Paper background The aim of ACCA Paper F7, Financial Reporting, is to develop knowledge and skills in understanding and applying accounting standards and the theoretical framework in the
Trang 4Chapter 24 Appendix 2: Objective case questions 725
Trang 5Paper Introduction
Trang 6How to Use the Materials
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Paper background The aim of ACCA Paper F7, Financial Reporting, is to develop knowledge and skills in understanding and applying accounting standards and the theoretical framework in the preparation of financial statements of entities, including groups and how to analyse and interpret those financial statements.
Syllabus
Objectives of the syllabus
• Discuss and apply a conceptual and regulatory framework for financial reporting
• Account for transactions in accordance with International accounting standards
• Analyse and interpret financial statements
• Prepare and present financial statements for single entities and business combinations which conform with International Financial Reporting Standards
Trang 9Core areas of the syllabus
Syllabus objectives and chapter references
A A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING
1 The need for a conceptual framework
Trang 102 Recognition and measurement
3 Regulatory framework
(a) Define what is meant by ‘recognition’ in financial statements and discuss the recognition criteria.[2]Ch 6
(b) Apply the recognition criteria to:[2] Ch 6 (i) assets and liabilities
(ii) income and expenses
(c) Explain the following measures and compute amounts using:[2] Ch 7 (i) historical cost
(ii) fair value/current cost(iii) net realisable value(iv) present value of future cash flows
(v) fair value(d) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of historical cost accounting.[2] Ch 7
(e) Discuss whether the use of current value accounting overcomes the problems of historical cost accounting.[2] Ch 7
(f) Describe the concept of financial and physical capital maintenance and how this affects the determination of profits.[1] Ch 7
(a) Explain why a regulatory framework is needed, including the advantages and disadvantages of IFRS over a national regulatory framework.[2] Ch 6
(b) Explain why accounting standards on their own are not a complete regulatory framework.[2] Ch 6
(c) Distinguish between a principles based and a rules based framework and discuss whether they can be complementary.[1] Ch 6
(d) Describe the IASB’s standard setting process including revisions to and interpretations of standards.[2] Ch 6
(e) Explain the relationship of national standard setters to the IASB in respect of the standard setting process.[2] Ch 6
Trang 114 The concepts and principles of groups and consolidated financial
Trang 12(g) Apply the requirements of relevant accounting standards to an investment property.[2] Ch 2
(a) Discuss the nature and accounting treatment of internally generated and purchased intangibles.[2]Ch 3
(b) Distinguish between goodwill and other intangible assets.[2]Ch 3(c) Describe the criteria for the initial recognition and measurement of intangible assets.[2]Ch 3
(d) Describe the subsequent accounting treatment, including the principle
of impairment tests in relation to goodwill.[2]Ch 3, Ch 17(e) Indicate why the value of purchase consideration for an investment may
be less than the value of the acquired identifiable net assets and how the difference should be accounted for.[2] Ch 17
(f) Describe and apply the requirements of relevant accounting standards
to research and development expenditure.[2] Ch 3
(a) Define and calculate an impairment loss.[2]Ch 4(b) Identify the circumstances that may indicate impairments to assets
[2]Ch 4(c) Describe what is meant by a cash generating unit.[2] Ch 4(d) State the basis on which impairment losses should be allocated, and allocate an impairment loss to the assets of a cash generating unit.[2]
Ch 4
(a) Describe and apply the principles of inventory valuation.[2]Ch 8(b) Apply the requirements of relevant accounting standards for biological
Trang 147 Provisions and events after the reporting period
8 Taxation
9 Reporting financial performance
(a) Explain why an accounting standard on provisions is necessary.[2]
Ch 15(b) Distinguish between legal and constructive obligations.[2] Ch 15(c) State when provisions may and may not be made and demonstrate how they should be accounted for.[2]Ch 15
(d) Explain how provisions should be measured.[1]Ch 15(e) Define contingent assets and liabilities and describe their accounting treatment and required disclosures.[2]Ch 15
(f) Identify and account for: [2] Ch 15 (i) warranties/guarantees
(ii) onerous contracts(iii) environmental and similar provisions(iv) provisions for future repairs or refurbishments(g) distinguish between and account for:
