An investigation into “affect”, “judgement” and “appreciation” in english lectures by

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIESNGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO AN INVESTIGATION INTO “AFFECT”, “JUDGEMENT” AND “APPRECIATION” IN ENGLISH LECTURES BY NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES Major : ENG

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Da Nang, 2020

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO

AN INVESTIGATION INTO

“AFFECT”, “JUDGEMENT” AND “APPRECIATION”

IN ENGLISH LECTURES

BY NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES

Major : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS

MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

SUPERVISOR: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN THỊ QUỲNH HOA

Da Nang, 2020

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

Except where reference is made on the text of the thesis, this thesis contains nomaterial published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which

I have qualified for been awarded another degree of diploma

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in thethesis

This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma inany other tertiary institution

Da Nang, June 2020

Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao

3

Appraisal Theory is first put forward by linguistic scholars Martin & White in the1990s and now used worldwide Appraisal Theory is the development of functionalgrammar in terms of interpersonal meaning This study aims at examining thelinguistic features of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” namely “Affect”,

“Judgement” and “Appreciation”in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates(ELNPLs) The data for analysis are 395 samples of ELNPLs collected from the

century to 2019 The methods mainly used in this study are qualitative andquantitative combined approaches which include the descriptive methods This studyfocuses on analyzing syntactic realizations and semantic features of the three sub-categories “Attitude” in ELNPLs in the light of Appraisal Theory In terms of thesyntactic aspect, the “Attitude” sub-categories can be recognized in various groups inwhich Nominal Groups and Adjectival Groups are more noticeable than VerbalGroups, Adverbial Groups and Preposition Phrases In terms of the semantic aspect,the findings obtained from both positive and negative values were shown inELNPLs; however, the positive values were demonstrated more commonly than thenegative ones With regard to theory, the findings of the study can make a minorcontribution to a better understanding of discourse features and language used inELNPLs With regard to practice, the findings will provide university students with

an insight into the linguistic features of the three subcategories of “Attitude” as well

as help to raise their awareness of the important function of evaluative category of

“Attitude”

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

LIST OF TABLES

2005:46)

13

4.15 Summary of types of groups expressing “Appreciation”

subcategory in terms of syntactic realizations in ELNPLs

48

No Name of Tables Page

4.30 Distribution of Positive and Negative of “Attitude”

sub-categories in terms of semantic features

72

LIST OF FIGURES

terms of Syntactic Realizations

49

of the three sub-categories of “Attitude”

72

Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

Today, millions of prizes are offered in many various fields around the world butonly a few are internationally renowned However, there is only one prize recognizedaround the world as the pinnacle of achievement in making the world a better placeand the Nobel Prize is one of them Alfred Nobel had a vision of a better world Hebelieved that people are capable of helping to improve society through knowledge,science and humanism This is why he created a prize that would reward thediscoveries that have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind Since 1901, theNobel Prize has been awarded in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology ormedicine, literature and peace, while a memorial prize in economic sciences wasadded in 1968 The Nobel Prize is an annual international award administered by theNobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden The Nobel Prize is bestowed in a number

of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientificadvances Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements

in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace One of themost important fields to be concerned is the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel PeacePrize has been awarded annually to an author from any country that has the mostoutstanding work in the field of peace Each Nobel Prize is regarded as the mostprestigious award in its field

According to Lundestad (2019:1), the Nobel Peace Prize is the most prestigiousprize in the world It has probably never been in a stronger position than it is today

The Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary History describes it as “the world's most prestigious prize.” Moreover, Jay Nordlinger, an American conservative writer published a book about the Peace Prize in 2012, entitled '“Peace, They Say A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World”, had not received the Peace Prize but he also came to admire the Peace Prize

and concluded that no prize, not even the Oscars, had greater prestige than the Nobel

10

Peace Prize: “The Nobel Peace Prize is almost certainly No 1.”

The Nobel Prize is a collection of international awards held annually since 1901for individuals who have achieved achievements in the fields of physics, chemistry,medicine, literature, economics and peace; especially peace can be given to anorganization or to an individual The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to the person whohas “done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, the abolition orreduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peacecongresses” That’s a prize worth striving for Many laureates have described howtheir lives changed dramatically after receiving the prize They know that as a result

of the prize, their lives will change forever Nearly all doors are opened once youhave become a laureate

In recent years, researching linguistic objectives in the framework of Appraisaltheory has become more and more popular Appraisal Theory is a model ofevaluation that evolved within the general theoretical framework of SystemicFunctional Linguistics It is an extension of linguistic theories of Halliday (2004) andhis colleagues to develop a comprehensive way to analyze evaluation in discourse by

a group of Functional linguists in Sydney in the late 1980s and early 1990s.Appraisal Theory is a particular approach to exploring, describing, and explainingthe way language used to express the writer's or speaker's opinion on people andthings By using this theory, language is used to express “Attitude”, “Affect”,

“Judgement”, and “Appreciation”, especially in ELs, it can be realized withunderstanding and empathy of the speaker, and finally, come to the purpose ofpersuasion to the hearer Therefore, this is a potential approach to discover the

“Attitude”, the evaluation as well as the personal meaning a speaker implies in hiswords Therefore, this is a potential approach to discover the attitude, the evaluation

as well as the personal meaning a speaker implies in his words With ELNPLs, thisapproach is applicable

