/That is the first time…

 For + a period of time: for six days, for a long time, for ages

 Since + a point of time: since 1987, since last year, since Christmas.

B THE PAST PERFECT

- To talk about something that happened before a certain time in the past

They had left by 10.30

- We often use the past perfect with the past simple to talk about two actions that happened at

different times in the past We use the past perfect for the action that happened first; and the

past simple for the action that happened later.

They had left by the time we arrived

3 Adverbs

- Until then

- By, already, after, just

- When, by the time, as soon as, before, after

C PASSIVE VOICE

I PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION

A: S + V + O

P: S + BE + V3 ed + by O

- Identify S, V, O in the active sentence

- Identify the tense of the verb

- Take O from the active sentence as S in the passive sentence, take S in the active sentence

as O in the passive sentence

- Take the main V in the active sentence to change to Vpp and then add be before Vpp

- Put By before O in the passive sentence

II TENSES CHANGING IN PASSIVE SENTENCE

A football match was being watched.

Động từ khiếm khuyết (Model verbs-MV) – can; could; will; must; would;…

- We can omit some pronouns like I, you, he, she, it, we, they, people, somone, somebody,…

in the passive sentence

- With nobody and no one, when we change the verbs, we have to use the negative form in

the passive sentence

Nobody saw him leaving the room -> He wasn’t seen leaving the room

- Adverbs of place are put before by; adverbs of time will be put after by.

He was found in the forest by the police last week

III CÁC DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG

1 CÂU HỎI TRONG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG

a Yes-No Questions.

- Xác định thì của câu hỏi

- Chuyển từ chủ động sang bị động, không cần chú ý tới dấu chấm hỏi

- Viết lại dấu chấm hỏi và chuyển động từ to be lên trước chủ ngữ

Ex: Did John draw the picture?

- Xác định thì của câu hỏi Vì là câu hỏi của thì quá khứ đơn nên ta dùng công thức của thì quákhứ đơn -> S + was/were + P.P

- Làm như một câu bị động ở thì quá khứ đơn bình thường

The picture was drawn by John

- Lúc này, đổi từ câu bình thường đã đổi sang bị động về dạng câu hỏi

Was the picture drawn by John?

b Wh-questions

 Dạng 1: với các từ để hỏi.

- Làm giống như dạng Yes-No questions rồi cuối cùng thêm các từ để hỏi

Where does your friend hold the party?

 Where is the party held by your friend?

 Dạng 2: Who/What + V + O?

Who wrote this poem?

 Who(m) was this poem written?

 Dạng 3: What/Which + trợ động từ + S + V?

Which book does your sister read?

 Which books are read by your sister?

2 CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG CÓ HAI TÂN NGỮ

- Câu bị động có hai tân ngữ, trong đó có một tân ngữ trực tiếp (chỉ vật) và một tân ngữ gián tiếp (chỉ người)

S + V + Oi + Od

S +V + Od + to/for + Oi

Oi + be + P.P + Od (by S)

Od + be + P.P + to/for + Oi (by S)

Oi: indirect Object

Od: direct Object

I sent my friend a post card

I send a post card to my friend

 My friend was sent a post card

 A post card was sent to my friend

 Some verbs that have two Object: give (to), send (to), show (to), lend (to), buy (for),

make (for), get (for)

UNIT 3: A TRIP TO THE COUNTRYSIDE

 Groceries (pl.n)

 Grocer (n)

/ˈspɑːn.dəns/ɡroʊ.sɚn/.i/

/ˈspɑːn.dəns/ɡroʊ·s ·riz/ə/ˈspɑːn.dəns/ɡroʊ.sɚn//

Hiệu tạp hóaTạp hóaNgười bán tạp hóa

To harvest (v) /ˈspɑːn.dəns/hɑːr.əˈspɑːn.dəns/r.v stə / Gặt, hái, thu hoạch

To reach (v) /riːr.əˈspɑːn.dəns/tʃ/ Đi đến; với lấy; liên lạc

To exchange (v) /ɪz/ksˈspɑːn.dəns/tʃeɪz/ndʒ/ Trao đổi

- Thời điểm trong ngày: at noon; at lunchtime; at sunset; at midnight; at night,…

- Kỳ nghỉ cuối tuần: at weekends; at the weekend;

- Ngày tháng năm: on 20 July 1996

- Ngày hoặc buổi trong ngày cụ thể: on Friday morning

- Một ngày trong kì nghỉ: on Easter day

3 IN (trong, vào)

- Tháng: in May

- Năm, thập kỉ, thế kỉ: in March 1995; in 1998; in the 21st century

- Mùa: in (the) winter

- Buổi trong ngày: in the morning

 Trong các cụm từ: in the present/past/future, in future, in a few minutes, in six months, in a moment, in the end (=finally)

 in time (=soon enough): đúng lúc, kịp giờ

 on time (=not late, punctually): đúng giờ

4 FOR (trong)

- Khoảng thời gian: for two hours, for five days, for a week, for a long time, for ages,…

