An investigation into cognitive expressions containing heaven in english and vietnamese son

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANGUNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN ĂYUN THÙY MY AN INVESTIGATION INTO COGNITIVE EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING “HEAVEN” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS Major:

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

NGUYỄN ĂYUN THÙY MY

AN INVESTIGATION INTO COGNITIVE EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING “HEAVEN” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS

Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 822 02 01

MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF FOREIGN

COUNTRIES

Da Nang, 2020

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

NGUYỄN ĂYUN THÙY MY

AN INVESTIGATION INTO COGNITIVE

EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING “HEAVEN” IN ENGLISH

AND VIETNAMESE SONGS

Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 822 02 01

ABSTRACT

My study examines the cognitive expression containing the word “heaven” inEnglish and Vietnamese songs In addition, the research analysis throughout thewhole songs which plays an important role in understanding the meaning of songsthat the author want to say to The concept of “heaven” is also considered as one ofthe abstract entity having close relations with cognition Therefore, this paperattempts to conduct a contrastive analysis research of cognitive expressions of

“heaven” in English and Vietnamese This paper chooses the quantitative andqualitative approaches throughout the study to achieve the purpose The source ofdata will be taken from 266 songs composed by English and Vietnamesecomposers.The data can be restricted to the scope of analyzing the cognitiveexpressions containing “heaven” songs, not in other forms of art such as poetry,literature or films And there are approximately 298 cognitive expressions of

“heaven” collected from American and Vietnamese songs The findings presentedeighteen target domains which occur in cognitive expressions of “heaven” inAmerican, Vietnamese, or both To achieve the research aims and objectives thestudy tries to answer two questions that are how do the cognitive expressionscontaining “heaven” relate to the image of “heaven” in English and Vietnamesesongs? and what are the similarities and differences of cognitive expressionscontaining “heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs?

However, fifteen cognitive expressions containing the word “heaven” occurs inEnglish while there remains some cognitive expressions of “heaven” that occur inVietnamese but not in English Based on the findings of the thesis, someimplications for teaching, learning and translating of conceptual metaphors will besuggested Furthermore, this thesis is useful for Vietnamese learners of English to besuccessful in cross - cultural communication

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Statement of authorship i

Abstract ii

List of abbreviation v

List of tables vii

List of figures viii

Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 RATIONALE 1

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3

1.2.1 Aims 3

1.2.2 Objectives 3

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 4

Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETIAL BACKGROUND 5

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 7

2.2.1 The definition of heaven and paradise 7

2.2.2 Metaphor 11

2.2.3 Classification of cognitive metaphors 13

2.2.4 Metaphor mappings 16

2.2.5 Summary 22

Chapter Three RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 23

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 23

3.2 RESEARCH METHODS 23

3.3 DATA COLLECTION 23

3.3.1 Research sampling 24

3.3.3 Research Procedure 25

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 25

3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 25

Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 26

4.1 COGNITIVE EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING “HEAVEN” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS 26

4.1.1 FIRE IS HEAVEN 26

4.1.2 LOVE IS HEAVEN 27

4.1.3 GLORY IS HEAVEN 30

4.1.4 SKY IS HEAVEN 34

4.1.5 GOD IS HEAVEN 36

4.1.6 DREAM IS HEAVEN 38

4.1.7 FREEDOM IS HEAVEN 40

4.1.8 PEACE IS HEAVEN 42

4.1.9 DEATH IS HEAVEN 43

4.1.10 WINDOW IS HEAVEN 45

4.1.11 ROAD IS HEAVEN 45

4.1.12 MEMORY IS HEAVEN 46

4.1.13 LOVER IS HEAVEN 47

4.1.14 PLANT IS HEAVEN 48

4.1.15 HOMELAND IS HEAVEN 49

4.1.16 LIFE IS HEAVEN 49

4.1.17 HELL IS HEAVEN 50

4.1.18 AN IDEAL PLACE IS HEAVEN 51

4.2 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING “HEAVEN” IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS 52

4.4 SUMMARY 57

Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 59

5.1 CONCLUSIONS 59

5.2 IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 60

5.2.1 For Language Teachers and language Learners 60

5.2.2 For translators and interpreters 62

5.2.3 For music fans 62

5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 62

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 63

REFERENCES 64 QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI LUẬN VĂN (Bản Sao)

APPENDICES

: TD: Available: Not available

LIST OF TABLESNumbe

3.1 Names and websites of Electronic Newspapers 3 2

8

2

5

4.13 Summary of cognitive of Heaven in English and

Vietnamese songs

534.14 The number of song and word in English and Vietnamese

songs

554.15 Summary of cognitive Metaphors of Heaven in Vietnamese

and English songs

59

LIST OF FIGURES

94.1 The frequency of "thiên Đường" and "thiên Đàng" in 6 5

Vietnamese songs4.2 The frequency of "heaven" and "paradise" in English 6 5

songs4.3 The number of kinds of music in English and 5

7Vietnamese songs

Chapter One INTRODUCTION

1.1 RATIONALE

Nowadays, a new trend in linguistics that influences language studies iscognitive linguistics In light of linguistics, the understanding of one idea, orconceptual domain in term of another is cognitive metaphor In Lakoffs point of view

“A conceptual domain can be any coherent organization of human experience”.Cognitive has seen in our daily languages shape not just only our communication butalso our thought and action This field emphasizes the importance of cognitive inlanguage, and it is also considered an essential and indispensable phenomenon in bothlanguage and thinking Cognitive linguistics study language for it serves, and how thelanguage system realizes these functions

Besides, we could find the cognitive expressions in cognitive view in literature,

in our everyday life and in music It seems undeniable that music is one of thegreatest creation human kinds in history It is creativity in pure and undiluded form

Practically, the expressions of “heaven” in the English and Vietnamese songsmake auditors both interested and confused, sometimes cause to misunderstand inapproachi

ng or expressing the ideas in people’s daily life, such as the followingexpressio

ns of “heaven” in the songs.