Viewed from the importance of Nobel Peace Prize, as a teacher, we desire to have

a further insight into what Attitudinal linguistic features are realized in EnglishLectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates (ELNPLs), how the laureates express their

11

feelings or emotions, and how they convey their appreciation on the issue ofharmony world peace which is one of the issues that are most concerned today For

all the reasons mentioned above, I decided to carry out the thesis entitled “An

Investigation into “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” in English Lectures

by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates” I attempted to apply an Appraisal Theory to

analyze this study in terms of syntactic realizations and semantic features It is hopedthat the study provides partly a small contribution in order to help English learners beable to apply the category “Attitude” as well as the Appraisal Theory to Englishteaching and learning in Vietnam

The “Attitude”sub-categories are illustrated by the following bolded extracts fromELNPLs in which the extracts have been used the evaluative language of thecategory “Attitude”

(1.1) I am very proud of the 2,300 hard working men and women that make

up the IAEA staff - the colleagues with whom I share this honour.

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/elbaradei/26138-mohamed-elbaradei-nobel-lecture-2005-2/)

In this example, “proud” belongs to the “Affect” subsystem of “Attitude” It is

used to show the positive “Happiness” by means of “Affect” markers in ELNPLs It

is also used to comment on the feeling of the laureates who express their attitudewhen receiving the award

(1.2) Still, we are at war, and I am responsible for the deployment of

thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land.

Source:

(https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/obama/26183-nobel-lecture-2009/)

From the example above, we can see an adjective “responsible”, it is the

positive “Veracity” by means of “Judgement” markers It is used to express theattitude and behavior of the speaker to others

(1.3) It is clear that global challenges must be met with an emphasis on

peace, in harmony with others, with strong alliances and international consensus.

12

Source: (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/carter/lecture/)

In this example, “clear” belongs to the “Appreciation” subsystem of “Attitude”.

It is the positive “Composition-Complexity” by means of “Appreciation”markers It

is also used to evaluate the things related to the global challenges occurring in theworld

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 Aims of the Study

The study is aimed at identifying and describing the linguistic features of

“Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” used in ELNPLs in terms of syntacticrealizations and semantic features

This study is also expected to help the Vietnamese learners of English raise theawareness of Appraisal language resources and know how to use evaluative languageeffectively in ELNPLs

1.2.2 Objectives of the Study

This study is intended to achieve the following objectives:

- To identify and describe the syntactic realizations and semantic features of

“Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” in ELNPLs

- To suggest some implications for Vietnamese lecturers and university students

of English and those who are interested in this field

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is mainly concerned with an investigation into “Affect”, “Judgement”and “Appreciation” in ELNPLs in terms of their syntactic realizations by Angela

13

Downing & Philip Locke (2006)’s view and semantic features in the light ofAppraisal Theory by Martin & White (2005).

The samples are collected from the official website of the Nobel Prize

century to 2019 This timeline is chosen because human society is living in a newcentury and they are always hungry for peace

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

By investigating the syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Affect”,

“Judgement” and “Appreciation” in ELNPLs, the findings of the study is expected to

be able to make a minor contribution to a better understanding of discourse featuresand language used in ELNPLs for Vietnamese learners of English

In addition, the findings will help the readers/ learners not only recognize the role

of evaluative language but also understand more ELNPLs and the author'sperspective on peace It is hoped that the thesis can be a source of reference for thosewho teach and study English in higher education institutes

1.6 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY

This study consists of five chapters as follows:

Chapter One: Introduction - presents the reason why the topic is chosen, the

aims and objectives, the research questions, the scope, the significance, and theorganization of the study The framework of this paper is provided in this chapter

Chapter Two: Literature Review and Theoretical Background - introduces

the summarizing previous studies and the authors’ comments, presents theoreticalbackground related to conceptions of research, the study with regard to view points

of “Attitude” in Appraisal paradigm, followed by “Attitude” sub-categories with theirinstances

Chapter Three: Research Methodology - presents the research design and

methods of the study, materials, research procedures, instruments for analysis, datacollection anddata analysis The reliability and validity of the thesis are alsomentioned

14

Chapter Four: Findings and Discussion - mainly replies the research questions,

investigates syntactic realizations and semantic features of expressions in thelanguage of “Attitude” through ELNPLs, and discusses the result of discourseanalysis to provide knowledge values in evaluation language for learners andlecturers of English

Chapter Five: Conclusions and Implications - summarizes the

main point of the thesis based on the findings, the practicalrecommendations, some limitations of the study, some useful implications for teaching and learning English and some

suggestions for further research

15

Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 PREVIOUS RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE STUDY

Appraisal theory has been developed at the beginning of the 1990s and hasbecome popular ever since Its primary impetus was the project called “Write ItRight” of the New South Wales Disadvantaged Schools Program (Sydney, Australia),which was led by linguist James R Martin and his associates in the 1980s with theaim to explore the literacy requirements of the discourses of science, technology, themedia, history, geography, English literature studies and the visual arts The theory is

fully presented in one of their typical works: The Language of Evaluation Appraisal in English, published in 2005 The theory concerns of Appraisal Theory

