Jaypee’s dental dictionary 2nd edition

Dental Dictionary Professor Department of Pedodontics and Preventive DentistryDivya Jyoti College of Dental Sciences and ResearchModi Nagar, Niwari Road, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India R

Dental Dictionary

The material contained in the book (some of which) has been provided by contributing authors The publisher and editors disclaim any responsibility about the originality of contents

Dental Dictionary

Professor Department of Pedodontics and Preventive DentistryDivya Jyoti College of Dental Sciences and ResearchModi Nagar, Niwari Road, Ghaziabad

Uttar Pradesh, India

Retd Director Medical, Border Security Force

India

Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgeon

Associate Professor Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and

Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India

Second Edition

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Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary

Second Edition: Digital฀Version฀2017

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd

Hapur Road, Ghaziabad

Uttar Pradesh, India

Harsh Mohan , MBBS, MD, FIC (Path), FUICC

Prof and Head, Department of Pathology

Government Medical College

Chandigarh, India

Jyoti Gupta , MDS

Prof and HOD, Department of

Oral Medicine and Radiology

Krishna Medical University and

School of Dental Sciences

Karad, Maharashtra, India

Hapur Road, Ghaziabad

Uttar Pradesh, India

Pooja Ahmad , BDS, MFDSRCS (Eng)

Dental Institute of Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’s

Kings College

Contributors

Rishab Malhotra , MDS

Assistant Professor

Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry

Jaipur Dental College

Jaipur Rajasthan

Ritu Sharma , MDS

Associate Professor

Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry

Hindustan Institute of Dental Science

Uttar Pradesh, India

Sakshi Garg,MDS

Reader

Department of Periodontics

Bhojia Dental College and Hospital

Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Shweta Bali,MDS

Professor

Department of Periodontics

Santosh Dental College and Hospital

Santosh Nagar, Ghaziabad

Uttar Pradesh, India

Subhadra H N , MDS

DY Patil Dental College

Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Sugandha Mohan , BDS

Government Medical College

Rohtak, Haryana, India

Vivek Hegde , MDS

Prof and Head, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry

MA Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India

It gives us immense pleasure to write the preface for the second edition of Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary We received copious correspondence from the readers commenting about the book and giving suggestions for improvement in past 6 years since the first edition came in to existence We also kept a record of new researches and techniques that came up in past six years

Second edition is being divided in three sections, i.e., dictionary, appendices and colour plates Appendices come with valuable information which will be handy for the students starting their journey in field of dentistry Addition of latest photographs and figures will help the readers to understand the vocabulary in a better way As this compilation is a balanced product between dictionary and encyclopaedia, we have tried to incorporate all new updates that will help the students to familiarise themselves with new vocabulary.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude towards all our contributors We profusely thank Shri Jitender P Vij (CEO) and Mr Ankit Vij (Group President) for their support and encouragement in bringing out the second edition Lastly but most importantly we thank Dr Ankit Sharma (Senior Editor), Mr Ashutosh Shrivastava (Assistant Editor),

Mr Shekhar Bhatt (Typesetter), Mr Manoj Pahuja (Senior Graphic Designer) and Mr Pawan Kumar (Graphic Designer) of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi for their enthusiasm and constant effort in bringing out this compilation.

In spite of our best efforts compilation is bound to have deficiencies We will be grateful if the readers kindly send their valuable suggestion for further improvement.

Priya Verma Gupta Sujata Sarabahi

Preface to the Second Edition

The world of dental sciences has changed dramatically over the last two decades and simultaneously so has the public awareness about dental health increased many folds To provide qualified health managers new dental colleges and superspecialities are developing fast.

All learning in science is based on education in vocabulary Mostly dictionaries are concerned with words while encyclopedias explain the object which describes the word to be understood and used correctly It is a balanced product of both We have catered

to the needs of postgraduate students by including definitions and diseases which they ought to know.