(1.1) I’m on the wrong side of heaven and the righteous side of hell

I’m on the wrong side of heaven and the righteous side of hell [184]

(1.2) he came from an island

And he died from the streetAnd he hurt so bad lke a soul breaking

But say hello to heaven, heaven, heaven [171](1.3) Open up the doors of heaven, let me in

I think I’m finally tired of living, let me inI’m gonna walk in the glory and tell everyone my story [287](1.4) Những sớm mai lửa đạn

Những máu xương chập chùngXin cho một người vừa nằm xuống

Thấy bóng thiên đường cuối trời thênh thang [45]

For these reasons, I would like to conduct the study which titles “An

investigation in cognitive expressions containing “heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs” Last but not least, I hope the research will help Vietnamese

learners of English apply the appraisal theory to English teaching, learning andtranslating and contribute to some extent to the development of cognitive linguistics

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 Aims

The research aims at identifying cognitive expressions containing “heaven” interm of metaphor in English and Vietnamese songs and investigating how the image

of “heaven” is expressed in the view of cognitive linguistics The research aims atdiscovering the differences and similarities in cognitive of metaphorical expressionscontaining “heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs In addition, the purpose of thisstudy is to seek how culture affects cognitive of metaphorical expressions containing

“heaven” in two languages

1.2.2 Objectives

To achieve the aims at:

- Identifying cognitive expressions containing “heaven” in English and Vietnamesesongs

- Finding out the similarities and differences of the image of cognitive expressionscontaining “heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs in the cognitive view

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To achieve the research aims and objectives mentioned above, this study tries toanswer the following questions:

1 How do the cognitive expressions containing “heaven” relate to the image of

“heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs?

2 What are the similarities and differences of cognitive expressions containing

“heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs?

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Due to the limited time, the study will only examine the cognitive expressionscontaining “heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs Besides, the researcher willonly concentrate on the similarities and differences of the expressions containing

“heaven” in these two languages

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The study consists of five chapters as follows:

Chapter 1, Introductions, presents the rationale, the aims, the objectives and thesignificance of the study It is also devoted to the presentation of the researchquestions, the scope and the organization of the study

Chapter 2, Literature review and Theoretical background, provides us withfundamental knowledge of cognitive expression Theoretical matters related to thestudy such as definition of cognitive linguistics

Chapter 3, Research design and Methodology, mentions the methods andprocedures of the research This chapter also deals with the description of the samplesand how the data are collected, described and analyzed

Chapter 4, Finding and Discussion, firstly focuses on analyzing and discussingthe metaphorical expressions in Vietnamese and English songs expressions referring

to the image of “heaven” Secondly, this chapter also compares the similarities anddifferences in conceptual metaphors of “Heaven” songs Finally, this study gives someinfluence of culture of “heaven” in two languages

Chapter 5, Conclusions and Implications, summarizes the results and suggestsimplications for learning, teaching and translating conceptual metaphors of “heaven”

in Vietnamese and English songs

Chapter Two

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETIAL BACKGROUND

This chapter includes two sections: Literature review and theoretical background

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Up to now, many researchers have examined cognitive linguistics and metaphor

in general and CM in particular CM or conceptual metaphor, was first extensively

developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in their seminal study: Metaphors We Live

By In this book, a new view of metaphor, known as the cognitive linguistic view of

metaphor, was showed in details with five new features This view provides newinsights into how certain linguistic phenomena work, such as polysemy and thedevelopment of meaning It can also shed new light on how metaphorical meaningemerges

Another interesting book by George Lakoff (1992) about metaphor is “The

Contemporary of Metaphor” In his book, Lakoff 1992) had pointed out that the

generalizations governing poetic metaphorical expressions are not in language but inthought They are general mapping across conceptual domains

From Lakoff and Tuner’s point of view (1989) in the book '“More Than Cool

Reason” and “The Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor”, they had analyzed some

specific concepts in language as love, life, death and time

Besides, Kovecses (2000) is known as a remarkable name among the research

investigating CM with his authoritative books Metaphor in Culture: University and

Variation and Metaphor: A Practical Introduction.