-concentrate on the linguistic resources by how writers or speakers express theirstance toward the things or ongoing events in the world, how they express theiragreement or disagreement with the potential responses from the other readers, andhow they establish and strengthen their identities in a text or a discourse Thefunction practiced by appraisal items in a discourse is to help writers or speakers toexpress their evaluation, negotiate their relationship with the respondents, andestablish their persona

Up to now, many studies have been conducted using the Appraisal framework.Among them, there are studies on “Attitude” category As a starting point with White(2004), he distinguishes between opinion and emotion By indicating the term

“emotion” refers to descriptions of the emotional reactions or states of humansubjects and the term “opinion” is an inherent property of the phenomenon beingevaluated He also proposes that opinion can furthermore be divided into

“Appreciation” (opinion about aesthetics) and “Judgement” (opinion about ethics)

In addition, Andy (2008) illustrated that how the reality producing effect oflanguage is itself an enactment of design, allowing a new understanding of theconnections between creative behaviors which are distributed across social spaces

and mediated through language.

Besides, Bednarek (2009), with the help of Appraisal Theory (Martin, J R., &White, P R R., 2005) distinguishes between different types of evaluation Sheinvestigates how far linguistic patterns support this “Attitude” category

Furthermore, the study of Cheng (2008) with topic “Attitudinal Meanings: A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Linguistics Book Reviews” is conducted in

the light of the Appraisal theory It mainly studies the similarities and differencesbetween English linguistics book reviews and Chinese linguistics book reviews withrespect to the three attitude variables of “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation”.Besides, it also reveals some genre-dependent and language-specific rhetoricalpreferences, and what causes them to be that way

Also, Liu & Thompson (2009) investigate the use of evaluative language inargumentative writing by a Chinese student Susan (2004) used the Appraisal theory

in her research: “Taking a Stance in academic writing” She carried out the

construction of evaluation stance in the introductory in academic literacy in English.Painter (2003) applies the Appraisal theory to develop “Attitude” category in herresearch To analyze the child’s own feelings and behavior, she argues for boardingher consideration of the interpersonal in language development to include theemergence of evaluative and attitudinal language

Regarding to cross-linguistic studies based on the Appraisal theory betweenEnglish and Vietnamese, it should be named here some recent studies as follows:

Tôn Nữ Hồng Hà (2011) investigated “A Study of Linguistic Devices to Attribute Source of Information in News Reports - English and Vietnamese” In her M.A.

thesis, the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of attribute source ofinformation were described and analyzed based on the framework of AppraisalTheory and she also compared and pointed out the similarities and differencesbetween the linguistic devices of attribute source of information in the twolanguages

In their research paper entitled “An Expansion Resources Analysis of English and

Vietnamese Political Editorials in the Light of Appraisal Theory”, Nguyễn Thị Thu

Hiền and her colleague (2014) investigated the use of Expansion resources in theEnglish and Vietnamese political editorials about North Korea by drawing onAppraisal Theory

Nguyễn Văn Khôi (2006) conducted “A Study of Proclaim Markers in English and Vietnamese” In this paper, he pointed out Proclaim markers in English and

Vietnamese based on a theoretical framework of Appraisal The author examined thesyntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of proclaim markers in epistemic modalityand evidentiality, speech acts, force dynamics, politeness principles and dialogisticview

In his M.A thesis, Trần Hữu Thuần (2014) explored the use of “Appreciation” infootball commentaries in English and Vietnamese His thesis focuses on

“Appreciation” in the category of “Attitude”, one of the three subsystems within theAppraisal Theory This descriptive qualitative study was conducted based on adescriptive framework of functional grammar, appraisal and speech acts theory

To sum up, a large number of researchers have been conducted in varioussubfields and on a variety of materials in the light of Appraisal Theory However, up

to now, there has hardly been any deep exploitation into “Affect”, “Judgement” and

“Appreciation” in ELNPLsfor the being time This is also one of the main reasonswhy I conducted this thesis

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Appraisal Theory (Martin 2000; Martin & Rose 2003; Martin & White 2005),which has been developed within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), is ananalytical approach to explore, describe and explain the ways a language is used toevaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual personas and to manage interpersonalpositioning and relationships

Appraisal Theory is used to analyze how the speaker/writer values the entities(people and things) within the text that they produce It is a theoretical system which

is supposed to describe and explain the usage of language In other words, Appraisalframework is known as a particular approach to exploring, describing and explainingthe way language is used to evaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual personasand to manage interpersonal positionings and relationships Appraisal Framework islocated within the framework of SFL It offers a framework for the exploration ofspeakers’, writers’ style in their positive or negative assessment of people, places,things, happenings and states of affairs.

In the other view, Appraisal Theory is concerned with a) how text producers(writers/ speakers) construe particular authorial identities for themselves, b) howauthors align/ disalign themselves with actual or potential respondents and c) howwriters or speakers construct an idea audience for their texts (Martin & White, 2005).Appraisal is divided into three sub-categories: “Attitude”, “Graduation”, and

“Engagement” The “Attitude” deals more comprehensively with feelings including

“Affect”, “Judgement”, and “Appreciation” The “Graduation” is concerned withlanguage that explores the degree of evaluation The graduation system is alsodivided into two sub-systems, they are force and focus The last system in Appraisalframework is “Engagement” The “Engagement” relates to the linguistic resourceswhich explicitly position a text’s proposals and propositions inter-subjectively.Monogloss and Heterogloss are the two brands of this system

A brief introduction of the Appraisal framework is presented by the Figure 2.1 asfollows:

r- monogloss (e.g The Earth goes round the sun)

- heterogloss (e.g Galileo: “And yet it moves.”)