Editors have made special efforts to include maximum words not only related to dentistry but also all other related medical specialities which have a bearing on dental care The dictionary has been made pictorial to make the reading more interesting and to give a visual impact to the readers.

Appendices have been added The main objective was to collect useful and frequently used information from various other sources

to make it easily available between the two covers of the book.

We are grateful to Prof Dr Harsh Mohan, a man of pathology and his daughter Dr Sugandha who have provided many of the histological slides to make the dictionary more pictorial and useful Similarly

Dr KD Tripathi who is a milestone in the field of pharmacology has been a source of constant academic encouragement to us.

We are also happy to include some line sketches by master Rohan Gupta for better elaboration of certain terms.

Lastly and most importantly we must express our debt and enduring gratitude to our publisher/family friend and guide Shri Jitendar P Vij, Shrimati Raman Vij and young commander Mr Ankit Vij who have published this book of words in four colors and on art paper at a reasonable price.

Preface to the First Edition

We would like to express our thanks in advance to anybody who will spare his valuable time to take the trouble to inform us

of any shortcomings in this dictionary and we will surely make the necessary amendments in the next edition.

Priya Verma Gupta

LC Gupta Sujata Sarabahi

Annexture-VI 647-660 Annexture-VII 661-677 Annexture-VIII 678-695 Annexture-IX 696-702 Section 3: Schematic Representation of Important

Anatomic Landmarks

Plates 703-731

Section 1

Dictionary

A (in reference to

cephalometrics) is the

deepest midline point

in curved boney outline

from base to alveolar

process of the maxilla

Abdominal region refers to

abdomi-nopelvic cavity that is divided into

‘9’ regions The central regions are

epigastric, umbilical and

hypogas-tric Epigastric literally means upon

stomach Umbilical is centermost

region surrounding umbilicus and

umbilical region Six regions are on

either side, i.e three to the left and

as hypochondriac, lumbar and

Abdominopelvic cavity is a region Upper portion is called abdominal cavity and contains liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen and

the level of hip and contains rectum, urinary bladder and internal parts

of reproductive system

Abducent nerve is the sixth cranial arise in the abducent nucleus and supply the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball

Abducent nucleus is situated

It lies in the gray matter lining the

the midline The position of the

the fourth ventricle is indicated

B A

A by an elevation called the facial

colliculus

Aberrant salivary glands are those

salivary gland tissues that develop

found These are frequently seen

in cervical region near the parotid

gland Most aberrant glands in neck

occur in upper portion of neck

Abfraction is said to have occurred

around the cervical margins of

The cracks propagate from occlusal

forces established along the tooth

and from abrasion and erosion

Abortion means spontaneous or

induced termination of pregnancy

before the fetus is independently

viable or the expulsion of an

embryo, or fetus before it has

reached to the stage of viability

Therapeutic abortion is done to

includes shock and sepsis

Abrasion

tooth structure from friction of a

foreign object Most commonly, it

is caused by tooth brushing and is seen at the cervical margin of the teeth It is more common on left side than on the right one It can be

along the cervical margin of a tooth Habitual cigar holder may cause abrading of an incisal edge Harder materials tend to be more abrasion resistant than soften ones

by sudden relief from pain due to

a reduction in pressure A foul taste may also be noticed

Absence (Petit mal) seizures: Most

  )

occur in clusters and may take place

up to hundred times a day There typical and atypical

Absent bowel sounds refer to an

in every abdominal quadrant Abdomen distends and risk of

Aberrant salivary glands

gingival recession

perforation or peritonitis develops

It may require immediate attention

Absent mindedness can be described

as habitual inattention marked by

is no attention to external stimuli

Absolute humidity

It is expressed as gram per kg or

gram per cubic meter of air

Absolute reliability

standard error of measurement It

on repeated measurement

Absorption (in reference to dental

material) can also be described as

penetration of one material into

another

Absorption (in reference to

radiol-X-ray imparts some or all of its

en-it passes; en-it depends on the atomic

of the X-ray beam

Absorptionrefers to the accumulation

of substance at an interface in a

concentration different from

con-centration of substance in bulk

Absurdity is an idea or expression meaningless

Abuse means misuse

Abutment is a tooth adjacent to an

be used to support the prosthetic device

Academic refers to pertaining to formal education

Acanthesthesia refers to the skin

of pinprick

Acanthosis nigricans may be benign, malignant and pseudoacanthosis nigricans Benign form seems

