Aims of the study
The study on the translation of terms and conditions in international business contracts provides an overview of the common translation strategies and procedures used in this field.
In details, my Graduation Paper aims at:
1 A brief view of translation, an international business contract and delivery terms
2 Techniques necessary for better translation of delivery terms in business contracts
3 An analysis of the delivery terms in authentic business contracts.
Scope of the study
In today's rapidly evolving society and global economy, international trade plays a crucial role in human development, leading to an increasing need for effective communication among businesses worldwide Understanding the terms used in international business contracts, particularly delivery terms, is essential, yet it often requires significant time and effort to master Given the constraints of time and expertise, this article focuses specifically on analyzing delivery terms in international business contracts.
Method of the study
This graduation paper aims to assist learners in expanding their vocabulary and gaining a comprehensive understanding of translation, particularly in the context of delivery terms in international business contracts The research is primarily based on a thorough collection of reference books, international business dictionaries, and online resources As a student in the foreign language department, I have developed various translation skills, including data collection, data analysis, and comparative and contrastive analysis, which are essential for the completion of this paper.
Design of the study
My graduation paper is divided into three parts, in which the second, naturally, is the most important part
Part one is the Introduction in which Reason of the study, Aims of the study, Scope of the study, Method of the study, Design of the study are presented
Part two is the Development that includes 3 chapters:
Chapter one is Theoretical background
Chapter two is General knowledge on an international business contract Chapter three is a Study on translation of delivery terms in an international business contract
Chapter four is some difficulties that Vietnamese learners encounter when translate delivery terms in business contracts and some suggested solutions
Part three is the Conclusion.
DEVELOPMENT
Definitions of translation
Translation serves to convert written or spoken texts from a source language (SL) to an equivalent target language (TL), aiming to reproduce diverse types of content such as religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical works This process makes these texts accessible to a broader audience, enhancing cross-cultural understanding and knowledge sharing.
Translation is an essential element in diverse areas such as literature, culture, commercial advertising, popular entertainment, public administration, international diplomacy, scientific research publication, judicial processes, immigration, and education Different perspectives lead to various concepts of translation.
Translation involves interpreting the meaning of a source text in one language and creating an equivalent target text in another language that conveys the same message.
Translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions
Translation is to be understood as the process whereby a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language
Translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original
Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that author intended the text
Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style
Translation types
The translation types are often categorized by the number of areas of specialization Each specialization has its own strategies and difficulties Some translation types are listed as following:
Interlinear translation involves placing the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order This method translates each word individually using its most common meaning, often out of context It primarily serves to help understand the structure of the source language or to clarify challenging texts as a preliminary step in the translation process.
Literal translation involves translating each word from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) while maintaining a one-to-one correspondence However, the primary meanings of these words may vary, and the grammatical structures of the SL are adapted to their closest equivalents in the TL Despite this, the lexical items are often translated without considering their contextual implications.
Literal translation serves as the foundational step in both communicative and semantic translation, marking the starting point of the translation process This pre-translation phase helps identify issues that need to be addressed.
This article aims to accurately convey the original context while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language It carefully translates cultural terms and maintains the level of grammatical and lexical divergence from the source language The focus is on remaining faithful to the writer's intentions and the realization of the text in the source language.
Semantic translation prioritizes the aesthetic value of the source language (SL) text over strict fidelity, allowing for adjustments in meaning to maintain fluidity in assonance, wordplay, and repetition Unlike faithful translation, which adheres rigidly to the original text, semantic translation embraces flexibility and permits creative interpretation, enabling the translator to intuitively connect with the source material while making minimal concessions to the audience.
Free translation involves conveying the meaning of the source language (SL) in the translator's own words, resulting in a version that may deviate significantly from the original text This approach prioritizes the essence of the content over its form, often leading to a paraphrase that is longer and sounds more natural in the target language (TL) However, this level of freedom in translation can sometimes make it difficult to grasp the original message accurately.
Idiomatic translation focuses on conveying the meaning of colloquialisms and idioms rather than their literal translations This approach allows translators to effectively communicate the original message while maintaining the essence of the expressions used.
The translator strives to convey the precise contextual meaning of the original text, ensuring that both the language and content are easily understandable for the audience However, it is essential for the translator to maintain and refine the structure of the source language text, as it serves as the fundamental basis for their work.