(i) adjusting and nonadjusting events after the reporting date.[2] Ch 15(ii) identify items requiring separate disclosure, including their accounting treatment and required disclosures[2] Ch 15
(a) Account for current taxation in accordance with relevant accounting standards.[2]Ch 13
(b) Explain the effect of taxable temporary differences on accounting and taxable profits.[2] Ch 13
(c) Compute and record deferred tax amounts in the financial statements.[2] Ch 13
(a) Discuss the importance of identifying and reporting the results of discontinued operations.[2]Ch 5
(b) Define and account for noncurrent assets held for sale and discontinued operations. [2] Ch 5
Trang 1612 Foreign currency transactions
C ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
OF SINGLE ENTITIES AND GROUPS
1 Limitations of financial statements
2 Calculation and interpretation of accounting ratios and trends to address users’ and stakeholders’ needs
(a) Explain the difference between functional and presentation currency and explain why adjustments for foreign currency transactions are necessary.[2] Ch 11
(b) Account for the translation of foreign currency transactions and monetary/nonmonetary foreign currency items at the reporting date.[2]
Ch 11
(a) Indicate the problems of using historic information to predict future performance and trends.[2]Ch 21
(b) Discuss how financial statements may be manipulated to produce a desired effect (creative accounting, window dressing).[2]Ch 21(c) Explain why figures in a statement of financial position may not be representative of average values throughout the period for example, due to:
(i) seasonal trading(ii) major asset acquisitions near the end of the accounting period.[2]
Ch 21(d) Explain how the use of consolidated financial statements might limit interpretation techniques. [2] Ch 21, Ch 17, Ch 18
(a) Define and compute relevant financial ratios.[2]Ch 21(b) Explain what aspects of performance specific ratios are intended to assess.[2]Ch 21
(c) Analyse and interpret ratios to give an assessment of an entity’s/group's performance and financial position in comparison with:[2] Ch 21
(i) previous period’s financial statements
Trang 173 Limitations of interpretation techniques
4 Specialised, notforprofit and public sector entities
D PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1 Preparation of single entity financial statements
Trang 182 Preparation of consolidated financial statements including an associate
The numbers in square brackets indicate the intellectual depth at which the subject area could be assessed within the examination. Level 1 (knowledge and comprehension) broadly equates with the Knowledge module, Level 2 (application and analysis) with the Skills module and Level 3 (synthesis and evaluation) to the Professional level. However, lower level skills can continue
to be assessed as you progress through each module and level.
(a) Prepare a consolidated statement of financial position for a simple group (parent and one subsidiary and associate) dealing with pre and postacquisition profits, noncontrolling interests and consolidated goodwill.[2]Chs 17 & 19
(b) Prepare a consolidated statement of profit or loss and consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for a simple group dealing with an acquisition in the period and non
controlling interest.[2] Chs 18 & 28(c) Explain and account for other reserves (e.g. share premium and revaluation reserves).[1] Ch 17
(d) Account for the effects in the financial statements of intragroup trading.[2] Chs 17 & 19
(e) Account for the effects of fair value adjustments (including their effect on consolidated goodwill) to:[2] Chs 17 & 18
(i) depreciating and nondepreciating noncurrent assets(ii) inventory
(iii) monetary liabilities(iv) assets and liabilities not included in the subsidiary’s own statement
of financial position, including contingent assets and liabilities(f) Account for goodwill impairment.[2] Chs 17 & 18
(g) Describe and apply the required accounting treatment of consolidated goodwill.[2] Chs 17 & 18
(h) Explain and illustrate the effect of a disposal of a parent's investment in
a subsidiary in the parent's individual financial statements and/or those
of the group (restricted to disposals of the parent's entire investment in the subsidiary). Ch 20
Trang 20Examination tips Individual students will have different approaches of how to tackle the F7 exam. Some students may wish to spend the first 15 minutes familiarising themselves with the paper, particularly the constructed response questions. Students who wish to do this should then allocate 1.8 minutes per mark, meaning that a 20 mark section C question should be completed in approximately 36 minutes, with a 10 mark section B question taking approximately 18 minutes.