to be genetic Malignant form is

Pseudoacanthosis is most common form Tongue and lips appear to

be involved more Lips may be larged and covered by papilloma-

en-     papillary lesions There develops orofacial, mucosal and skin lesions

A Gastric adenocarcinoma may

deve-lop There is no treatment for the

disease

Acatalepsia refers to the inability to

comprehend or reason

Acataphasia refers to the inability to

correctly form a sentence

Access cavity preparation is



unobstructed access to the canal

apical foramen, complete control

over instrumentation and

accom-modate obturation technique

Access opening burs are round

longer than standard burs)

are coarse grit

Accessory canalare lateral branches

of the main canal that form a

and periodontium Accessory

canals contain connective tissues

and vessels and can be seen

but tend to be more common in

apical third and in posterior teeth

farther posterior the tooth, the more

present

Accessory cusps see talon’s cusp,

dens evaginatus.

Accessory gland is a gland that assists

organs in doing their functions

Accessory muscle refers to the

     

assists a major muscle

Accessory nerveis the eleventh cranial distinct parts, cranial and spinal Both parts consist predominantly

from the nucleus ambiguus These distributed through its pharyngeal and laryngeal branches to muscles of the pharynx, soft palate and larynx

molar; (B) Premolar; (C) Incisor

Acatalepsia

A

B

C

from the lateral part of the ventral

cervical segments of the spinal cord

They supply the sternocleidomastoid

 )

Acesulfame refers to the

non-pleasant taste and no aftertaste

Acetabulum is the large cup-shaped

cavity on the innominate bone in

Acid is a substance that releases

hydrogen ions into a solution

The higher the hydrogen ion

concentration of a solution, the

greater its acidity

Acid attack refers to the action of

acids that are released from plaque

upon enamel

Acid-base balance refers to the

alkaline side Acidic products of the body’s metabolism are excreted such as sodium and potassium These bases are thereby lost to the body and acid-base balance is maintained

Acid etching is an interim procedure

of phosphoric acid is done in order

to increase the surface area and increased surface energy to obtain adhesion

Acidophilic adenoma refers to the small benign lesion of salivary gland It is more common in

cytoplasm Lymphoid tissue is commonly present Malignant transformation is rare and it has