Translation equivalence
1.3.1 Definitions of equivalence in translation
There are some definitions of equivalence in translation
“Equivalence is the same, similar or interchangeable with something else
In translation terms, equivalence is a term used to refer to the nature and extent of the relationships between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units”
Translation equivalence occurs when the meanings of expressions in a source language and a target language align Essentially, it addresses the question, "What do speakers of this language say to convey the intended meaning?"
“When applying to the issues of translation, equivalence is an abstract concept and actually refers to the equivalence relationship between the source text and the target text”
1.3.2 Types of equivalence in translation
Nida identified two distinct types of equivalence in translation: formal equivalence, also known as formal correspondence, and dynamic equivalence Formal equivalence emphasizes the message's form and content, while dynamic equivalence is centered on achieving an equivalent effect in the target audience In their second edition (1982), Nida and Taber elaborated on these concepts, providing a comprehensive understanding of each type of equivalence.
According to Keller (1979: 188-89), equivalence translation is considered five types:
Denotative equivalence: The SL and the TL words refer to the same thing in the real world It is an equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text
Connotative equivalence: This type of equivalence provides additional value and is achieved by the translator‟s choice of synonymous words or expressions
Text-normative equivalence: the SL and the TL words are used in the same or the similar context in their respective languages
Pragmatic equivalence: With the readership orientation, the SL and the TL words have the same effect on their respective readers
Formal equivalence: this type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by either exploiting formal possibilities of TL, or creating new forms in TL.
Translation of ESP 1 Definition of ESP
English for Specific purposes (ESP) is a worldwide subject
Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19) highlight that two significant historical periods significantly influenced the development of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) The first of these was the post-Second World War era, which marked a remarkable surge in global scientific, technical, and economic activities This expansion was largely driven by the economic dominance of the United States, positioning English as the primary international language.
Second, the Oil Crisis of the early 1970s resulted in Western money and knowledge flowing into the oil-rich countries The language of this knowledge became English
ESP, or English for Specific Purposes, is often defined as the teaching of English tailored to specific academic or professional contexts It focuses on equipping learners with the language skills necessary for their particular fields, whether for academic studies or vocational training.
According to Tony Dudley-Evans, definition of ESP is extended in terms of 'variable' and 'absolute' characteristics
- ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines
- ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English
- ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level
- ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students
- Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems
- ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners
- ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves
- ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre
David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP:
-English for Academic and Occupation Purposes
The first type of ESP, The language used by air traffic controllers or by waiters are example of English as a restricted language Mackay and Mountfound
(1978) clearly illustrate the difference between restricted language and language with this statement:
The language used in international air-traffic control is specialized, with a limited repertoire that can be clearly defined, similar to the specific vocabulary needed by a waiter or flight attendant However, this restricted set of terms does not constitute a full language, just as a tourist phrase book lacks comprehensive grammar Mastering such a limited "language" does not enable effective communication in unfamiliar situations or outside the specific professional context.
Carter (1983) identifies English for Academic and Occupational Purposes as the second type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) According to Hutchinson and Walters (1987) in their "Tree of ELT," ESP is categorized into three main branches: English for Science and Technology (EST), English for Business and Economics (EBE), and English for Social Studies (ESS).
Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches:
+ English for Academic Purposes (EAP)
+ English for Occupational Purposes (EOP)
An example of EOP for the EST branch is „English for Technicians‟ whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is „English for Medical Studies‟
The third type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) identified by Carter (1983) is focused on specific topics, shifting the emphasis from purpose to content This category addresses the future English needs of professionals, such as scientists who require language skills for postgraduate studies, conferences, or international work However, it is argued that this should not be viewed as a distinct type of ESP but rather as a vital component of ESP courses that emphasize situational language This situational language is informed by needs analysis of authentic language used in relevant workplace environments.
2.3 Delivery terms in ESP translation
In international trade, it is essential for businesses to clearly delineate responsibilities between buyers and sellers regarding the shipping and receiving of goods Delivery terms play a crucial role in allocating logistical and administrative costs throughout the process, as well as determining accountability for packaging, handling, loading, unloading, and inspection of the goods Given that most delivery terms are documented in English, accurate translations in ESP are vital to ensure that the essence of the original contract is preserved in international business agreements This study draws on the principles of technical translation to highlight these challenges.
Chapter two: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON AN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
1 An overview on an international business contract
The international purchase process can be intricate, making it essential for businesses to have a legal document to mitigate disputes between parties A sales contract, tailored to the standards of international business organizations, serves this purpose This article will provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of international business contracts.