Additionally, a metaphorical book names “A Practical Introduction, Second

Edition”, was written by Kovecses (2010) In this book, Metaphor from the cognitive

perspectives were discussed in the theoretical background from the works of Lakoff

Moreover, The book, “The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought”,

Raymond Gibbs (2008) is the most comprehensive and authoritative collection ofessays on metaphor and an excellent survey of the view of metaphor developed by

Lakoff and Johnson and other Raymond Gibbs (1994), “The poetics of Mind”; this

work also discusses a great deal of psychological widence supporting the cognitivelinguistic view of metaphor

Generally, these linguists provide us with an overall picture of theoreticalbackground for investigating language in use

Cognitive linguistic in Vietnamese, though started later with only mỏe than adecade development, has made some contribution to the development ò cognitive

linguistic with the researches Phan Thế Hưng (2007) “Ẩn dụ Ý niệm ” and Trần Văn

Cơ (2009) “Khảo luận Ẩn dụ Tri nhân”.

Phan Thế Hưng (2007) makes a general review on the theory of conceptual

metaphors by Lakoff and Johson in his article “Ẩn Dụ Ý Niệm”.

In “Ngôn Ngữ Học Tri Nhận- Từ Lí Thuyết Đại Cương Đến Thực Tiễn Tiếng

Việt”, Lý Toàn Thắng (2005) gives an introduction to cognitive linguistics and

explains the differences in world image, discusses anthropocentric principles, figure,ground relationship, cognitive maps as well as others aspects in cognitive metaphorsystem

Besides, in the book “Khảo luận Ẩn dụ Tri nhận”, Trần Văn Cơ (2009) considered as a Vietanmese translational version of “Metaphor We Live By” by

Lakoff and Johson It aslo dicscovers the main point in lakoff and johsnon’s profoundand decide idea on Cm

Besides, investigation in the field of cognitive metaphor has been made byseveral linguistics including Nguyễn Thị Việt (2015) has already finished a general

view on the theory of cognitive metaphors by Lakoff and Johnson in her article “A

study of cognitive metaphors denoting the concept of “Homeland” in Trịnh Công Sơn and Bob Dylan's songs”; Trần Thị Thảo Miên (2015) conducted “A study on

loss and gain in meaning in the English translations of cognitive metaphors expressing the notion of “self” in Trịnh Công Sơn's songs”; Hoàng Nguyễn Tôn

Ngân (2014) also conducted “A study on cognitive metaphors denoting the concept

of “life” in lyric songs in English versus Vietnamese” and Nguyễn Thị Hồng Mến

(2014) did a research “A study on cognitive metaphors denoting the concept of

“war” and “peace” in anti-war song in English and Vietnamese" Although

Vietnamese cognitive linguistics investigate CM later, they have contributed manysignificant researches to the development of cognitive linguistics

However, to the best of my knowledge, we have not been any studies thatconducted on cognitive expressions containing “heaven” in English and Vietnamesesongs in the cognitive view

In terms of semantics, “heaven” is specific and frequently used “heaven” is a

polysemantic word, having at least eighth senses

First, it is a proper noun In some religions, “heaven” is said to be the abode of God and the angels, the place or a state of communications with God where God lives after death, where good people go when they die and where everyone is always happy It is usually imagined as being high up in the sky It uses without “the” as in:

For example 1: I believed that when I died I would go to heaven and see God For example 2: When I come to heaven, shall I be able to say to any there, Lord!

For example 3: the kingdom of heaven

(1.6) Nếu một ngày có thiên đàng xuất hiện

For example 4: I feel like I've died and gone to heaven.

For example 5: Her voice seemed to come from a million miles away: To heaven.

Second, it is a countable noun or uncountable noun You can use heaven torefer to a place or situation that you like very much in other word it is a place orsituation in which you are very happy, as in:

For example 6: We went touring in Wales and Ireland It was heaven.

For example 7: I was in cinematic heaven.

For example 8: This isn't exactly my idea of heaven!

For example 9: It was heaven being away from the office for a week.

Third, it is usually plural noun, the heavens are the sky, firmament, or spacesurrounding the earth, as in:

For example 10: Four tall trees stretched up to the heavens

For example 11: He walked out into the middle of the road, looking up at the

heavens.

For example 12:

(1.5) Mẹ Maria, mẹ là Nữ vương thiên đàng

Mẹ Maria có trái tim hiền mẫu

According to Collins dictionary, the fourth tense, in any of various mythologies,

it also a place, such as Elysium or Valhalla, to which those who have died in thegods' favor are brought to dwell in happiness, as in:

For example 13: She had created a little heaven from a sooty expanse between fourugly chimneys

The fifth tense used to describe that “heaven” is singular or plural and it issometimes capital denoting God or the gods, used in exclamatory phrases of surprise,exasperation, etc as in:

For example 14: for heaven's sake

For example 15: heavens above

Finally, it is the powers of heaven; also, God For Example 16: Heaven help you!

The sixth, according to (Cổ Việt, 2008) “heaven” is the fantasy world of souls that donot make mistakes

Ôi! Đâu phải qua đoạn đường lửa bỏng, cuộc đời ta bỗng chốc hóa thiên đường (Tố

Hữu)

Finally, Từ điển Tiếng Việt (1963) defines “thiên Đường” as where the souls

who are deemed to have washed away sins and enjoy eternal ecstasy after death.According to some religious beliefs it is also used to refer to the world imagininghappiness; opposition to hell as in:

For example 18: Go to the heaven

For example 19: Heaven city

2.2.1.2 The definition of paradise

Firts, it is also uncountable nound, a perfect place where people are said to gowhen they die

For example 20: The ancient Egyptians saw paradise as an idealized version of theirown