-AFFECT (e.g happy, confident, sad, bored, interested)

LAPPRECIATION (e.g yummy, simple, woolly, unbalanced)

r raise (e.g jubilant)

r sharpen (e.g award-winning)

Figure 2.1 Overview of Appraisal Resources [Martin & White, 2005:38]

Angela Downing & Philip Locke (2006) take a functional approach to Englishgrammar, basing their analysis on the works of Halliday (2004) By identifyinglanguage functions and the many grammatical and structural ways of expressing thesefunctions, the functional approach brings interesting insights to the study of a secondlanguage, specifically by highlighting the distinction between form and function

To lay the foundation for further investigation, in terms of syntactic realizations ofthe “Attitude” sub-categories in ELNPLs, the researcher based on Martin & White’sview (2005) and in terms of semantic features based on the theoretical framework ofDowning & Locke (2006) because these two theories have a close relationship

a Notion of “Attitude”

“Attitude” is one of sub-systems of Appraisal Theory which refers to “our feelings,including emotional reactions, judgement of behaviours and evaluation of things”(Martin & White, 2005:35) The system of meanings as “Attitude” is a framework formapping feeling as they are construed in texts It is concerned with emotional

responses, judgement of human behaviours and evaluation of products and processes.According to Martin & White (2005:35), “Attitude” itself is divided into three sub-categories, namely “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” As the basicframework of this study, “Attitude” and its sub-categories will be further explained inthe next section.

b The sub-category “Affect”

“Affect” being one of the three branches of “Attitude” is modelled as a semanticresource for showing the characterization with reference to emotional responses It isreferred to expressing “positive and negative feelings: do we feel happy or sad,confident or anxious, interested or bored?”

According to Martin & White (2005:49), they suggest six factors that areapplicable to categorize “Affect”: cultural vibes, emerging emotion, reaction tospecific emotional phenomena and a general mood or Undirected Mood, the scale offeelings, the intention or reaction

Based on those criteria, “Affect” emotion groups are divided into four major sets:

- Dis/Inclination: how the speaker/ writer inclined or disinclined to something The typical words classified in this region are:miss, long for, etc.

- Un/Happiness: emotional feeling of the speaker/ writer whether he is happy or sad The typical words classified in this region are:cheerful, gloomy, buoyant, etc.

- In/Security: the speaker/writer’s emotions which is related with his ecosocial

well-being: anxiety, fear, confidence and trust - in relation to the environment

The typical words are: confident, comfortable, trusting, etc.

- Dis/Satisfaction: emotions concerned with telos-the pursuit of goals-ennui, displeasure, curiosity, respect The typical words are: engrossed, satisfied, pleased, etc.

The realizations of “Affect” are expected across a range of grammatical functionand its kinds They are represented as Tables 2.1 & 2.2

Table 2.1 Grammatical Realization of “Affect” (Martin & White, 2005:46)

Quality

EpithetAttributeCircumstance

a happy woman She was sad.

She left happily.

Process

- mental

- behavioural

She pleased him.

She smiled.

Comment Modal Adjunct Happily, the man won.

Nominalizations Subject, Object, sadness, grief, etc

Table 2.2 Main subclasses of “Affect” (Martin & White, 2005:48-51)

chuckle/ laugh/ rejoice

satisfied/impressed/

pleased/charmed/chuffed/thri lled

c The sub-category “Judgement”

According to Martin & White ( 2005:52), “Judgement” is the domain of meaningwhich construes our attitude to people or their behavior It covers meaning to evaluatehuman and human behavior either positively or negatively by reference to a set ofconventional norms.“Judgement” evaluates human behaviours as moral or immoral,legal or illegal, socially acceptable or unacceptable, normal or abnormal, etc It is asort of language to criticize, praise, condemn or applaud the actions, deeds, beliefs

of human individual or groups Values can be realized as:

1 Adverbial: justly, fairly, virtuously, honestly, pluckily, indefatigably, cleverly, stupidly, eccentrically.

2 Attribute and Epithet: a corrupt politician, that was dishonest, don't be cruel, she's very brave, he's indefatigable, a skillful performer, truly eccentric behavior.

3 Nominal: abrutal tyrant, a cheat and a liar, a hero, a genius, a maverick.

4 Verbal: to cheat, to deceive, to sin, to lust after, to chicken out, to triumph.

In general terms, “Judgement”, as Martin & White (2005)’s view, it can be dividedinto Social Esteem and Social Sanction Social Esteem deals with Normality, Capacity

and Tenacity Social Sanction is concerned with Veracity and Propriety.

Social Esteem: is the region of judgements in which the evaluation of people’s

conduct is based on social ethics; on a standard of appropriateness In this region thereare judgements of:

a „Normality’ (how unusual someone is); the typical words classified in this

domain are: normal, natural, familiar, lucky, stable, etc.

b „Capacity’ (how capable someone is): powerful, vigorous, healthy, fit, etc.

c „Tenacity’ (how resolute someone is): plucky, reliable, tireless, loyal, etc.