1.1 Definition of an international contract
An international contract, often referred to as an import-export or foreign trade contract, is a legal agreement between an exporter (seller) and an importer (buyer) from different countries regarding specific goods This contract outlines the rights and responsibilities of both parties and must comply with applicable laws.
1.2 The main content of an international business contract
An international business contract has 2 parts:
The representation in an import-export contract has to state the parts as follow:
For example: Contract for Fertilizer, Sales Contract
1.2.1.3 Place and signing date of contract
Place and singing date of contract can be usually written at the top of the contract For example: “Hanoi June 20 th 1998”
Or “The present contract was made and entered into at Hanoi on this June 20 th
In many cases, place and singing date are written at the end of the contract
For example: “The present contract was made at Hanoi on June 20 th 1998 in quadruplicate of equal force, two of which are kept by each party”
1.2.1.4 Name and address of each party
Address: 22326 County Rd.780 • Bernie, MO 63822
Represented by Mr.: Justin Carlson
Address:55-57 Tran Quoc Toan, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
Represented by Mr.: Nguyen Phi Anh General Director
If a contract has terms, we need to define these terms at the beginning of contract to prevent the misunderstanding during the contract performance
This Agreement defines key terms as follows: "Products" refers to specific semiconductors that Robert will manufacture and supply according to the agreed Specifications The term "Territory" encompasses Japan and any additional countries mutually accepted by Robert and JEX Lastly, "Specification" denotes the detailed descriptions of the Products outlined in the attached Exhibit.
1.2.1.6 The legal basic of contract
The legal basic of contract can be the agreement of government, the protocol or the voluntary of two parties
For example: “It has been mutually agreed that the Seller commits to sell and the Buyer commits to buy the under-mentioned goods on the following terms and conditions”
Terms and conditions are essential components of a contract, particularly in international business agreements While often presented as minor details, they can be categorized into four distinct sections According to Associate Professor Vu Huu Tuu from Foreign Trade University, understanding these divisions is crucial for effective contract management in global trade.
Commercial terms which state name, characteristic, appearance of product, include many terms: Commodity, Quality, Quantity and Packing a) Commodity
Commodity term must be given a proper name of a product
Vietnamese Groundnut kernels, North Grade b) Quality
In term of quality, a contract has to state chemical and physical characteristics, size and capacity of product
Grain size: 2200 kernels max/1kg Moisture: 10%
Aflatoxin: Negative Foreign matters: 5% c) Quantity
Quantity includes the matter related the unit of quantity, (weight) of goods
For example: 17,000 Metric tons moreless 5% d) Packing
In term of packing, both parties agree about the quality and price of packaging There are 2 methods to regulate the quality of packaging
+ The quality of packaging has to be appropriate with the transportation mode
Article 4 Packing Bulk in ocean containers of 40"
+ The specific regulation of packaging
Article 4 Packing: in new single jute bags of 50kg net each
Price term is the decided term in a contract
There are 4 methods to regulate the price of a contract o Fixed price o Deferred fixing price o Flexible price o Sliding scale price
Total price: 250 USD/MT x 200MT = 50.000 USD (fifty thousand USD only)
The price in understood as FOB Haiphong Port, VSR, as per Incoterms 2000, packing charges included
The example above base on the Fixed price b) Payment
Payment term includes the contents as follow: o Paying currency o Time of payment o Mode of payment
There are some types of mode of payment o Telegraphic transfer – T/T or TTR/ mail transfer - M/T o Document against payment D/P o Document against acceptance D/A o Cash payment o Letter of credit L/C
Some kinds of Letter of Credit (L/C)
At sight L/C L/C trả tiền ngay
L/C with deferred payment L/C trả tiền chậm
Without recourse L/C L/C miễn truy đòi
Back to back L/C L/C giáp lưng
An example below is extracted from a rice export contract:
Payment 6: By Irrevocable Letter of Credit at sight
Buyer shall open an Irrevocable Letter of Credit at sight in favour of the Seller through VIETCOMBANK requiring the following documents for negotiation:
- Full set of Signed commercial Invoice
- Full set of Clean on board original Bill of supervisor lading
- Certificate of quality/weight issued by independent
The delivery terms include 4 main contents o Time of delivery o Place of delivery o Method of delivery o Notice of delivery The terms of delivery will be discussed in Part 2
A warranty is a seller's guarantee regarding the quality of goods for a specified period, known as the warranty period During this time, the buyer is responsible for identifying any defects in the products Both parties must agree on the warranty's scope, duration, and the seller's obligations within the warranty timeframe.