i.e basophilic serous cells and

eo-sinophilic mucous cells On the basis

of their acinar secretory cell

compo-sition, the secretions of the parotid

as serous The secretions of

subman-dibular and sublingual glands are

mixed The serous and mucous cells

also play an important role in

pro-tein glycopropro-tein secretion

Acini are pancreatic cells that secrete

Acinic cell tumor refers to the

pleomorphic adenoma; these are

not common neoplasm of salivary

gland Parotid is affected and is not

frequently seen in intraoral sites

be involved Surgical excision is the

solution

Acne fulminous is an acute onset

of extreme severity It develops

abruptly, numerous large painful

papules, nodules and cysts develop

There may be painful arthropathy

Systemic steroids and steroids may

be required

Acne vulgaris refers to the condition during teenage Lesions consist

     Q secreting tumor of adrenal, ovary and testis Treatment is long and

Aconite poisoning is mainly used are poisoned by paste of aconite

by hilly tribes to kill their enemies

soever drinks, dies It is extremely after death

Acousticophobia refers to the morbid fear of sound or noise

Acquired congenital "!that develops after the eruption

of the posterior primary teeth, i.e

at the age of 18 months or more the teeth brought together by the tongue thrust

Acini

A Acquired immunity refers to the im-

munity that is acquired after birth

It can be described as resistance

exposure but that increases

dramat-ically with subsequent exposures to

Acrocinesia refers to the excessive

movement

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is rare

transmitted as an autosomal

reces-sive character It may be due to zinc

  W   

the treatment of choice Person

de-velops skin lesions, hair loss, nail

   Y

also occur Buccal mucosa, palate

and white spots Erosions and ulcers

are noted and halitosis is severe

Acrodynia

There are many cutaneous

mani-festations Ear, nose, cheeks become

and the skin over affected area peels

off easily Photophobia, lacrimation,

muscular weakness, hypertension

and stomatitis are also seen

Drool-Administration of BAL is helpful

Acromegaly develops due to

exces- @ 

Acrosoma is a specialized structure

Acrylic is a material used for prosthesis and various types of appliances It consists of powder called polymer and a liquid called monomer, when mixed, it sets into a hard acrylic by a process

@used for dentures and orthodontic appliances While cold cured acrylic is used for denture repairs, impression trays and temporary crowns

Acrylic faced cast metal crown

refers to the crown that can be

deteriorated in the oral cavity by

Acrylic jacket crowns are used as provisional crowns since they are more permanent than the usual simple temporary procedures and less costly than cast metal crowns These types of crowns are usually used where other form of treatment, such as periodontal or

Acrylic jacket crowns

A orthodontic treatment, is to be done

Actatic speech refers to the

uncoordi-nated verbal communication

Actin refers to the muscle protein

used in contraction

Actinomyces is a Gram-positive,

non-motile, non-spore-forming

organism occurring as rods and

and slender and are branching

Actinomycosis is caused by Gram

positive, non-acid fast, branched,

Organism may enter the tissues

through the oral mucous membrane

to the adjacent soft tissue Skin over

underlying abscess is purplish-red

Mandible may be involved

Action potential is the rapid change

in the membrane potential of excitable nerve and muscle cells impulses along the cell membrane

Action tremors UDQJH in speed than proximally Such tremors can easily be suppressed by beta block-

chemotactic factors bind to receptors

on neutrophils surface and trigger the activation phase of endothelial binding They include fragments of products of complement cascade,

surface of the transmembrane

minute amount of such a factor

either dissolved in the blood or

bound to the endothelial surface

triggers diameter changes in the

surface adhesion properties of

neutrophils It also induces changes

in the conformation of integrins on

leukocyte surfaces enabling them to

unmask the binding activities of

activated endothelial cell

Active eruption refers to the

emer-gence of the tooth in the oral cavity

Active exercises are movements of

body due to voluntary contraction

and relaxation of muscle

Active immunity is of 2 types, active

and passive Active immunity

further can be natural or acquired

is caused by microorganism and

protection against further attack by

that microorganism is conferred to the individual if the body recovers from the disease

Active memory refers to the term memory

short-Acuity is a sharpness of visual perception

Acupressure is a type of therapy

    points Their aim is to stimulate the body’s electromagnetic energy

Blockage is due to production of lactic acid and carbon monoxide

in muscle tissue resulting in stiff musculature Removal of blockage

Acupuncture is a system of science patient’s skin to treat diseases

in disease Needles are inserted

     Q natural analgesics Acupuncture dental surgery and in process of delivery VHH Figure on page 12).

Acupuncture

A Acute abdomen is a persistent,

severe abdominal pain of sudden

onset There may be fever

Abdo-to appendicitis, salpingitis and

peritonitis

    

infection develops in their area

In different type of diseases, pattern

of gland involvement is different

In infection these enlarge but may

remain mobile, in TB These may be

matted, in malignancy these may

Acute apical abscess

collection of pus in the alveolar

bone at the root apex of the tooth,

extension of the infection through

the apical foramen into

periradicu-lar tissue

Acute apical periodontitis periodontium as a result of trauma, irritation or infection through the the pulp is vital or nonvital It is

of a tooth The distinctive features

of acute apical periodontitis (AAP) are microscopic rather than roentogenographic, symptomatic rather than visible

Acute atrophic candidiasis is red

mal evidence of pseudomembrane Depapillation of tongue and anti-biotic sore-throat may be seen (VHH

Figure on page 13).