Social Sanction: Social Sanction is the region of judgements in which the

evaluation of people’s conduct is based on legal/religious rules Unlike thoseunderlying social esteem, the rules on which social sanction are based are usuallycodified and written Therefore violations of these rules are usually penalized; while

on the other hand, people who violate social esteem rules are only considered

“unfortunate” or, at the worst level, “strange” The latter stigma is about the worst

„punishment’ a violator of social esteem meet In short, if you break social esteemrules, you need the help of a lawyer (Martin & White, 2005:53 and Martin & Rose,2003:68) Back to social sanction, this region comprises “Judgement” of two traits:

a „Veracity’ (how truthful someone is); the typical words classified in this region

are:truthful, candid, tactful, etc.

b „Propriety’ (how ethical someone is): polite, ethical, law abiding, etc.

Like “Affect”, values of “Judgement” have either positive or negative status.The realization of full system of “Judgement” is set out below

Table 2.3 Types of “Judgement” (Martin & White 2005:53)

lucky, fortunate, charmed.;

normal, natural, familiar.; cool,

fashionable, avant garde.;

celebrated, unsung

unlucky, hapless,

powerful, vigorous, robust.;

sound, healthy, fit.; adult,mature, experienced.; witty,humorous, droll.; insightful,clever, gifted.; balanced,together, sane.; sensible, expert,

educated, learned.; competent,

productive

unsound, sick, crippled.;immature, childish, helpless.;dull, dreary, grave.; slow,

neurotic, insane.; naive,inexpert, foolish.; illiterate,

incompetent, unaccomplished.;unsuccessful, unproductive

Tenacity (Is

the person

dependable?)

cautious, wary, patient.; careful,thorough, meticulous.; tireless,persevering, resolute.; reliable,dependable.; faithful, loyal,constant.; flexible, adaptable,accommodating

timid, cowardly, gutless.; rash,impatient, impetuous.; hasty,capricious, reckless.; weak,

unreliable,undependable.; unfaithful,

stubborn, obstinate, willful

truthful, honest, credible ;

frank, candid, direct.; discrete,tactful

dishonest, deceitful, lying.;

charitable

bad, immoral, evil.; corrupt,unfair, unjust.; insensitive,mean, cruel.; vain, snobby,arrogant.; rude, discourteous,irreverent.; selfish, greedy,avaricious

d The sub-category “Appreciation”

“Appreciation” is “resources for valuing the worth of things” It deals with things

we make, performance we give and also natural phenomena Martin & White(2005:56) categorize “Appreciation” into three sub-types: Reaction, Composition andValuation

1 Reaction: related to affection It is further sub-divided into two systems: that ofimpact (whether the phenomena grabs our attention) and quality (whetherphenomena is liked by the speaker/ writer) The typical words belonging in the

region of impact are: arresting, captivating, fascinating, etc The typical words

of quality are: okay, fine, beautiful, splendid, etc.

2 Composition: related to our view of order It is further sub-divided into twosystems: balance (whether the phenomena is orderly, has a sense of balance andconnectedness in it) and complexity (whether the phenomena is easy or

difficult to comprehend) Typical words of balance are: symmetrical, proportioned, unified, logical, etc typical words of complexity are: simple,

lucid, clear, intricate, reach, etc.

3 Valuation: related to our considered opinions The typical words belonging to

this region are: penetrating, profound, priceless, worthwhile, etc.

Like both “Affect” and “Judgement”, values of “Appreciation” have either positive

or negative status.The table below presents details about the illustrative realizationsfor “Appreciation”

Table 2.4 Types of “Appreciation” (Martin & White, 2005:56)

Reaction

Impact „did it grab

me?’

arresting, captivating, engaging ; fascinating, exciting, moving.; lively, dramatic, intense.;

remarkable, notable, sensational

dull, boring, tedious.; dry, ascetic, uninviting.; flat, predictable, monotonous.; unremarkable, pedestrian

bad, yuk, nasty.; plain, ugly, grotesque.; repulsive,

shapely, curvaceous, willowy

unbalanced, discordant,irregular, uneven, flawed.; contradictory, disorganized.;shapeless, amorphous,distorted

„was it

worthwhile?’

penetrating, profound,deep ; innovative, original, creative, timely, long

awaited, landmark.;

inimitable, exceptional, unique.; authentic, real, genuine.; valuable, priceless,worthwhile.;

appropriate, helpful, effective

shallow, reductive, insignificant.; derivative, conventional, prosaic.; dated, overdue, untimely.;

dime-a-dozen, everyday, common.; fake, bogus, glitzy.; worthless, shoddy, pricey.; ineffective, useless, write-off

To avoid confusion as to which is the domain of which, Martin & White (2005)define boundaries between the three sub-divisions of “Attitude” The borders areespecially helpful for making an objective limit of domains which will enable aresearcher to check herself whether what she is doing is still according to what itshould be

“Attitude” itself divides into three sub-systems

“Affect”: the characterization of phenomena by reference to emotion

“Judgement”: the evaluation of human behavior with respect to social norms

“Appreciation”: the evaluation of objects and products (rather than humanbehavior) by reference to aesthetic principles and other systems of social value

The first border to be defined is as to which entity objects to which element of

“Attitude”and what points of the entity are to be evaluated The Table 2.5 willdescribe this

Table 2.5 Points of Differences/Borders (Martin & White, 2005:57-60)

Kind of Attitude To Evaluate Points of Evaluation

Affect human and other conscious

Table 2.6 Clauses for Clearing Differences (Martin & White, 2005:58-59)

Affect Person feels affect about

something

It makes person feel affect that

(proposition)

I feel happy (about

that/that they’ve come)

It makes me feel happy

that they’ve come

Judgement It was judgement for person/of

person to do that (for person) to

do that was judgement.