Robert guarantees that the Product will meet the specified requirements However, aside from this assurance, he does not provide any warranties regarding its merchantability or suitability for any specific purpose, nor does he make any other express or implied warranties.
(Nguyen Thanh Yen, 2005:11) b) Force majeure
Force majeure is a contractual term that relieves one party from fulfilling their obligations due to extraordinary events beyond their control, such as war, strikes, riots, or natural disasters like floods and earthquakes However, it does not excuse negligence or illegal actions by any party involved.
If the performance of this contract is hindered or delayed due to events beyond the parties' control, such as war, natural disasters, or labor disputes, neither party will be held liable for any defaults in fulfilling the contract However, prompt notice of the delay must be given, and the parties are expected to resume their obligations as quickly as possible unless the contract has been terminated beforehand.
Arbitration is the process of bringing an impartial third party to resolve disputes by legally enforceable decision
In the event of a dispute that cannot be resolved amicably within 80 days, the matter will be referred to the International Arbitration Center of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vietnam for final resolution, following the conciliation and arbitration rules of the International Chamber of Commerce The arbitration decision will be conclusive, and all associated fees and expenses will be the responsibility of the losing party.
Besides, there are some terms such as: Penalty, Termination and Claim
According to the specific contract, each contract has difference terms
At the end of a contract, there are signatures of the two parties.
Delivery terms
Besides, the payment term, delivery terms are also important terms in an international business contract because it will answer the question which concern the exchange “What am I giving” and
“What am I getting?”, “What will the seller deliver, how and when ?”
2.1 The main content of delivery terms
There are 4 main parts in the delivery terms
Time of delivery The place of delivery The delivery method Notice of delivery
In a contract, the delivery time must specify when goods are delivered and when they arrive at the port of discharge In international trade, there are three methods to classify delivery time.
- On a fixed date of delivery
For example: on December 31 st , 2008
- On the last date of delivery time
For example: Not later than December 31 st , 2008
- On the period of time
- On certain time follow the one of the two parties
For example: Within 6 months after concluding the contract, at Seller‟s option
- Delivery as soon as possible
+ Duration of time is not clearly stipulated
- Shipment by first available steamer
- Subject to shipping space available
- Subject to the opening of L/C
The place of delivery has to define the port of destination and port of discharge
There are 4 types of delivery method
Preliminary delivery carries out at location of goods production or shipment location Preliminary delivery reviews the goods, the conformity of quality and quantity with the conditions in a business contract
The final delivery is the confirmation of delivery obligation completion of the Seller about the quantity, quality and time of delivery
The quantity delivery is the confirmation of real quantity of goods by many methods such as weight, measure, count…
Quality delivery is the inspection of goods about characteristic, utility, size, shape to determine the conformity with obligations in the contract
Basic delivery terms outline the responsibilities related to delivery notifications, with both parties agreeing on specific delivery obligations Prior to delivery, the seller typically updates the buyer on the status of the goods, while the buyer notifies the seller of the designated delivery location.
In international trade, concise terminologies are essential for delineating costs and responsibilities between buyers and sellers during the shipping and receiving of goods These terms, known as "Basic Delivery Terms," establish the fundamental principles governing the delivery process between the Seller and the Buyer.
2.2.1 The purpose of basic delivery terms
+To define who is responsible for packaging, marking, operations of handling, loading and unloading, inspection of the goods
To ensure compliance with export and import regulations, it is essential to clarify and fulfill obligations related to the payment of import duties and taxes, as well as the submission of necessary documentation.
+ To determine the critical point of the transfer of the risks of the seller to the buyer in the process forwarding of the goods
+ To distribute between the seller and the buyer the logistic and administrative expenses at the various stages of the process
The global economy now allows businesses unprecedented access to international markets, enabling the sale of goods in larger quantities and greater variety across multiple countries However, as the complexity and volume of international sales rise, the potential for misunderstandings and costly disputes also increases, particularly when sales contracts are not properly drafted.
An international business contract often use standard terms which are best know as the Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) to specify the purpose of basic delivery terms a) Definition
Incoterms are the official ICC rules that clarify trade terms, streamlining international trade By referencing Incoterms in sales contracts, the obligations of both parties are clearly defined, minimizing the risk of legal complications.
Since the creation of Incoterms by ICC in1936, this undisputed worldwide contractual standard has been regularly updated to keep pace with the development of international trade Incoterms
Incoterms 2000 reflects the evolving landscape of international trade by considering the rise of customs-free zones, the growing reliance on electronic communications in business transactions, and advancements in transportation practices This updated version presents a more straightforward and clearer overview of the 13 revised definitions, enhancing understanding and application in global commerce.