Acute bacterial sialadenitis is caused

by Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria reach

the gland through Stensen’s duct Diabetes, Sjögren’s syndrome are the

Acute abdomen

causative factors Clinical features

include sudden onset of painful

swelling in the preauricular region

One or both sides of parotid gland

may be involved Fever, weakness

and redness of skin over parotid

swallowing Antibiotics are helpful

Acute cholecystitis   "(

mation of gallbladder always

associated with gallstones There

is peritoneal pain with overlying

skin tenderness and muscle

rigidity in right hypochondrium

Referred pain may be radiating

to back on right shoulder Nausea

and vomiting may be present

Tenderness and muscle guarding

in right upper quadrant In some

cases, palpable mass of globular

shape below right costal palpable

margin moving with respiration

may be felt Serum bilirubin will

be raised There may be area of

capsular region

Acute cold exposure is said to have

occurred when body temperature

is less than 35°C Vasodilatation

increases the risk of hypothermia

It may result in dizziness, dyspnea,

confusion and incoordination

Signs include shivering, dysarthria and altered mental status Person may suffer from hypotension and respiratory depression

Acute cystitis is an infection of the bladder most commonly due to coliform bacteria and enterococci Route of infection

is ascending from urethra Frequency, urgency, dysuria with suprapubic discomfort is common Ladies may develop hematuria, especially after intercourse Urine shows pyuria and

Acute dacrocystitis refers to the condition where patient presents with pain and swelling near the medial canthus of the eye associated with epiphora Nose appears red, pressure on the swelling there is no regurgitation through the puncta K    !

to lower eyelid Submandibular lymph node may be enlarged and tender

Acute epididymitis occurs when the route of infection is via urethra to the ejaculatory duct and then down the vas deferens to the epididymis Symptoms of uretheritis pain at tip

Acute epididymitis

A of urethera or cystitis may develop

Pain develops in scrotum radiating

may be tender

Acute gingivitis refers to the

disease of sudden onset and short

duration; the condition may be

painful in nature

Acute hepatitis due to bacteria,

after symptoms While patients

Mostly, it is tuberculous in origin

neurotropic virus that travels

along the involved nerve It causes

neuritis and vesicular disease

of skin and mucous membrane

Eruption is located to a single

dermatome High dose antiviral

therapy in acute phase of herpes

Intensity of pain also reduces

Post-herpetic neuralgia may

continue in old persons

Acute herpetic stomatitis is an

acute viral infectious disease In

gingivostomatitis Person develops fever, irritability, headache, pain and regional lymphadenopathy Lips, tongue and buccal mucosa are also involved Painful gingival

  )  and leave no scar Isolation can be detected in tissue culture

Acute illness is the one that comes on suddenly and for a short period

Local signs of

function In early stage acute and neutrophils accumulate in the extracellular space of damaged tissue (VHHFigure on page 15).

Acute intolerance is a strong negative reaction to a minimal amount of anoxing object

Acute iritis results from conjuctival injection around cornea There may be severe pain, blurred vision, photophobia and constricted pupil