Second, it is countable, a place that is extremely beautiful and that seemsperfect, like heaven

For example 21: A tropical paradise

Third, it is a perfect place for a particular activity or kind of person

For example 22: The area is a birdwatcher's paradise

The Fourth, it is a state of perfect happiness

For example 23: Being alone is his idea of paradise

They moved to the country hoping to find paradise

The lost paradise of childhood

The finally, it is the Garden of Eden, where Adam and Eve lived

For example 24: See also bird of paradise

In many religions, heaven is also a paradise because union with God givesextremem happiness Heaven is more spiritual, something that probably couldn't even

be imaged In the literal sense, paradise is a perfect earthy word, free of misery.Either can be used in metaphorical sense, and in fact, heaven probably has widermetaphorical use that chocolate ice- cream is heaven!, so the study uses paraside and

heaven as synonym.

Table 1.1 Summary of Definition of Heaven

Noun English meangings Vietnamese Meanings

HEAVEN

1 The abode of God and theangels, the place or a state ofcommunications with god whereGod lives after death

2 where good people go whenthey die

3 a place or situation that youlike

very much

4 The heavens are the sky,firmament, or space surroundingthe earth a place, such as Elysium

or Valhalla, to which those whohave died in the gods' favour arebrought to do well in happiness5.God or the gods, used inexclamatory phrases of surprise,exasperation the powers ofheaven

1 Thiên đàng

2 Những điều con người mongmuốn được ví như

thiên đường

3 Quê hương của Thiên

4 Chúa nơi những người tốt đikhi họ chết

5 Một địa điểm hoặc tìnhhuống mà bạn rất hạnh phúc

2.2.2 Metaphor

2.2.2.1 Traditional Metaphor

Traditional metaphor or the study of metaphor can be traced back to scholarsfrom Aristotle to Richards (1936) In Aristotle’s famous works Poetics, he gives his

definition of metaphor: “Metaphor is the application of an alien name by

transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species

to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion”.

Richards in his book The Philosophy of Rhetoric Proposes Interaction Theory

(1936) asserts that essence of metaphor lies in an interaction between a metaphoricalexpression and the context in which it is used Scholars if this time holds thatmetaphor is merely a rhetoric phenomenon, a transference form one word tooanother, and a device to enhance forcefulness and ornateness of expressions, thusonly those talented linguistic masters of writers can well manipulate Moreover,metaphor is typical viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of wordsrather than thought or action For this reason, most people think they can get alongperfectly without metaphor

2.2.2.2 Modern Metaphor

Studies of metaphor have taken on an absolutely new look ever since 1980s,

evidenced by Metaphors We Live by collaborated by Lakoff and Mark Johnson

(1980) They found that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in languagebut in thought and action Our ordinary conceptual system, in term of which we boththink and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature They pointed out falseassumptions in traditional views mentioned below:

- All everyday conventional language is literal, and none is metaphorical

- All subject matter can be comprehended literally, without metaphor

- Only literal language can be contingently true or false

- All definitions given in the lexicon of a language are literal, or metaphorical

- The concepts used in the grammar of a language are tall literal, not aremetaphorical

2.2.2.3 Cognitive linguistics

In Lakoff point of view (1987), “A practical Production”, branch of linguistics

that interprets language in term of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimesspecific to a particular tongue which underlie its forms is Cognitive linguistics (CL)

It is thus closely associated with semantics but is distinct from psycholinguistics,which draws upon empirical finding from cognitive psychology to explain the mentalprocesses that underlie the acquisition, storage, production and understanding of

speech and writing.

2.2.2.4 Cognitive metaphor

Cognitive metaphor has a secret relationship with cognitive which underlie itsforms is cognitive linguistics, so this is the reason why the cognitive theory isemployed to examine” cognitive expressions containing “heaven” in English andVietnamese songs

In light of cognitive linguistics, cognitive metaphor (CM) is defined as theunderstanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another in light ofcognitive linguistics Lakoff devotes a significant amount of time to current eventsand political theory, suggesting that respected linguistics and theorists of cognitivemetaphor may tend to channel their theories into political activism

Cognitive metaphors are seen in language in our everyday lives Conceptualmetaphors shape not just our communication, but also shape the way we think and

act In George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s work, Metaphors we live by (1980), we

see how everyday language is filled with metaphors we may not always notice

The fundamental tenet of conceptual metaphor theory is that metaphor operates

at the level of thinking Metaphors link two conceptual domains, the “source” domainand the “target” domain The source domain consists of a set literal entities,attributes, processes and relationships, linked semantically and apparently stored inthe mind

These are expressed in language through related words and expressions, whichcan be seen as organized in groups resembling those sometimes described as “lexicalsets” or “lexical fields” by linguistics The “target” domain tends to be abstract andtake is structure form the source domain, though the metaphorical link, or conceptualmetaphor Target domains are therefore believed to have relationship betweenentities, attributes and processes which mirror those found in the source domain

2.2.3 Classification of cognitive metaphors

To explain clearly, cognitive, or conceptual metaphors can be classifiedaccording to the cognitive functions that they perform According to Kovecses,

(2002) there are three kinds of cognitive metaphors which are structural metaphors,ontological metaphors, and orientation metaphors:

2.2.3.1 Structural Metaphors

The source domain provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for the targetconcept in this kind of metaphor For example, the concept of time is structuredaccording to motion and space Given the time is motion metaphor, we understandtime in term of some elements: physical objects, their location and their motion.There is a background condition that applies to this way of understanding time:the present time is at the same location as a canonical observer Given the basiselements and the background condition, we get the following mappings:

Times are things

The passing of time is motion.

