Quản trị ngân hàng thương mại

There are 4 forms of capital mobilization: - Demaind deposit: demand deposit is a type of deposit, when depositing into the bank, customers are allowed to use this deposit at any time

QUẢN TRỊ NGÂN HÀNH THƯƠNG MẠI

1. Present the forms of capital mobilization by commercial banks, solutions to increase the ability to raise capital for commercial banks

Capital mobilization is the process of receving temporary idle capital from organizations and individuals in many different form to form a bank’s operating capital

There are 4 forms of capital mobilization:

- Demaind deposit: demand deposit is a type of deposit, when depositing

into the bank, customers are allowed to use this deposit at any time to serve the customer’s payment need

Features:

+ No specific withdrawal date agreed

+ Unlimited number of deposit times, number of withdrawals

Subject:

+ Enterprise

+ Personal

Utilities:

+ Pay

+ Safe

+ Profitable

- Term deposits: A types of deposit that customers only deposit in the bank for a specified period of time Payment:

+ Pay interest once when withdraw

Initial amount of money* number of days calculate interest rate * interest rate

+ Periodic interest payment

Initial amount of money * number of days calculate interest

rate each period * interest rate

Transaction work

Features:

+ Deal time of deposit

+ Withdraw money after the end of a term under the

agreement

+ Customer has a specific agreement to withdraw money

+ Customer can only withdraw money after the term as agreed

+ When customers need to withdraw before maturity, customer must notify the bank with the agreement of the bank

+ At the end of the period, if customers do not withdraw money the bank will regrant a new term for deposit + Each deposit must sign a time deposit contract

+ The agreed deposit amount in the deposit contract is

deposited into the bank account once Subject:

+ Corporation

+ Individual

Utilities:

+ Profit

+ Safe

+ Mortage

- Saving deposit: A deposit account held with a financial institution that pay

interest but does not allow for direct withdrawal through checks Pays interest at a rate higher than that of checking account but lower than that

of treasury bills

There are 2 types:

+ Non-term saving deposit: customer can withdraw at anytime

Interest = initial amount of money * number of days

calculate interest rate * interest rate + Term saving

deposit: customer only withdraw after ending a term

under agreement: ∙ Pay interest once when

withdraw

Initial amount of money*number of days calculate interest rate

*interset rate

∙ Periodic interest payment

Initial amount of money*number of days calculate interest rate period *interset rate

Saving Deposit Funding process:

System work

Saving deposit payment process:

System work

- Valuable papers: issuing valuable papers are forms of occasional funding

of banks through the issuance of debt certificates

Initerest = face value*days calcualating the interest *interest rate

+ Base on the deadline:

∙ Short term valuable papers are valuable papers with a term of less than 1 year: promissory notes, short term deposit certificates…etc

∙ Long term valuable papers are valuable papers with a term of 1 year

or more : bonds, certificates of long term deposit etc

+ Base on form of issue:

∙ Anonymous valuable paper is a valuable paper that does not

specifically states the name of the owner ∙ Registration valuable paper is a valuable paper that specifically states the name of the owner

Solution to increase the ability to raise capital

for Vietnamese commercial banks: - Marketing

Policy

+ Promote marketing, marketing, advertising and promotional activities

in capital mobilization, create transparent information, widely publicize information for people to actively choose forms of deposit with interest rates, terms and conditions different term

+ Promote propaganda and widely advertised on banking services, forms and policies to mobilize capital, attract deposits so that many customers are using pther products to attract deposits and capital mobilization products of commercial banks but do not known all the benefits of such product

+ Annually, summarizing experiences in Marketing and customer work

in the previous year, promoting strengths, limiting weaknesses, referring to the experience of other banks in the area, paying attention

to behavior of businesses and competitors to implement Marketing policies in accordance with the characteristics and size of the Bank

Therefore, there should be a variety of brochures and brochures

available out side the counters so that customers can read them when they come to the transaction

- Developing a customer care departement

- Raise equity capital

- Modernize banking technology to provide high quanlity products and services on modern payment Upgrade card technology, Expand the ATM network, invest in the installation of new generation ATMs, allowing to top

up via machines, avoiding becoming obsolete when foreign banks enter - Make the bank’s diferrence in personal branding, image branding

- Recruiting and training high quality human resources

- Savings deposit: Creating flexible choices for customers

- Diversifying forms of capital mobilization: Issuing international bonds to borrow foreign capital to finance projects of client enterprises with long-term and highly feasible investment projects Adjust medium and long-term deposit interest rates reasonably

2. Present the loan security forms in lending operations of

commercial banks In yout opinion, in the curent practical còditions, which form is being most popularly deployed by Vietnamese

commercial banks? Please explain why?