Acute leukemia may be blastic or myeloblastic It may be acute or chronic depending upon the nature and progression of disease

lympho-B A

Acute gingivitis

may be enlarged Treatment is by antibiotics

Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis

is an acute febrile disease of children Sore-throat, fever and loss of appetite develop Symptoms

fever, sore-throat, headache,

hemorrhage in skin and mucous

membrane Spleen, kidney and

liver become enlarged Decrease in

platelet may lead to hemorrhage

Terminal infection is frequent

Acute lingual tonsillitis gives

rise to unilateral dysphagia and

feeling of lump in throat Lingual

tonsil may appear enlarged and

packed nodules of lymphocytes

Acute maxillary sinusitis refers

to the periapical infection may

involve maxillary sinus Patient

sinus Pressure over maxillary sinus

 N 

radiate to the ear Antibiotics and

Acute melancholia: Symptoms are

constant headache, insomnia,

irritability and gastric upsets

Onset is gradual Hallucinations

and delusions are very common

Suicidal and homicidal impulses

may be seen Patient may excite

over a minor incident It may

interval cyclically

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

is a clinical syndrome caused by a

supply to a region of myocardium

that results in cellular death

and necrosis This syndrome is

and prolonged substernal pain but

more intense and longer duration

than angina pectoris Predisposing

factors cause of acute myocardial

cases is coronary artery disease Other risk factors include obesity and undue stress, also elevated blood pressure and/or elevated blood cholesterol Immediate predisposing features for AMI

     arteries, as in coronary thrombosis

Acute necrotizing ulcerative

endogenous oral infection having necrosis of gingiva Blood diseases and severe nutritional

tenderness, profuse salivation and spontaneous bleeding Typical fetid odor develops Lesion consists

of painful, punched out, necrotic ulcers developing on interdental papillae and gingival margin but lips, tongue and palate may also be involved Gingiva bleeds on touch and is covered by a gray, necrotic pseudomembrane Patient is not

the term given during World War I

in trenches soldiers suffered from

B A

Acute maxillary sinusitis

organisms prevalent in normal

named Fusiform, Bacillus and

Spirochetes.

Acute otitis media is a condition

and complains of pain in ear

There may be hearing loss, fever,

vomiting, and diarrhea Tympanic

membrane is bulging Bloody

Acute pancreatitis is an idiopathic

condition Sudden onset of acute

!    

radiation to back is the main

complaint Pain is more in supine

position and there is some relief

fever, tachycardia and hypotension

depressed Green coloration of

pancreatitis Ultrasound is a good modality to diagnose it

Acute periapical abscess is an acute

lation of pus at the apex of a tooth

It is a painful condition that results from an advanced necrotic pulp Patients usually relate previous painful episode from irreversible tooth mobility and fever are seen in advanced cases

Acute pericoronitis is an infection tooth or fully erupted tooth that is covered completely or partially by

Acute phase response: Most soluble mediators of innate immunity are found in relatively small amount in the serum under normal conditions increase 1000-fold during serious injury as part of coordinated protective response called “Hepatic Acute Phase Response” Liver temporarily increases its synthesis that participate in antimicrobial

Acute phase response

A hepatocytes are exposed to certain

of bacteria

Acute proliferative

glomerulone-phritis

the renal symptoms develop after

of patients develop hypertension

smoky color Urinary rudiments

contain red cell casts and granular

casts Transient elevation in BUN

and serum creatinine may be seen

periorbital hematoma Hematuria

External surface can be smooth

 

Acute pulmonary edema is

charac-and alveoli due to increase in the

pulmonary venous and capillary

hydrostatic pressure The lungs

resistance increases, and the

capillary-alveolar gas exchange is

compromised

Acute pulpalgia refers to the mation or pulpitis Increased intra- pulpal pressure is the stimulus that

is applied to the sensory nerves

of the pulp and leads to severe

4 changes especially cold Pain is of lancinating type Intensity of pain

severe Pulp contains large number treatment and once pulpitis occurs, the damage is irreparable Tooth

be treated by pulp therapy

Acute pyelonephritis condition is uncommon in contrast to acute cystitis Vesicoureteric infection, pregnancy and instrumentation may predispose to it Diabetes predisposes to infection Person develops loin pain, high fever and often rigors There may be much destruction of cortex sparing of glomeruli and blood vessels

Acute renal failure    sudden decline in renal ability to meostasis and to excrete nitrogenous