Future times are in front of the observer; past times are behind the observer One thing is moving, the other is stationary; the stationary thing is the deictic center.

The “time is motion” metaphor accounts for a large number of linguistic

metaphors in English The mappings not only explain why the particular expressionsmean what they do but also provide a basic overall structure, hence understanding,for our notion of time Without the metaphor it would be difficult to image what ourconcept of time would be

2.2.3.2 Ontological Metaphors

According to Kovecses (2002), ontological metaphors provide much lesscognitive structuring for target concepts than structural ones do We conceive of ourexperiences in term of objects, substances, and containers, in general, withoutspecifying exactly what kind of object, substance, or container is meant Thecognitive function of ontological metaphors merely give a new ontological status togenal categories of abstact target concepts and brings about new abstact entities Forexample, we don not really know what the mind is, but we conceive it as an object

By this way we can understand more about it In this sense, we can have some

expressions such as:

My mind just isn’t operating today

We’re still trying to grind out the solution to this equation.

I’m a little rusty today.

We can easily find out the metaphor THE MIND IS A MACHINE in the abovesentences thanks to our experience of physical objects

There are some source and target domains for this kind of CM as follow:

Source domains Target domain

Physical object nonphysical or abstract entitles (e.g , the mind)

-> Events (e.g , going to the race)-^Actions (e.g , giving someone a call)Substance activities (e.g , a lot of running in the game)

Container undelineated physical objects (e.g , a clearing in the forest)

->Physical and nonphysical surfaces (e.g , land areas, the visualfield)

->States (e.g , in love)

We can conceive personification as a form of ontological metaphor Inpersonification, human qualities are given to nonhuman entities

2.2.3.3 Orientational metaphors

According to Kovecses (2002), orientational metaphors provide event lessconceptual structure for target concepts than ontological ones Their cognitive job is

to make a set of target concepts coherent in our conceptual system The name

“orientational metaphors” derives from the fact that most metaphors that serve thefunction have to do with basic human spatial orientations, such as up down, center-periphery, and the like

In this kind of metaphor, target concepts are conceptualized in a uniformmanner For example, all the following concepts are characterized by “upward”orientation, while their “opposites” receive a “downward” orientation.

MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN:

Speak up, please

Keep your vice down, please

HEALTHY IS UP; SICK IS DOWN:

Lazarus rose fro the dead

He fell ill

CONCSCIOU IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN:

I’m on top of the situation

He is under my control

HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN:

I’m feeling up today

He’s really low these days

VIRTUE IS UP; LACK OF VIRTUE IS DOWN:

She is an upstanding citizen

That was a low-down thing to do

RATIONAL IS UP; NORATIONAL IS DOWN:

The discussion fell to an emotional level

He couldn’t rise above his emotions

As can be seen from the above examples, upward orientation tends to gotogether with positive evaluation, while downward orientation with negative one

2.2.4 Metaphor mappings

2.2.4.1 Mapping principles

According to cognitive linguistics, a metaphor, after all, is not a linguisticexpression, it is a matter of language and thought A metaphor is a mapping from oneconceptual domain to another, and as such it has a three-part structure: two endpoints(the source and target schemes) and a bridge between them (the detailed mapping)

We are now talking about main roles for the conceptual domains posited inconceptual metaphors

• Source domainSource domain is the conceptual domain which supplies structure and

relationships to the target domain In the metaphor Love is a journey, journey is the

source domain: term and concepts from the journey domain are used to structure thelove structure the love domain Source domains play an important role in conceptualmetaphors and may be divided into three basic categories: human being (body parts,famous people) natural world (animal, plants) and social event (politics, revolutions)

+ The human body: The munann body is an ideal source domain since it is

clearly delineated and we know it well This odes not mean that we make use of allaspects of this domain in metaphorically undersatning abstract tarets The aspects thatare especially used in metaphorrcal comprehension invole various parts of the body,including the head, face, legs, hands, heart, bones, souders, and others

+ Heath and illness: Both the general properties of heath, illness and particular

illnesses frequenctly constitute metaphorical source domains Some exmpaes include:

a healthy society, a sick mind, she hurts my feelings

+ Animals: The domain of animals is an extremely productive source domain.

Human beingsare sespecially frequently understood in terms of properties of animal.Thus, we talk about some being a trube, a tiger, a dog, a sly fox, a bitch, a cow, asnake and so on

+ Plants: When we use the concept metaphorically, we distinguish various

prats of plants; we are aware of the many actions we preform relation to plants and

we recognize many dufferent stages of growth the plants go through.