Collateral:

+ Prestige loan:

An unsecured loan is a form of unsecured loan, based entirely on an

individual's reputation for repayment ability to serve personal purposes, possibly as an expense for a wedding Travel or purchase consumables and loans very conveniently to cater to all your needs An unsecured loan usually ranges from VND 10 million to VND 500 million and the loan term is flexible from 12 months to 60 months Unsecured loans can be borrowed according

to salary, life insurance loan, electricity bill loan, business license loan,

installment credit contract, motorbike loan from the owner and loan under credit card limit Unsecured borrowers can borrow in cash and pay both principal and interest monthly

The registration for unsecured loans will take place in two ways: online or in person at the bank

+ Asset:

- Formed from loán

- Guarantee

(according to Article 361 - LDS): A guarantee is a commitment by a third party (the guarantor) to the obligee (the guarantor) to perform an obligation

on behalf of the obligor (the guaranteed party) ) if, when due, the obligee fails to perform or fails to perform its obligations

- Mortgage

(Article 326 of Civil Law): Pledge of property is the act of one party (the pledgee) handing over the property under his/her ownership to the other party (the pledgee) to ensure the performance of civil obligations incident

- Collateral

(according to Article 342 - LDS): Mortgage of property is the use of property

by one party (the mortgagor) under its ownership to secure the

performance of a civil obligation towards the other party (the mortgagee) ) and does not transfer the property to the mortgagee

In my opinion Collateral is the most popular in the loan security forms in leading operations of commercial banks because:

1 Features and benefits of a mortgage loan: The loan amount varies

from bank to bank, in the case from VND 50 million to VND 5 billion and it also depends on the value of the property you bring guarantee with the bank that the bank can lend you from 70% to 95% of the value of the collateral

- The loan term is extended, flexible, can be 5 years, 10 years, can be up

to 25 years, in addition, there can be a grace period to repay the loan

- Mortgage interest rates are also more favorable than unsecured loans Currently, mortgage interest rates range from 5% to 13%

- Customers can choose a repayment method according to their financial ability as well as a reasonable disbursement method

2 Bank mortgage loan conditions: Mortgage borrowers must be over

18 years old and not more than 60 years old

- Borrowers need to have a specific and legitimate loan purpose

- Have enough financial capacity to guarantee loan repayment

- The loan is secured by collateral of the red book or valuable assets,

means of transport, etc 3 Mortgage loan documents and

documents: Loan procedures are not more complicated than standard

unsecured loans How much is used, customers only need to add

documents related to the collateral The transactor do not need too much expertise, nor need to spend much money on keeping the property, the cost of transport the property Besides, while borrowing

3. Present the forms of credit extension at Vietnamese commercial banks In your opinion, which form of credit accounts for the

largest proportion? Explain.

Các hình thức cấp tín dụng hiện nay gồm có:

- Nghiệp vụ cho vay:

Đây nghiệp vụ đặc trưng nhất của Ngân hàng Thương mại Nó tạo ra hình thức tín dụng ngân hàng và ngân hàng sẽ tiến hành phân phối có trọng điểm nguồn vốn đã hình thành trong nghiệp vụ huy động, điều tiết vốn từ

nơi thừa đến nơi thiếu, bổ sung vốn cho sản xuất kinh doanh Đối với ngân hàng, đây là nghiệp vụ quan trọng nhất, sử dụng phần lớn nguồn vốn và tạo ra thu nhập chủ yếu

Dựa vào mục đích, nghiệp vụ cho vay được phân chia thành: Cho vay bất động sản, cho vay nông nghiệp, cho vay công nghiệp và bất động sản, Còn nếu căn cứ vào thừoi hạn cho vay có thể chia thành: Cho vay ngắn hạn, dài hạn và trung hạn,

- Nghiệp vụ chiết khấu:

Chiết khấu, tái chiết khấu giấy tờ có giá của các ngân hàng là nghiệp vụ Ngân hàng Nhà nước mua ngắn hạn các giấy tờ có giá còn thời hạn thanh toán, mà các giấy tờ có giá này đã được các ngân hàng giao dịch trên trên thị trường sơ cấp hoặc mua lại trên thị trường thứ cấp

Ngân hàng Nhà nước thực hiện nghiệp vụ chiết khấu, tái chiết khấu của Ngân hàng Nhà nước đối với các ngân hàng nhằm góp phần thúc đẩy phát triển kinh tế - xã hội và thực hiện chính sách tiền tệ quốc gia

Căn cứ định hướng phát triển kinh tế - xã hội của Chính phủ và mục tiêu của chính sách tiền tệ quốc gia trong từng thời kỳ, Thống đốc Ngân hàng Nhà nước quyết định lĩnh vực Ngân hàng Nhà nước ưu tiên chiết khấu, tái chiết khấu cho các ngân hàng

- Nghiệp vụ cho thuê tài chính:

Cho thuê tài chính là hoạt động tín dụng trung và dài hạn thông qua việc cho thuê máy móc thiết bị, phương tiên vận chuyển và các động sản khác trên cơ sở hợp đồng cho thuê tài chính giữa Bên cho thuê là các công

ty Cho thuê tài chính và Bên thuê là khách hàng

Bên cho thuê là các công ty tài chính cam kết mua máy móc thiết bị, phương tiện vận chuyển và các động sản khác theo yêu cầu của Bên thuê

và nắm quyền sở hữu đối với các tài sản thuê trong suốt quá trình thuê Bên thuê được sử dụng tài sản thuê, thanh toán tiền thuê trong suốt thời hạn thuê đã được hai bên thoả thuận và không được hủy bỏ hợp đồng

thuê trước thời hạn Khi kết thúc thời hạn thuê, Bên thuê được chuyển quyền sở hữu, mua lại hoặc tiếp tục thuê lại tài sản đó theo các điều kiện

đã được hai bên thoả thuận

- Nghiệp vụ bảo lãnh:

Bảo lãnh ngân hàng chính là việc ngân hàng cam kết sẽ thanh toán cho bên thụ hưởng của hợp đồng khoản đền bụ trong phạm vi của số tiền được nêu rõ trong giấy bảo lãnh nếu bên đối tác không thực hiện được trách nhiệm của mình trong hợp đồng.Ngân hàng không bảo lãnh việc bên đối tác có thực hiện nghĩa vụ hợp đồng của mình cho bên thụ hưởng hay không mà chỉ đảm bảo sự thanh toán trong phạm vi số tiền trong giấy bảo lãnh Bảo lãnh ngân hàng là sự đảm bảo cho bên thụ hưởng trong trường hợp nếu những hoạt động được chỉ rõ trong hợp đồng không được thực hiện vì bất kỳ lí do nào thì bên thụ hưởng sẽ được quyền hưởng tiền đền bù

4. Present and explain lending process at commercial banks In case of the customer cannot pay the debt As a bank officer

in charge of your loan Suggest a solution.

In my opinion, the 6-step lending process is reasonable

6 steps in loan process:

Step 1: Customer intruction

When you need a loan, you will be able to work directly with a credit officer, after a loan decision has been made, the credit officer will make a loan application for you with information such as: Capacity legal capacity, civil act capacity of customers, ability to use loan capital, ability to repay loans including loan capital and interest, must verify the financial situation of customers who need to borrow capital

-Contact customer

- Give advice

- Receive documents

Step 2: Credit appraisal

Appraisal of customers' loan conditions will be the next step after banks or credit institutions have received documents from

customers It can be said that this appraisal stage plays the most important role in the entire process of lending to individual

customers because it means to verify the accuracy of the loan

documents provided by the customer Moreover, this appraisal will decide whether the customer's profile is approved for a loan or not There will be many issues that need to be appraised in this stage, specifically as follows:

- Examination and loan purposes, collect information: Credit officers, after receiving the customer's application, will check the information

of the application is valid or not, all documents are complete and correct, the purpose of using the funds is suitable for the loan, if there is any unsatisfactory item, the credit officer will guide the customer to readjust.Evaluation of personal consumption loan

conditions

- Verifying information in loan documents, process information: The purpose of this check is to re-determine whether the information declared by the customer is true or not Besides, the credit officer will also conduct an investigation into the previous loan history to see if the customer has any bad debt Check if all the information declared by the customer match or not In order to verify this

information, the credit officer will usually have to make a direct call

to the customer to verify or call the reference mentioned in the file

- Analysis and assessment of operational capacity, report result behavior of customers wishing to borrow capital: In addition to the above conditions, the borrower's civil behavior capacity is also one

of the criteria in the list of credit institutions for approval According

to the law on lending to individual customers, the borrower must have full civil act capacity to be eligible for a loan

Step 3: Making loan decision

With the customer's loan application after being appraised, the review department still needs to carefully review the factors to

judge the validity upon inspection, if something unusual or

inappropriate is found, a re-evaluation should be requested until all requirements and conditions are valid If this document has been evaluated as qualified and the approval department has no further comments, of course, it will approve this personal loan contract, then notify the customer Get them ready to sign the contract

Step 4: Sign credit contract and other proceeding

The employee will give the customer the credit contract, the loan guarantee contract, and registered security transactions the

customer to sign

Step 5: Disbursement

After basing on loan documents, appraisal report, credit contract, loan guarantee contract, documents proing such as demand for capital, legal documents of collateral, the accounting department is responsible for the disbursement to the customer

Step 6:

After giving a loan, the bank staff will continue to control whether your loan is used for the right purpose or not If there are signs of fraud or appropriation, the bank has the right to withdraw the loan

at any time After that, when the payment is due, the bank's debt collection department will notify the customer to make the payment

on time, this payment will include the interest and a portion of the original loan In case of late repayment or insolvency, the bank will consider the solvency to have new appropriate credit decisions -Suggest solution: debts If it is an objective cause, we will use

gentle debt rescheduling If it is the subjective Scing cantal We apply strong

- Suggest solution:

When customers fail to pay their debts when they are due, we

should find out the reasons why the customers cannot pay their debts If it is an objective cause: natural disasters, epidemic, we will use gentle measures: urging, reminding debt, debt rescheduling If

it is the subjective measures: changing the debt group Scing cantal

we apply strong measures: changing the debt group