5 SINCE (từ, từ khi)

- Since ten past six, since yesterday, since Chrismas, since last year,…

6 Till/Until (đến, cho đến khi)

7 Before (trước, trước khi)

8 After (sau, sau khi)

9 Up to (đến, cho đến)

B ADVERBS CLAUSES OF RESULT

- Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả được dùng để diễn đạt kết quả của một hành động hoặc sự việc

 Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả được giới thiệu bằng liên từ so và so that (vì thế, cho nên)

Ex: He didn’t work hard, so he failed the exam

The computer didn’t work so that I took it back to the shop

 Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả được giới thiệu bằng so/such…that (đến nỗi)

SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT SUCH + (A/AN) + ADJ + N + THAT

Ex: I was so surprised that I didn’t know what to say

It was such an interesting book that I couldn’t put it down

 Sau such có thể dùng một danh từ (không có tính từ)

Ex: She got such a shock that she dropped the bag

 Các cấu trúc:

 So + adj + a/an + N + (that)

Ex: It was so warm a day (that) I could hardly work

 So much/little + uncount N +(that)

Ex: She had so much homework (that) she couldn’t finish

 So many/few + count N + (that)

Ex: She had so many children (that) she can’t remember all their names

 Such a lot (of) + N + (that)

Ex: He had such a lot of money (that) he didn’t know how much

UNIT 4: LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

/ɪz/ɡˌzæm.əˈspɑːn.dəns/neɪz/.ʃən/

Kiểm traGiám khảoThí sinh

 Reputable (adj) /ˈspɑːn.dəns/rep.jə.tə.bəl/ Có danh tiếng

Sự quản cáoNgười/ công ty quảng cáoInquiry = Enquiry (n) /ˈspɑːn.dəns/ɪz/ŋ.kwɚn/.i/ Sự điều tra, cung cấp thông tin

To edit (v)

 Edition (n)

 Editor (n)

/ˈspɑːn.dəns/ed.ɪz/t/ɪz/ˈspɑːn.dəns/dɪz/ʃ.ən/

/ˈspɑːn.dəns/ed.ɪz/.t̬ɚn//

Biên tậpBản in, lần xuất bảnBiên tập viênPolite # impolite, rude(adj)

By heart

 Learn by heart

Thuộc lòngHọc thuộc lòngScholarship (n) /ˈspɑːn.dəns/skɑːr.əˈspɑːn.dəns/.lɚn/.ʃɪz/p/ Học bổng

Tuition (n) /ˈspɑːn.dəns/tuːr.əˈspɑːn.dəns/.ən/ Sự dạy kèm

Institute (n) /ˈspɑːn.dəns/ɪz/n.stə.tuːr.əˈspɑːn.dəns/t/ Viện,học viện

PART 2: GRAMMAR

A REPORTED SPEECH

I Định nghĩa câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp

1 Câu trực tiếp (Direct sentence)

- Câu trực tiếp là câu thuật lại nguyên vẹn lời của người nói

He said, “I will come to my party tonight”

2 Câu gián tiếp (Indirect sentence)

- Câu gián tiếp là câu thuật lại lời của người nói bằng lời văn của mình và thực hiện những thay đổi cần thiết

He said he would come to his party that night

II Thay đổi trong câu trực tiếp và gián tiếp

1 Thay đổi về đại từ

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

She said, “I liked my house very much.”

 She said she liked her house very much

2 Thay đổi về thì của động từ

Ex: He said, “I will go to New York.”

Future in the past

He said he would go to New York

- Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại hoặc tương lai, thì thì của động từ

trong câu gián tiếp không đổi

He says/is saying/has said/will say, “The text is difficult to read.”

 He says/is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult to read

- Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của

động từ không thay đổi trong câu gián tiếp

My teacher said, “The sun rises in the East.”

 My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East

3 Thay đổi vể trạng từ chỉ thời gian

III Các dạng câu tường thuật

1 Câu hỏi

a Yes-No questions

- Muốn đổi câu hỏi Yes-No từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, ta phải:

 Dùng động từ giới thiệu: ask, wonder, want to know

 Dùng if hoặc whether sau động từ giới thiệu

 Đổi cấu trúc câu hỏi thành câu trần thuật

 Đổi thì của động từ, đại từ, từ sở hữu và các trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn

S + asked + O + if/whether + S + V

Ex: “Is there a restaurant nearby?” -> He asked (me) if/whether there was a restaurant nearby

b Wh-questions

- Muốn đổi câu hỏi Wh- từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, ta phải:

 Dùng động từ giới thiệu: ask, wonder, want to know

 Lặp lại từ để hỏi (what, when, where,…) sau động từ giới thiệu

 Đổi trật tự câu hỏi thành câu trần thuật

 Đổi thì của động từ, đại từ, từ sở hữu và các trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn

S + asked + (O) + Wh- + S + V

Ex: “Where are you going, Alice?” -> I asked Alice where she was going

2 Câu mệnh lệnh và yêu cầu (Commands and requests)

S + told/asked + (O) + (not) + to V