+ Buiding and construction: Humand beings build house and other structures

for shetter, work, storage, and so on Both the static object of house and its parts andthe act of building it serve as common metaphorical souce doamins Some exmaplesfollowing:

A towering genius

He’s in ruins fainacially

She constructed a coherent argument

+Machines and tools: People use machines and tools to work, play, fight, and

for pleasure Also, both the machines and tools the activities related to them show up

as metaphorical expressions, as illustrated by the exmaples: she produces a bookevery year

+ Games and sport: People play and t they invent elaborate activity to entartian

themselves Gmaes and sport are characterized by ceryain properties that arecommonly used for metaphorical purposes

+ Money and Economic Transaction: The commercial event involves a number

of entities and actions: a commodity, money, handing over the coomodity, andhanding over the money Our understating of various abstract things is based on thisscenario or parts of it Here are some exmaples: spend your time wisely, try to savesome energy

+ Cooking and food: Cooking food as am activity has been with us ever since

the beginning of humanity The activity with its parts and the oroduct serve as adeeply entrenced source domain

+ Heat and clod: Heat and clod are extremely basic human experiences We

often use the temperature domain metaphorically to talk about our attitude to peopleand things Here are a few exmapes to illustrate in the heat of passion, a coldreception, an icy stare, a warm welcome

+Light and Darkness: Light and darkness are salio human experiences The

properties of light and darkness often appears as weather conditions when spea we

speak and think metaphorically.

+ Forces: There are various kinds of forces: gravitatiooba, magnetic, electric,

and mechanical The forces take many shapes in the physical world There are asmany different effects as thre are different forces

+ Movement and Direction: Movement either self-propelled or otherwise is yet

another basic experience Movement can unvole a change of location, or it cann bestationay Changes of various kinds are conceptualized metaphorically as movementthat involves a change of location

• Target domain

TD is the conceptual domain that we try to understand For example, in Love is

a journey love is the target domain because it is given structure taken from theschemas about Journey

There are some common source for source doamninn as follow:

+ Emotion: This is a superior target domain Emotion concepts sre primarily

understood by means of conceptual metaphors For example: she was deeply moved

+ Desire: in regard tp metaphorical conceptualization, desire is mililar to

emotion It is also comprehendended as force as in the following inllustrations:

He’s hungry for money.

She’s starved for affection

They’re burning to go.

+ Human relatiionships: Human realtionships are metaphorically viewed as

plants, machines, building and so on as shown in the expressions:

They built a strong marriage

Their love is in full flower

+ Time: The major metaphor for the comprehension of time is one according to

which time is an object that movies Many common expressions demonstrate this:Christmas is coming up soon

Time goes by fast

+ Life and Death: The metaphorical conceptualization of life and death is

pervasinne in both everyday language and literary works Life is offen understood as

a journey to some destination; birth is conceived for as arrival death is viewed asdeparture For examples:

The baby will arrive soon

Figure 2.1 Metaphorical mapping

• Image schemas

In cognitive linguistics and image schema is defined as a recurring dynamicpattern of our perceptual interaction and motor programs that gives coherence andstructure to our experience Many metaphorical mappings are image- schemas whichare abstractions or generalizations over spatial concepts These spatial and physicalconcepts may be identified as a container, a part or a whole of something, a path and

a link between things These spatial concepts are schemas that help our thinking toconceptualize more complex experiences, emotions, and social realities

+ Container schemas

The container image schemas is one of the most fundamental schemas used inabstract reasoning Many cognitive metaphors used in our everyday reasoning andacademic conversation are motivated by the container image schemas

It has its basis on our having physical bodies with a bounding surface and an inout orientation States and emotions are much conceptualized in terms of containers

In these examples like she is in love, he’s out of his mind, love is considered an entitywith an interior, an exterior and a boundary A person can be considered a containerfor the emotions and force with an area of influence

+ Part-whole schemas

This schema has also bodily experience because we are whole beings with partsthat we can control A family can be seen as whole with a married couple and theirchildren and the members are seen as parts Society is also seen as a whole and socialclasses as parts On its turn, human being is seen as a composition of two parts:subject (reason, conscience) and self (body and emotions) which is usually controlled

by the subject The husband, for instance, has been traditionally consideredreasonable and a serious “subject”, whereas the wife conventionally was emotional,sentimental and the weaker “self” Some entailments derive from this conceptualmetaphor about the two parts of a divided person is someone with split scattered self,someone who is in conflict between reason and emotions

+ The source -Path-Goal schemas

The bodily experience of this schemas is as follow: when we move anywhere,there is a place we start from, a sequence of locations between the starting and endingpoint and a direction By means of this schema we understand life as a journey,because a journey defines a path We are born and we live our lives in differentstages, which are a sequence of locations, which allows us to say things like my lifehas no direction, I don’t know where I’m heading The obstacle conceptual metaphor

is an entailment of the path schema as we can find it in our way which prevents usfrom reaching our destination

+ Link schema

This kink schemas has its bodily basic in the links that are secure the location

of two things with strings, ropes and other means, so there abstract links in social andinterpersonal relationships, and thus, we can make connections and break social ties.This image-schemas has much to do with the image-schemas of force which issubsidiary to path schema The structure of the link image schema is made up of twoentities A and B and the link between them can be, thus, of attraction, repulsion.Diversion, counterforce, compulsion, etc for instance, we have expressions such astheir union is very strong, they are very much attracted, they have split up The image

schemas of attraction and repulsion can happen, for example, when two people areattracted to re each other because of their affinities Counterforce image -schemas isdefined by Johnson as two equally strong forces that collide face to face and neither

of them changes its direction Compulsion happens when either an external orinternal force affects a passive subject, as in the example someone can be moved by apoem