&QYNrising blood urea and serum creati-nine levels or decreased urine output over hours or days Acute renal fail-ure may be oliguric or nonoliguric

In nonoliguric form, the urine output

is not reduced, although blood urea and serum creatinine are raised

glomerulonephritis

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis

A Acute retroviral syndrome is a

exposure Whole features may go

    

mouth pain and neck stiffness

Liver and spleen are enlarged

N 

develops

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is

infection This is the commonest

cause of acquired heart disease in

childhood and adolescence Acute

rheumatic fever affects children,

lethargy, anorexia and symptoms

caused due to involvement of heart,

joints, skin and central nervous

system Its diagnosis is based on

updated Jone’s criteria

Acute suppurative osteomyelitis is

a sequeal of periapical infection

Dental infection is the commonest

cause Staphylococcus aureus

and Staphylococcus albus are

the commonest one Maxilla or

mandible may be involved There

elevated Once periostitis develops, skin On X-ray lytic lesion is noted Individual trabeculae becomes ))   4 fragment of dead bone is called surgical removal is to be done

Adaptation refers to the manner instrument is placed against the surface of the tooth to get maximum adaptability or proximity to the tooth surface and avoid soft tissue trauma

Adaptive immune system is said to

is mounted to each infectious agent and the infectious agent is remembered to prevent it from causing infection later

Addicted:

a strong psychological reliance

Addiction is a habit forming and has

a compulsive physiological need for it

Addition polymerization is a

poly-B A

Addition polymerization

A Addition silicone is a silicone

polymer resulting from free radical

platinum catalysts

Adduction is the movement of body

Adenoameloblastoma arises from

residual odontogenic epithelium

In early stage, tumor is completely

radiolucent It may be solid or

may contain large cystic areas

It forms duct-like structures Site

of occurrence is more in maxilla

under microscope In advanced

to produce clusters of radio-opaque

occurs in unerupted tooth or in the

involved teeth are maxillary canine,

lateral incisors, mandibular premolar

plates and produces clinical signs

circumscribed Soft tissues are not involved

commonly in relation to minor

It is a painless mass Later on becomes painful Ulceration and loss of sensation develops Under microscope, one can see numerous proliferating malignant ductal

of hemorrhage and necrosis

malignant neoplasm arising from glandular epithelium It is the most common malignant tumor Addition silicone

(C) Adenocarcinoma high power;

A

B

C

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a nant tumor of parotid, submaxillary and accessory glands of palate and tongue It is composed of deeply staining uniform cell resembling basal cells Despite of malignant

malig-4

Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma

develops in younger age Lesion appears as elevated nodule ulceration There is a proliferation

of surface dysplastic epithelium Surgical excision helps

of submandibular salivary gland

Glands of palate and tongue

may also be involved Parotid

tumor produces a subcutaneous

external ear Pain is very common

feature in this tumor There is

Submandibular gland tumors

become quite large While palatal

lesions are often accompanied by

delayed healing of socket once

tooth has been extracted If greater

palatine nerve is involved, palatal

radiotherapy because tumor cells

are radiosensitive

   is a frequent neoplasm

These are usually small, painless

tumors discovered or lobulated

goes spontaneous infarction

and necrosis during pregnancy

Necrosis usually produces no

symptoms

collectively used for pars anterior

distalis) and the pars intermedia,

Figs A and B:

Adenolymphoma

A It contains a lot of lymphoid tissues

It may develop due to proliferation

of ectopic salivary gland tissue

Some think that it is a hemartous

parotid tumors Clinical features:

  (  

circumscribed, soft and painless, it

it gives a compressible and

doughy feeling on palpation, on

are seen and chocolate colored

capsule surrounds it Malignant

transformation is rare Surgical

excision is to be done

Adenoma thyroid is a solitary discrete

nodule These arise from follicular

Adipsia is abnormal absence of thirst

It occurs in hypothalamic injury/tumor, head injury, cirrhosis and bronchial tumor