An alternative suggestion for this examination is to allocate 1.95 minutes to each mark available, so a 20 mark section C question should be completed
in approximately 39 minutes, with a 10 mark section B question taking approximately 19 minutes.
Unless you know exactly how to answer the question, spend some time planning your answer. Stick to the question and tailor your answer to what you are asked. Pay particular attention to the verbs in the question.
If you get completely stuck with a question, leave space in your answer book and return to it later.
If you do not understand what a question is asking, state your assumptions. Even if you do not answer in precisely the way the examiner hoped, you should be given some credit, if your assumptions are reasonable.
You should do everything you can to make things easy for the marker. The marker will find it easier to identify the points you have made if your answers are legible.
Short narrative response: Your answer should be concise but specific, explaining terms where required. Short narrative responses will often require comment on the correct accounting treatment of items, so an ability
to discuss this is essential, rather than simply providing calculations.
Number of marks Section A – Fifteen 2mark objective test questions 30 Section B – Three 10mark objective case questions,
Trang 21Interpretation style response: Longer form responses are likely to
Trang 22Notetaking Taking notes is a useful way of learning, but do not simply copy out the text. The notes must:
Trying to summarise a chapter without referring to the text can be a useful way of determining which areas you know and which you don't.
Three ways of taking notes:
Summarise the key points of a chapter.
Make linear notes – a list of headings, divided up with subheadings listing the key points. If you use linear notes, you can use different colours to highlight key points and keep topic areas together. Use plenty of space to make your notes easy to use.
Try a diagrammatic form – the most common of which is a mindmap. To make a mindmap, put the main heading in the centre of the paper and put a circle around it. Then draw short lines radiating from this to the main sub
(2) Question – whilst undertaking the survey, ask yourself the questions that you hope the chapter will answer for you
(3) Read through the chapter thoroughly, answering the questions and making sure you can meet the objectives. Attempt the exercises and activities in the text, and work through all the examples
(4) Recall – at the end of each section and at the end of the chapter, try to recall the main ideas of the section/chapter without referring to the text. This is best done after a short break of a couple of minutes after the reading stage
Trang 23Highlighting and underlining
'A student's guide to Preparing Financial Statements' by Sally Baker.
'A student's guide to Group Accounts' by Tom Clendon.
You can find further reading and technical articles under the student section
of ACCA's website.
Trang 24International Examinable Documents
Download FREE ACCA STUDY MATERIALS & LSBF LECTURES
from www.accalsbfvideos.com
Trang 25Introduction to published accounts
Chapter learning objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to:
• prepare an entity’s financial statements in accordance with prescribed structure and content
• prepare and explain the contents and purpose of the statement of changes in equity
1
Trang 26of the constructed response questions in section C of the F7 examination. This chapter will look at the techniques and principles behind the
construction of this. It is important to note that Chapters 2 to 15 contain information on specific accounting standards, any of which could be included within the construction of single entity financial statements. Once you have worked through these chapters, Chapter 23 provides practice of single entity financial statements with those standards incorporated into them.
1 Preparation of financial statements for companies
IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements
A complete set of financial statements comprises:
• a statement of financial position
• either – a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, or– a statement of profit or loss plus a statement showing other comprehensive income
Trang 28–– Equity and liabilities
Capital and reserves:
––
Trade and other payables X Shortterm borrowings X
Shortterm provisions X
––
X –– Total equity and liabilities X
––
Trang 2931 December 20X2
Share capital premium Share Revaluation surplus Retained earnings equity Total
(X)
comprehensive
income
X
X
X Transfer to
retained
earnings
(X)
X
–
Trang 30Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
Total comprehensive income is the realised profit or loss for the period, plus other comprehensive income.