2.2.5 Summary

After studying theories on metaphor, cognitive metaphor types metaphoricmappings, we can draw some following conclusions: Firstly, metaphor in traditionalview is completely different from metaphors in cognitive linguistic, metaphor incognitive linguistic is delineated as mapping across conceptual domains and a matter

of thought not merely language whereas traditional metaphor is defined as asubstitution of words and a matter of merely language Secondly, according toLakoff, there are three types of conceptual metaphors: structural metaphor,ontological metaphor, and orientation metaphor Thirdly, the studies of Lakoff inmetaphor mappings provide us the useful mapping principles and image schemas

To achieve the aims and objectives of this research, the methods and theprocedures of the research are crucially important All of these are going to bementioned in Chapter three

Chapter Three RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The study is based on both qualitative and quantitative approaches Firstly, thequalitative method is used to describe and analyze data to find out the cognitiveexpressions containing "heaven" in terms of semantic features Secondly, quantitativeapproach to determine the occurrence, the percentage, and frequency of differentcognitive expressions in Vietnamese and English songs

Table 3.1 Names and websites of Electronic Newspapers

songs

https://search.azlyrics.com/search.php?q=heavenhttps://search.azlyrics.com/search.php?q=paradise

the computer tools, I collected 266 samples of songs from direfernt kinds of music toanalyze the available data.

In order to prepare samples for the research, I proceeded to collect data asfollows:

- The data must be English and Vietnamese songs about “heaven” in writtenform

- The data are collected from official websites which are well-known and have

- Finally, the data were chosen with the average length ranging from 100 to

200 words It takes about 4 to 5 minutes to listen each of these songs This is areasonable listening time for listeners on smart devices

With the above criteria, I have collected 266 songs containing “heaven” fromthe official websites for a detailed investigation

3.3.1 Research sampling

In this study, about 298 cognitive expressions containing “heaven” collectedfrom different kinds of English and Vietnamese songs After that, the researcheranalyzed and filter out the frequency of these cognitive expressions and compare allsong samples based on each type of music The aim of the study is to identify andcollect the cognitive expressions samples containing “heaven” in the scope of thisthesis

3.3.3 Research Procedure

The data analysis will be realized according to the basis of cognitive expressions

in English and Vietnamese songs Firstly, the study is to investigate the collected dataabout cognitive expressions containing “heaven” in songs This study not only givesthe data related to the cognitive expressions of “heaven” in English but also shows the

data related to the cognitive expressions of “heaven” in Vietnamese Secondly, thesimilarities and differences of cognitive expressions of “heaven” in song lyrics inEnglish versus Vietnamese will be examined.

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

On the basis of the collected English and Vietnamese songs were collected Thecognitive expressions in English and Vietnamese songs will be analyzed in terms ofthese following aspects:

-The cognitive expression containing “heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs

in form of expressive mapping

- The similarities and differences of cognitive expressions containing “heaven”

in English and Vietnamese songs in the cognitive view

3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

All of the data on Vietnamese and English songs are collected from officialwebsites of two well-known electronic websites in England and Vietnam Thus, theyare a totally authentic source of data, not invented; the quality of data is reliableenough Also, the thesis is carried out on the basis of the theoretical background fromreliable publications of experienced linguists as presented in Chapter two The result

of the study provides some theoretical background for studying on type of cognitiveexpressions and makes a certain contribution to learning and teaching English Theseresults are significant both in theory and in practice

Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the researcher focuses on describing and analyzing the CMscontaining “heaven” in English and Vietnamese songs The first section deals with thesemantics features of the word “heaven” which the researcher bases on to investigatethe CMs in English and Vietnamese songs The second section is the differences andsimilarities between the two languages Afterwards, the research will find out thedifferences of “heaven” in Vietnamese and English culture

4.1 COGNITIVE METAPHORS CONTAINING “HEAVEN” IN

ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS.

4.1.1 FIRE IS HEAVEN

Fire is heaven appears in Vietnamese and English songs In this cognitiveexpression “Heaven” is conceptualized as fire Historically, fire is a typical symbol ofwar However, Fire in heaven is understood as the fire in hell where wrong people arepunished for their sins Burning people, burning fields, burning forest are popularimages that are representative for “Heaven”

These image make people feel frightened, tressful and anxious Fire causes death

to people and everything around In addition, burning of the fire makes sense of ourlives The early stage of the fire can be implied to the sin of one’s life On thecontrary, the fire burns down that means the life is over Here are an example that

focus on the metaphor “Heaven is fire.”

(4.1) I’m burning down every bridge we made

I’ll watch you choke on the hearts you breakI’m bleeding out every word you said

The table below shows clearly the CMs containing Heaven is a fire.

Table 4.1 CEs expressing Heaven is fire

4.1.2 LOVE IS HEAVEN

It can not be denied that “Love is Heaven” Heaven will be more meaningful

and colorful if there is love existing in Heaven Because love is anterior to life,posterior to death, initial of creation, and the exponent of breath Heaven is an idealplace to live where full of love, music, and all best things Here are some examples

that focus on the metaphor “Love is heaven”.