It was silly of/for them to

2.2.4 Syntactic Elements of Groups by Downing & Locke (2006)

According to Downing & Locke (2006:18), Nominal Groups, Verbal Groups,Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups, and Prepositional Phrases are five types ofgroups

Nominal Groups are composed of three primary elements or functions: a head

noun (h) preceded by a pre-modifier (m) and followed by a post-modifier (m).

- Pre-modifiers which consist of all items precede the head - notably nouns and adjectives.

- Post-modifiers, including all the items follow the head - notably prepositional phrases, non-finite clauses, and relative clauses.

In the case of Nominal Groups, we also distinguish between “modifiers”, which

describe or classify the head, and “determiners” (d), which specify it in terms of

definiteness, quantity, possessiveness, etc Thus, we give the determiner and the modifiers and post-modifiers equal syntactic status as primary elements of NominalGroups

pre-Determiners + Pre-modifiers + Head Noun + Post-modifiers

Look at the following example of a Nominal Group “those beautiful paintings by

Goya”, “paintings” is a Head noun preceded by a Pre-modifier “beautiful” and

followed by a Post-modifier “by Goya”.“Those” is the Determiner.

In Verbal Groups, the lexical verb is regarded as the main element (v), which

either functions alone, whether in finite or non-finite form or is preceded by

auxiliaries (x) The first auxiliary (or the auxiliary, if there is only one) is called the

“finite operator” (o) It is the element that contributes information about tense,

modality, number and person, and so helps to make the Verbal Groups finite and fully

“operative” In the more complex verbal groups, each elements is telescoped into thefollowing one:

oxxv: must | have | been | played [must + [have + -en] [be + -en]]

Adjectival Groups consist of three basic elements or functions: a Head adjective (h) preceded by a Pre-modifier (m) and followed by a Complement Premodifiers

which consist of items precede the head - notably adverb Complement (c) is

considered as a special type of post-head element Complements of adjectives are

introduced by a PrepositionPhraseor by a that-clause which is controlled by the

head-word of the group

Pre-modifiers + Head Adjective + Complement

For example, in a Adjectival Group “extremely difficult to translate”, “difficult” is

an adjective in the head position It is pre-modified by an adverb “extremely” and post-modified by To-infinitive “to translate”.

An Adverbial Group is typically a group with an adverb as its head That adverb

is likely to be modified either before the adverb (pre-modification) or after the adverb(post-modification or qualification) or both

Pre-modifiers + Adverb + Post-modifiers

For example, in a Adverbial Group "more fluently than before", "fluently" is an adverb in the head position It is pre-modified by "more" and post-modified or qualified by "than before".

In Prepositional Phrases (PPs), there are two obligatory elements: the prepositional head (h) and the complement (c) There is also an optional modifier (m),

which is typically realised by an adverb of degree (e.g right, quite) The strcuture of

PPs is illustrated as follows:

(Modifier) + Prepositional Head + Complement

Let’s consider the following example in a Prepositional Phrase '“right across the road”, it can be seen that “across” is a Prepositional Head It is modified by an adverb

of degree “right” and post-modified by a noun phrase “the road”.

2.2.5 Overview of English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates

a Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Prize is a prestigious international award founded by Swedish

chemist Alfred Nobel At the present time, Nobel is considered the top prestigiousacademic award, the dream of almost all researchers, activists, or writers in the world.The first prize was awarded in 1901 to individuals with outstanding achievements inthe fields of Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Medicine, Economics, and Peace NobelPeace Prize is one of the original five award groups of the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 100 times by the Norwegian Nobel

Committee, an organization under the authority of the Norwegian Parliament which

required to be awarded annually but must be awarded at least once every 5 years.Prizes awarded are never deprived The prize is only awarded to those who are stillalive and not posthumously However, if the winner dies after announcing the prizeand before receiving it, the prize will still be awarded Although the number ofrecipients per prize varies, the Nobel Prize is awarded to a maximum of 3 people peryear

Laureate is an individual or an organization that has contributed the most or the

best to fraternity among peoples, for the abolition or reduction of the standing armyand for the preservation and increase of friendship between nations

b Notion of “lecture” by NPPLs

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary - 10th Edition (2015),

“lecture” is defined as an educational talk to an audience, especially one of students in

a university or college

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture),

“lecture” is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about

a particular subject, for example by a university, or college teacher Lectures are used

to convey critical information, history, background, theories and equations Apolitician’s speech, a minister’s sermon, or even a businessman’s sales presentationmay be similar in form to a lecture Usually, the lecturer will stand at the front of theroom and recite information relevant to the lecture’s content

Unlike the common understanding of “lecture”, it is known as a presentationwhich is required to give on a subject connected with the work for which the prize hasbeen awarded by the Nobel Laureates according to the Nobel Foundation statutes Thelecture should be given before, or no later than six months after, the Nobel Prize

Among different concepts about “lecture”, in this study, the researcher took theview of the Nobel Prize because it is suitable for this research