Other comprehensive income is income and expenses that are not recognised in profit or loss (i.e. they are recorded in reserves rather than as
an element of the realised profit for the period). For the purposes of F7, other comprehensive income includes any change in the revaluation of noncurrent assets (IAS 16, covered in Chapter 2) and fair value through other comprehensive income financial assets (IFRS 9, covered in Chapter 10).
The amendments to IAS 1 (revised) change how items of OCI are presented in the financial statements – they do not change which items should be presented in OCI. In principle, items of OCI must be classified into two groups as follows:
• Items that might be reclassified (or recycled) to profit or loss in subsequent accounting periods
– Foreign exchange gains and losses arising on translation of a foreign operation (IAS 21) (not on F7 syllabus)
– Effective parts of cash flow hedging arrangements (IAS 39) (not
on F7 syllabus)– Remeasurement of debt instruments designated to be classified as fair value through OCI (IFRS 9)
• Items that will not be reclassified (or recycled) to profit or loss in subsequent accounting periods
– Changes in revaluation surplus (IAS 16 & IAS 38)– Remeasurement of equity instruments designated to be classified as fair value through OCI (IFRS 9)
IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements requires that you prepare either:
(1) A statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income showing total comprehensive income; or
Presentation of other comprehensive income
Trang 31Statement of profit or loss
A recommended format is as follows:
XYZ: Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
for the year ended 31 December 20X2
Total comprehensive income for the year X
––
Trang 32Statement of profit or loss plus statement of comprehensive income
A recommended format for the statement of profit or loss is as follows:
A recommended format for the presentation of other comprehensive income is:
XYZ Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 31 December 20X2
Trang 332 Introduction to published accounts
210 accumulated depreciation (at 1 April 20X8) 48 Plant and machinery:
accumulated depreciation (at 1 April 20X8) 75 Retained earnings (at 1 April 20X8) 270
Example 1 – Published accounts
Trang 34Additional information:
Required:
Prepare Picklette plc’s statement of profit or loss for the year to 31 March 20X9 and a statement of financial position as at that date. Solution
Picklette: Statement of profit or loss
(4) The depreciation charges for the year to 31 March 20X9 are to be apportioned as follows:
–––––
Trang 35Statement of financial position
Profit from operations 505
Finance costs
(80 × 10%)
(8) –––––
1,169 –––––
Retained earnings (W2) 616
–––––
816 Noncurrent liabilities
Provision for warranties 75
155 Payables
1,169 –––––
Trang 36Working 1
Working 2
Land and buildings
Plant and machinery Total
$000 $000 $000 Cost
––––
125 ––––
335 –––– Depreciation
––––
25 ––––
30 ––––
––––
100 ––––
153 –––– Carrying amount
––––
25 ––––
182 ––––
–––– Retained earnings c/f 616
––––
Trang 37as at 31 March 20X7:
$000 $000 Administration expenses 250
Test your understanding 1
Trang 38Additional information
Buildings 5% on cost (straight line) Plant and machinery 30% on carrying amount (reducing balance)
Prepare the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of financial position for year ended 31 March 20X7.
Note: Show all workings but notes are not required.
(1) Inventory at 31 March 20X7 was valued at a cost of $95,000.
Included in this balance were goods that had cost $15,000. These goods had become damaged during the year and it is considered that following remedial work the goods could be sold for $5,000
(2) Depreciation for the year to 31 March 20X7 is to be charged against cost of sales as follows:
(3) Income tax of $165,000 is to be provided for the year to 31 March 20X7
(4) Land is to be revalued upwards by $100,000
3 Notforprofit and public sector entities
Comparison of aims
The main aims of notforprofit and public sector entities are very different to those of profitorientated entities:
Profitorientated sector Notforprofit/public sector Financial aim is to make profit and
increase shareholder wealth.
Financial aim is to achieve value for money/provide service.
Directors are accountable to shareholders.
Managers are accountable to trustees/government/public.
Notforprofit and public sector entities
Trang 39Accounting standards and notforprofit and public sector entities
Trang 404 Chapter summary