(4.2) Cause your sex takes me to paradise

Yeah your sex takes me to paradise

And it shows, yeah, yeah, yeah,

Cause you make me feel like, I've been locked out of heaven For too

long, for too long [167]

“Heaven” appears in this song means felling pleasure in love associated withspiritual and physical satisfaction

(4.3) I wanna be the one who you believe

In your heart is sent from (sent from heaven)

There's a piece of me who believes when you gone

Because you're sent from (sent from heaven) [172]

Heaven is a place where love will come first and a symbol of love with all themost beautiful things

(4.4) An angel whispered to me when I woke this morning

That I would find heaven by my side And there were you angel, heaven in the morning

Playing in my arms and in my life [180]

(4.5) If you love right, heaven belongs to you

Oh oh, heaven belongs to you

If you sing right, heaven belongs to you

Oh oh, heaven belongs to you

If you act right, heaven belongs to you [197]

(4.6) When you're lying in my open arms

Do you ever think forever?

Get a glimpse of what I am dreaming of

Gold on heart will live forever

Ever seen heaven through me

(4.7)

I gotta find my way back

Back to summer paradise Sean Paul, Simple Plan.

My heart is sinking as I'm lifting Up above the clouds away from you And I can't believe I'm leaving

Oh I don't kno-kno-know what I'm gonna do ] [233

(4.8) Pretty Nova, one year over

Legal age of consent

In the flower of sweet youth our

Days of heaven were spent

(4.9) Đường nào vào thiên đàng ái ân.

Là đường vào nhịp thở lân lân

Mùa Xuân đang đi trong lời yêu mới

Có hoa vàng phủ đường mòn gót chân mềm [11]

(4.10) Rủi anh chết luôn thì sao, thì sao?

Em ơi em bàn rất đúng nhất trên đời chỉ là tình yêu

Ta yêu nhau nhiều đến thế có thiên đường nào hơn mái tranh.

Thôi ta thức dậy đi nhé giấc mơ đào tiên chỉ là mơ [69]

(4.11) Nếu có một lần chuyến đò chờ người qua đây.

Thôi đừng hận sầu chi nữa

Kỷ niệm tựa giòng sông trôi

Thiên đường nào đã xa rồi.

Tình nào đã quển

(4.12) Là vì em thơ ngay vội tin lời ai kia dối lừa

Để giờ đây thiên đường tan vỡ

Đừng tiếc nuối chi nữa em hỡi khi đã biệt ly anh với

(4.13) Em yêu anh ngả nghiêng bồng bềnh niềm kiêu hãnh.

Thiên đường xanh mướt gió trong lành

Cuốn vào đời anh là em bất tận

Vô tình chúng ta thuộc về nhau, ngàn kiếp sau [2]Love

is a universal feeling, which is felt by every living being on thisearth.Love brings the real meaning for life, lights and warms our life brightly Indeed, noone can live without love in Heaven

The table below shows clearly the CEs containing Love is heaven.

Table 4.2 CEs expressing Love is heaven

Heaven belong to you Love belong to you

Thiên đàng xanh mướt (green heaven) Green love

Thiên đường Tan vỡ (broken heaven) Broken love

Thiên đàng nào hơn mái tranh (heaven is Heaven is better than thatched roof

better than thatched roof) Love’s favor

Thiên đàng ái ân (heaven's favor) Love has its own couple

Thiên đường có riêng đôi mình (heaven Our love

has its own couple)Thiên đường của chúng ta (our heaven)

4.1.3 GLORY IS HEAVEN

The next CE characterizing the conceptualization in songs is “Glory is

heaven” Happiness brings the real meaning for life, and warms our life brightly.

Indeed, no one can live without happiness in heaven Heaven is compared to thehuman life with full of happiness Here are some examples that focus on the metaphor

“Glory is heaven”.

(4.14) No need to imagine cause I know it's true

They say "All good boys go to heaven"

But bad boys bring Heaven to you

It's automatic, it's just what they doThey say "All good boys go to heaven"

But bad boys bring Heaven to you [116]

In this song, “heaven” appears in the third and sixth line means happiness in love

(4.15) I wish you love

I wish you heaven

If I see elevenYou can say it's seven

Still I wish you heaven [208]

This shit be like Friday nights(4.16)

This shit make me feel alive

I feel like we in paradise, paradise [230]

I believe any dream that i want toThat ain't the only way of keeping hope aliveAnd if by chance i give birth to my visionsLife is so fantastic it will come as no surprise

Cause everyday is adventures in paradise

Woven well through the fabrics of time [251]

Tình em sáng như vầng trăng đẹpNhư muôn ánh sao trên bầu trờiLàm hồn anh lâng lâng tựa như tan vào sương khóiNguyện yêu chỉ riêng mình em

Và bên em mãi mãi không xa rời

Mình cùng tay trong tay đi đến nơi thiên đường [89]

Cuộc đời luôn giăng tay đón bước em về

Về bên anh đi em anh vẫn mong chờ

Dù rằng khó khăn nhưng mà em hỡi

Tìm đến những giấc mơ thiên đường.

Xa nhau lên cách lòng những dấu yêu đam mê đã không còn Thiên Đường Không Có Thật

Đã không còn người yêu ơi tại sao nói lời chia tay vội như thế Thiên đường không có thật chắc khi xưa chúng ta quá mơ mộng Để bây giờ

còn đâu nữa chỉ còn những giọt nước mắt [35]