2.3 SUMMARY

This chapeter has reviewed the literature of the previous works relating to thethesis This chapter also introduces Appraisal Theory and “Attitude” category with itssubsystems, namely, “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” which we would like

to choose as key concepts for our descriptive framework In this thesis, I took Martin

& White (2005)’s view in terms of semantic features and the theory of AngelaDowning & Philip Locke (2006) in terms of syntactis realizations This is becausewhat the Appraisal framework developed by Martin & White (2005) offers is adetailed and delicate account of different types of “Attitude” and linguistic strategiesfor realizing “Attitude” in a specific way Moreover, the Appraisal framework actuallyhas a more comprehensive scope, outlining all kinds of “Attitude” (including

“Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation”) Finally, linguistic realizations of thecategory of “Attitude” have been displayed In the following chapter, the methods andprocedures of the study were specifically described

Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the method of the study The first part is concerned withthe research design followed by research methods which includes the explanationabout the descriptive method The next part mentions data collection which covers theexplanation of the subjects and instruments Then data analysis consists of howresearcher is going to identify and classify the data Finally, reliability and validity arealso presented in this chapter

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The thesis design was carried out based on a combination of both qualitative andquantitative approaches The qualitative approach was used in describing andanalyzing the data to find out the distinctive realizations of “Affect”, “Judgement”and “Appreciation” in terms of syntactic realizationsand semantic features inELNPLs On the contrary, the quantitative produce is useful for determiningoccurrence frequencies of the above-mentioned sub-types in percentage

Thanks to both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the researcher coulddescribe, analyze, and then draw conclusions in order to reach the aims of the study

3.2 RESEARCH METHODS

The aim of the study is to investigate the sub-categories of “Attitude” in ELNPLs interms of their syntactic realizations and semantic features In order to achieve thisaim, the descriptive method was used to describe, give more details, explanations andclarify characteristics of the linguistic features and the realizations of the “Attitude”sub-categories in terms of syntactic realizations and semantic features

No Nobel Peace Prize

Laureates

Climate Change (IPCC)

17 Organisation for the

Prohibition of Chemical

Weapons (OPCW)

20 Tunisian National Dialogue

No Nobel Peace Prize

Laureates

Republic

of the Congo

EL-2018a

From the Table 3.1, although there are only 3 native speakers of AmericanEnglish (Jimmy Carter, Albert Arnold, Barack Obama) among the 25 Nobel PeacePrize Laureates, this does not affect the data collection, because the laureates mustextremely be excellent people who are very prestigious and influential people such aspresidents or politicians and their contributions must be the most practical andvaluable contributions for the world peace Moreover, today, English is the mostpopular language in the world Although some laureates are non-native speakers ofAmerican English, they are very good at languages and they are well educated to beable to systematically understand the language

3.3.1 Sampling

With the aim of preparing the data for the research, the researcher carried outcollecting samples containing markers of the “Attitude” sub-categories fromELNPLs The samples must meet the following criteria:

- Firstly, the samples must be in the written form

- Secondly, they must be a complete sentence of all types denoting linguisticexpressions demnostrating either “Affect”, “Judgement” or “Appreciation” takenfrom ELNPLs

- Thirdly, all samples are taken from the official website of the Nobel Prize from

With such criteria, 395 samples were chosen in 25 ELNPLs from the officialwebsite of the Nobel Prize to serve the goal of the study

Finally, such collected data were taken into researching and analyzing in order tofind out the linguistic features in terms of syntactic realizations and semantic featuresrealized by the category “Attitude”

3.3.2 Instrument of Data Collection

To conduct this research, the Sketch Engine tool was used which is a corpus manager and text analysis software developed by Lexical Computing Limited since

2003 This tool helped the researcher investigate occurrence frequencies of word types such as Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb in the three aspects of “Attitude” in syntactic realizations and semantic features

WORDLIST English lectures I Q 1J days left ® (?) fl

Lemma 4 Frequency ■ Lemma 4- Frequency 7 Lemma ■k Frequency 7 Lemma ■k Frequency 7 Lemma +

Frequency 7

peace ••• 327 today ••• 135 NK HYPERLI 8 • 7 • effort 3 • 6 • end 6 5

wo rid «• 325 12 life ••• 132 22 freedom 7 • 7 • : way 3 • 6 • -■ prise 3 5 people ••• 260 time 123 - day 7 • 7 ■ security 2 • 6 4 work 3 5

war 183 - weapon 114 - state 4 • 7 • violence 0 • 6 ■ history 2 5 woman 179 - nation 106 Prize 3 • 7 ■ 0 • 6 ■ law 2 5 right 159 - conflict ••• 94 society 1 ■ 7 ■ 0 • 6 • family 51 country 159 - ty communi 89 - climate 9 • 6 • justice 8 ■ 5 • 0 5

year 146 - Peace 82 - man 6 • 6 ■ 7 • 5 • girl 8 4 child «• 145 [uri] ••• 78 poverty 4 • 6 • member 7 • 5 • process 8 4

Rows per page 50 _▼_ 1 -50 of 81 1 1 > >1

doc#0 Ve are creating an Ethiopia that is second to none in its guarantee of of expression «/sxs>We have laid the groundwork for genuine mull