Adjuvant therapy is the treatment given after the primary treatment such as radiation therapy or hormonal therapy

Admixed alloy is an amalgam alloy containing particles of different

A

B

Adenoma thyroid

composition, i.e silver tin or silver

copper particles

Adolescence is the period of

transition from childhood to

after puberty; extending from the

earlier signs of sexual maturity

until the attainment of physical and

emotional maturity

Adolescent caries: The characteristic

Lesions in teeth and surfaces

those are relatively immune to

caries There is relatively small

undermining of enamel Rapid

penetration of enamel and

extensive involvement of dentin is

seen The rapid progression of the

or no secondary dentin

Adrenal gland is an endocrine gland

composed of cortex and medulla

upper poles of kidneys and are

  +ˆ ! > ! ˆ   Y

      

one is crescent shaped Adrenal

cortex produces and secretes more

considered the most important stress

Adrenaline is a hormone secreted

by medulla of adrenal glands It is Under emotional stress BP rises due to its liberation Blood sugar and BMR also rises It is chemically

Adult periodontitis see chronic

periodontitis

Adulteration of milk is a process

of adulteration of milk are adding Second most common is extraction

of cream from milk partially or completely

Adulthood refers to the stage of

virtually completed during early adulthood—18 to 25 years of age Thereafter developmental changes

Advanced acute pulpalgia is a the pain is very severe—the most man Patient may even become hysterical from pain Relief from this pain is embarrassingly by incriminating Symptoms are violent Advanced acute pulpalgia

A The involved tooth usually can be

pointed out by patient and is tender

to percussion too Because the

the heat test As soon as the

gutta-percha touches the involved tooth,

the patient develops subgluteal

      

the chair as if stabbed Cold water

is instantly applied and pain

subsides Local anesthesia gives

blessed relief

Advanced interproximal lesion

refers to the carious lesion that

extends to the DEJ or through the

DEJ and into the dentin, but does

not extend through the dentin

greater than half the distance

toward the pulp An advanced

Aerobic is a physiological process in which oxygen is required

Aerosol refers Mist

Afebrile is absence of fever

   

direction, i.e towards the spinal cord or brain They are known as

Afferent impulse    traveling toward the central

Afferent nerves thatcarry sensory

ered in 1960 Infected groundnuts

carcinogenic If it is consumed by

milk and cheese

impression materials that are

compounded from reversible agar

gels When heated they liquefy

or go into solution state and on

cooling they return to gel state It

It is a polysaccharide in nature

Agar impressions are diagonally

unstable on standing so model

should be made at the earliest

Age refers to the chronological of

date of birth

Age of abrasion:

the defect under scab In 7–10

days, scab dries up, shrinks and

Age of bruise:

rd day

'*th

hemosiderin On 5th<th day the

color becomes green 7th–11th day

Agglutination is the clumping

together of cells distributed in

antigen-antibody reaction

Aglycogeusia refers to the condition able to distinguish sugar solution

Agnosia refers to the condition

agnosia Anosognosia is a denial of disease in the affected body part interpret sensory stimuli Auditory familiar sounds

Agranulocytopenia refers to marked reduction in granular leukocytosis Toxic effect of certain drugs like chloramphenicol, phenyl term administration of analgesics, diuretics and anticoagulants may malaria and typhoid may also induce

Agranulocytosis Clinical features:

N    and sore throat Skin becomes pale Even jaundice may develop, regional lymphadenitis may develop, urinary tract infection may develop, rectal ulcerations are common, severe

Agranulocytopenia

    Q natural analgesics Acupuncture dental surgery and in process of delivery VHH Figure on page 12).

Acupuncture... odor develops Lesion consists

of painful, punched out, necrotic ulcers developing on interdental papillae and gingival margin but lips, tongue and palate may also be involved Gingiva bleeds...

Acute suppurative osteomyelitis is

a sequeal of periapical infection

Dental infection is the commonest

cause Staphylococcus aureus

and Staphylococcus