Incoterms 2000 include 13 terms, which are divided into 4 groups:
Group E, with only 1 term: Ex Work (ExW)
- FCA (Free carrier… named place)
- FAS (Free along side ship … named port of shipment)
- FOB (Free on board… named port of shipment)
- CFR (Cost and Freight…named port of destination)
- CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight…named port of destination)
- CPT (Carriage paid to …named place of destination)
- CIP (Carriage and insurance paid to …named place of destination)
- DAF (Delivery at frontier… named place)
- DES (Delivery ex ship… named port of destination)
- DEQ (Delivery ex quay… named port of destination)
- DDU (Delivery duty unpaid…named place of destination)
- DDP (Delivery duty unpaid…named place of destination)
Chapter three: A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF DELIVERY TERMS IN
1 Translation of some authentic international business contracts
Chapter two provides an overview of key terms and conditions in international business contracts, focusing on essential delivery terms In chapter three, these delivery terms will be further elucidated through examples from authentic contracts.
Vietnamese version Điều khoản 3 Giao Hàng
1.1 Địa điểm giao hàng tại cảng chính Trung Quốc
1.2 Giao hàng từng phần không được phép
1.3 Thời gian giao hàng phải trước ngày 21 tháng 10 năm 2007 tùy thuộc vào ngày nhận thư tín dụng không hủy ngang
1.4 Chậm nhất là 7 ngày trước khi giao hàng bên bán phải gửi cho bên mua bản thông báo giao hàng trong đó chỉ rõ tên hàng hóa được giao, số lượng container hoặc thùng, (có nêu rõ tổng số lượng và trọng lượng ước tính của hàng hóa trong đó), khối lượng và kích thước của các thùng quá khổ (nêu rõ các kích thước: chiều dài, rộng và cao), tên và số hiệu container, thời gian dự tính khởi hành, thời gian dự tính đến
1.5 Trong vòng 5 ngày kể từ ngày giao hàng bên bán phải thông báo cho bên mua về chi tiết vận chuyển hàng hóa bằng fax
1.6 Các tài liệu đi kèm: chậm nhất là 7 ngày trước ngày giao hàng bên bán gửi cho bên mua hoặc ngân hàng đại diện cho bên mua bằng DHL/EMS những chứng từ sau:
3 bản chính hóa đơn thương mại đã ký có mô tả chi tiết về: số lượng hàng hoá, đơn giá, tổng giá, tên và địa chỉ bên mua
1 bản chính giấy chứng nhận số lượng và chất lượng do nhà sản xuất cấp
Ba bản chính phiếu đóng gói do bên bán cung cấp cần bao gồm thông tin chi tiết về tên thiết bị và phụ kiện, số lượng, tổng trọng lượng, khối lượng tịnh và tổng trọng lượng.
Bộ 3/3 vận đơn đường biển sạch, đã được xếp hàng và đóng dấu “cước đã trả”, tuân thủ đúng mẫu yêu cầu của ngân hàng phát hành Vận đơn ghi rõ tên và địa chỉ đầy đủ của người phát hành.
1 bản gốc đơn bảo hiểm & 3 bản copy bao gồm 110% giá trị CIF của hàng hóa và thanh toán ở VN
Navigating international business contracts can be challenging due to complex terminology such as "partial delivery," "L/C," "CIF," and "Bill of Lading." For readers with limited knowledge of trade transactions or business contracts, understanding these terms is crucial To address this issue, it is essential to provide clear definitions and explanations related to business contracts, particularly focusing on delivery terms, which can significantly aid in overcoming these challenges.
Partial delivery usually appears in international business contracts So, what is partial delivery?
Partial delivery refers to the process where goods are not transported in a single shipment, but instead delivered in multiple installments This can occur either due to the Seller's decision to allow partial shipments or through an agreement between the Parties to schedule periodic deliveries.
The delivery time specified in the contract is contingent upon the receipt of an irrevocable Letter of Credit (L/C), which is a legal document issued by a bank that guarantees payment to the beneficiary upon fulfilling the stipulated conditions In this transaction, the Seller requires the Buyer to open an L/C, ensuring that the Seller will deliver the goods on or before October 21, 2007, once the irrevocable L/C is received.
Solutions
In today's global landscape, English has emerged as a vital language in various sectors, including politics, science, and business Its significance is particularly evident in international transactions, where English business contracts are essential for facilitating agreements between companies from diverse linguistic and geographical backgrounds.