I I ) doc#2 eir lives will be better if others' children and grandchildren can live In freedom and prosperity «/s»<8» So yes the instruments of war do have a role

doc#2 conomic security and opportunity </sxs> For true peace is not just freedom from fear, but freedom from want </sxs> It is undoubtedly true that

« □

7 I I doc#4 and defend the fundamental

values of democracy, of open society, of freedom */sxs> As curtains are raised and as the sun shines upon dark plat

So I urge sisters, and my brothers, not to

CO doc#4 others - have gone

through will be meaningful only if the new-found

9 I I o doc#4 voice! «/s»<s> And raise your voice! </!

10 □ D doc#4 !Ír own citizens, to observe, and to Uphold, those Universal rights

and freedom opens new opportunities for all </s><3> We are well aware that a net freedom I

</s»<s> There will be failures along the way, for the world will not cf

that belong to US all '/sxs> Today's decoration of three Women witl

ịql [lempos-"”fieedoni-n"] 77 (1.0ỈỈ.31 n) <x ♦

1 □ o doc#O uses took place </9»«s> Today, Ethiopia 18 highly regarded for press freedom s/8»<8» It »9 more a "jailor of journalists" </s»«8> Opposition lea

doc#4 >cracies, even If tentatively, are taking root in lands unaccustomed to

Let yours be a voice for

freedoms

Figure 3.1 Data processing interface of the Sketch Engine tool

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Data collected are mainly analyzed on the basic of the following points:

After having been collected as the data from 25 ELNPLs, 395 samples were foundfor analysis

- Firstly, they were collected and grouped into the three sub-categories of

“Attitude” namely “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” Then the data in eachgroup were classified into the same group For each type of group, the structure wasanalyzed then put in charts so that the realizations could be drawn

- Secondly, in order to find out the semantic realizations, samples of each category were classified into both positive and negative groups of the three sub-categories of “Attitude” The semantic features were put in charts for clarification

sub Finally, the number of samples of each type was determined, and then the resultswere put on graphs with the use of the quantitative method The results werepresented in percentages for analysis and evaluation

3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

This thesis shows the reliability and validity The syntactic realizationsandsemantic features of the language of “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” havebeen analyzed carefully based on theoretical background Moreover, the theoreticalbackground for the study is primarily based on the theory of Downing & Locke(2006) in terms of syntactic realizations and in the view of Martin & White (2005) interms of semantic features who are well known in the field of evaluative language

Lisbon, in Portugal, celebrating the democratic revolution and

1 I I I CD doc#5 vn again and again that their choice for Europe was also a choice for

14 I I CD doc#5 erlin </s>«s> This image reminds the world that It was the quest for

16 I I CD doc#5 sage today is: you can count on our efforts to fight for lasting peace,

16 I I ' 0 doc#7 impulsive tantrum away Today I want to talk of three things:

fear,

17 □ CD doc#7', the end of nuclear Weapons That brings me to my second point:

IB o doc#7 s> " Those words still ring true in 2017 </s«s> We must reclaim the

19 □ CD doc#7 These weapons Were supposed to keep US free, but they deny US our so □ 0 doc#7 Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons </sxs> The United States, choose

freedom freedom freedom freedom freedom freedom freedom freedoms freedom

</s»«s» This same feeling of joy was experienced by the same gene

«/sxs> I will never forget Rostropovich playing Bach at the fallen w

and democracy that tore down the old divisions and made possible t

and justice in Europe and in the World </s>«3* Over the past sixty ye

, and the future </s><s> By the very admission of those who posses!

*/s><3* As the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclei

to not live our lives as hostages to Imminent annihilation </»><«> Mr

«/s«s» It's an affront to democracy to be ruled by these weapons ■

over fear </ IXI > Russia, choose disarmament over destruction </s

Obviously, the data of ELNPLswere selected and collected considerably and carefullyfrom a prestigious international website Therefore, all the data and the theories forthis study are reliable.

In addition, as regards validity, this thesis meets all the required criteria.Moreover, the conclusions of the study are quite based on the analysis, of evidenceand statistic, so the researcher is not driven by the set results the objectivity of thestudy is assured In conclusion, the objectivity of the research is guaranteed

3.6 SUMMARY

This chapter presents the research methods and the ways to collect data includinghow to collect samples and procedures of data collection In addition, the way ofanalyzing data and reliability and validity of the thesis are also mentioned in Chapter

3 This chapter shows in detail the necessary preparations for further findings anddiscussion in Chapter 4

Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The two parts of this chapter are respectively presented: the first section is to describe and analyze syntactic realizations of “Attitude” sub-categories used in

ELNPLs; the second section discusses semantic features of “Attitude” subcategories used in ELNPLs

4.1 SYNTACTIC REALIZATIONS OF “ATTITUDE” SUB-CATEGORIES

As for the study of the particular language, it is important to discover thecommon syntactic structures which are built up from words or phrases and governed

by various linguistic rules In this research, the common structures of five remarkablegroups will be investigated in terms of syntactic realizations in ELNPLs based on thetheoretical background of Downing & Locke (2006) They consist of NominalGroups, Verbal Groups, Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups and PrepositionalPhrases In this part, the structure of each group is clearly presented in “Affect”,

“Judgement” and “Appreciation”

4.1.1 Syntactic Realizations of “Affect”

As mentioned in the previous theoretical background, “Affect” is one of three