With the help of supervisors, teachers, family and friends, my graduation paper have been completed at last
My graduation paper is structured into three main sections: Introduction, Development, and Conclusion It begins with a broad overview of translation theory, narrowing down to specific concepts in the first chapter, which lays the foundational knowledge of translation and delivery terms The core of the study focuses on translations and analyses of delivery terms found in authentic contracts, particularly within the context of international business Chapter three addresses the challenges encountered during the translation process and offers practical suggestions for simplifying translations The conclusion summarizes the key findings and insights from the entire study.
I hope that this study can help readers and learners, especially those who study in business field will master the translation of delivery terms
This research paper acknowledges certain limitations stemming from time constraints and a lack of comprehensive knowledge in the field The researcher encourages readers to approach these weaknesses with thoughtful consideration and an open mind.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, MA Nguyen Thi Phuong Thu, for her unwavering support, as well as to all my teachers in the Foreign Language Department for their invaluable guidance and constructive feedback.
Upon completing my research, I gained valuable insights into translation, especially regarding international business contracts I developed effective strategies for translating delivery terms by analyzing various contracts, which enhanced my understanding of the business contract landscape This experience equipped me with the ability to select appropriate translation strategies for delivery terms Additionally, I gathered information from books and online resources to build a solid foundation of knowledge in this area.
CONCLUSION
In today's global landscape, English has become essential in professional environments, influencing various sectors such as politics, science, and business The significance of English is particularly evident in international transactions, where business contracts in English are crucial for effective communication between companies from diverse geographical and linguistic backgrounds.
With the help of supervisors, teachers, family and friends, my graduation paper have been completed at last
My graduation paper is structured into three key sections: Introduction, Development, and Conclusion The first chapter offers a comprehensive overview of translation theory, narrowing down to specific concepts related to translation and delivery terms The core of this study focuses on the translation and analysis of delivery terms found in authentic international business contracts Additionally, Chapter Three addresses challenges encountered during the translation process and provides practical suggestions for simplifying translations The conclusion summarizes the entire study, encapsulating the key findings and insights.
I hope that this study can help readers and learners, especially those who study in business field will master the translation of delivery terms
This research paper acknowledges certain limitations stemming from time constraints and a lack of comprehensive knowledge in the field The researcher encourages readers to consider these weaknesses with thoughtful reflection and an open mind.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, MA Nguyen Thi Phuong Thu, for her invaluable support, as well as to all the teachers in the Foreign Language Department for their guidance and insightful feedback.
Through my research, I gained valuable experience in translation, particularly in translating international business contracts I developed effective strategies for translating delivery terms by analyzing numerous contracts, which expanded my understanding of this area Additionally, I gathered information from books and online resources to build a solid foundation in business contracts, enhancing my knowledge of relevant terms and concepts Ultimately, I learned to select appropriate strategies for accurately translating delivery terms in international business agreements.
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3 Dudley-Evans, Tony (1998) Developments in English for Specific Purposes:
A multi-disciplinary approach Cambridge University Press
4 Hubert, F (1998) Translation as a communication process
5 Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A (1987) English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centered approach Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
6 Newmark,P.(1988) A textbook of translation Herforshire: Prentice Hall
7 Nida, E.(1984) On translation Beijing: Translation Publishing Corp
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9 Oxford Dictionary of English, (2005) Oxford University Press
10 ICC(2000) Những điều kiện thương mại quốc tế Nhà xuất bản khoa học kỹ thuật
11 Hoàng Văn Châu Vận tải-giao nhận hàng hóa xuất nhập khẩu Nhà xuất bản khoa học và kỹ thuật
12 Nguyễn Trọng Đàn International business contract (2002) Nhà xuất bản thống kê
13 Nguyễn Thành Yến Hướng dẫn soạn hợp đồng bằng tiếng Anh Nhà xuất bản tổng hợp thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
14 Những điều kiện thương mại quốc tế Incoterms 2000 Nhà xuất bản thống kê
15 Nguyễn Trọng Đàn (2007) Hợp đồng kinh doanh quốc tế Nhà xuất bản trẻ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
16 Nguyễn Trọng Đàn (2005) Luyện dịch tiếng anh thương mại Nhà xuất bản tổng hợp
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
17 Từ điển kinh tế thương mại Anh- Việt giản yếu (2000) Nhà xuất bản trẻ 2000
18 Vũ Hữu Tửu Kỹ thuật nghiệp vụ ngoại thương (1998) Nhà xuất bản giáo dục