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Wireless service providers have a vested interest in meeting those expectations: When consumers and business users are convinced that indoor coverage is reliable and nearly ubiquitous, t

PLANNING GUIDE

In-building Wireless

A Deployment Guide for Wireless

Service Providers

Welcome to the

In-building Wireless

Deployment Guide for Network Managers

What’s inside counts That statement sums up customer expectations about wireless service inside offices, homes and public places such as malls, hospitals and subway stations Wireless service providers have a vested interest in meeting those expectations: When consumers and business users are convinced that indoor coverage is reliable and nearly ubiquitous, they’re far more likely

to believe that their mobile phone can be their only phone That belief helps wireless carriers’ bottom lines by increasing average revenue per user (ARPU) Many wireless service providers are aggressively expanding their in-building coverage In fact, this trend is a major reason why the in-building market will be worth $1.3 billion by 2009, according to a June 2006 report by Visiongain, an independent analyst firm The report notes: “The need for improved voice quality

in homes, offices and other buildings, as well as increasing usage of mobile data networks indoors, are driving this growth of cellular and wireless in-building solutions Upwards of 70 percent of 3G data traffic originates indoors and adopting the right strategy can help operators alleviate network capacity issues while at the same time boost data ARPU and reduce churn through

service differentiation.”

Other analyst firms are equally optimistic For example, a December 2006 ABI Research report forecasts the in-building market to grow 20 percent annually, to more than $3.6 billion by 2011

In-building voice and data usage have steadily increased over the past several years In 2005, 67 percent of all business users’ wireless data sessions and voice calls already were made indoors, according to a Strategy Analytics survey Those usage habits have become more common since then, and they highlight the importance of reliable, seamless indoor coverage for wireless service providers targeting the enterprise market

The purpose of this guide is to provide you with an

understanding of the issues surrounding in-building

wireless solution implementation, including:

• What are the challenges in designing and executing

in-building wireless projects?

• What factors affect their ROI and ongoing costs?

• How can multiple entities share construction and

operational costs?

• What is the business case for in-building wireless?

It is our goal to help you implement more solutions

seamlessly, economically and quickly If you don’t have

the answers to some of these questions, or if you lack

a complete understanding of in-building wireless,

this guide is a great place to start

Charting the Future Direction

of In-building Wireless

This In-building Wireless Guide is designed as a hands-on

reference document We invite you to share this guide

with your staff and use the information to build your

own “Blueprint for In-building Wireless Success.”

It has the potential to help you and your staff in the

following ways:

• Gain a holistic approach to RF planning and solution

integration

• Identify opportunities for using in-building

wireless to improve your competitive position

and bottom line

• Aid solution selection

• Minimize implementation delays and costs

How to Use the Deployment Guide:

Sections 1 through 4

The guide is divided into four easy-to-navigate sections Although this format allows you to pick and choose which sections to view, the most effective way to use this document is to work through each section in order You will be asked to complete an in-building wireless audit, which offers the dual benefit of allowing you to document your current situation and providing ADC with the necessary information to answer your tough indoor wireless questions This audit will ultimately streamline the process, creating faster time-to-market and increased customer satisfaction

The guide also provides you with insight into design choices for effective in-building wireless infrastructure,

as well as case histories from real-world indoor wireless implementations

Section 1

Auditing Your In-building Wireless Deployment

Section 2

Service and Technology Considerations

Section 3

Your Blueprint for In-building Wireless Success

Section 4

Case Studies: In-building Wireless Deployment Scenarios Note: You will encounter many acronyms throughout this document Although they will be defined along the way,

an acronym key is provided in the appendix

Section 1: Auditing Your

In-building Wireless Deployment

A successful in-building wireless deployment begins

with building a solid foundation Your partner requires a

thorough understanding of your needs and priorities In

Section 1, we examine the objectives of your in-building

wireless deployment, objectives of the venue or other

stakeholders, your network infrastructure considerations,

and the operational requirements you may face

Typical preliminary questions include:

Product Considerations

1.) At what stage is your in-building wireless project?

o Activating service

o Vendor selection

o Collecting information from vendors

o Securing funding/budgets

o Other

2.) What business challenges led you to consider

in-building wireless? (Check all that apply.)

o Customer service for existing Enterprise

o Gain MOUs public venue

o Stressed Macro (capacity, pilot pollution)

o Host neutral / plan to lead

o Contractual requirement

o Other, please describe

_

3.) What are the most critical in-building wireless

challenges that you want to overcome?

(please describe) _

_

_

_

_

_

4.) What process will you use to select vendors?

o RFI

o RFP/RFQ

o Sole source

wireless? (See Project Timeline in appendix)

o Deploying now

o In the next 6 months

o In the next year

o Considering / contract or pending funding 6.) What are your preliminary solution preferences?

o Active Distributed Antenna System (DAS)

o Passive DAS

o Repeater

o Pico or microcell

o Other

Facility and Installation Considerations

7.) What is the type of facility? (Check all that apply.)

o Open/warehouse

o Industrial/Manufacturing

o Cubed office

o Drywall office

o Hi-rise building

o Government building

o Hospital building

o Mall

o Airport

o Convention center

o Stadium/Arena 8.) What is the estimated number of subscribers within the venue?

9.) How many buildings are in this facility? 10.) What is the approximate size of this facility? (list per building)

square feet square feet square feet square feet 11.) How many floors does this facility have? _

If more than one venue, please describe each _ _ _

12.) Are floor plans available?

o Yes

o No

13.) Is existing cable infrastructure available?

o No

o Yes, single-mode fiber

o Yes, multi-mode fiber

o CAT3/5 cable

o Coax

14.) Is installation of conduit/innerduct required?

o No, existing

o Yes, why required _

_

15.) Are plenum-rated cables required?

o Yes

o No

16.) Are dust tents/partitions required

(clean room environment)?

o Yes, describe where and why

_

_

_

o No

17.) Are there any special work instructions?

o Union labor required

o Incumbent installer

o Building restricted access, security

o Off hours

o Asbestos or other environmental issues

o Other work restrictions, please list

_

_

_

_

18.) Is high lift equipment required for installation?

o Yes, describe coverage areas _ _ _ _ _

o No 19.) Are there any special installation requirements? (Examples could include architectural, aesthetic and historical considerations.)

o Yes, please describe _ _

o No

RF Considerations

20.) What is your design goal in terms of dBm? _ _ _ 21.) Which bands are in use? And what is the number

of RF carriers per band?

o 700 MHz public safety _

o 800 MHz SMR _

o 800 MHz cellular – A band _

o 800 MHz cellular – B band _

o 900 MHz SMR _

o 900 MHz GSM _

o 1800 MHz DCS _

o 1900 MHz PCS – A band _

o 1900 MHz PCS – B band _

o 1900 MHz PCS – C band _

o 1900 MHz PCS – D band _

o 1900 MHz PCS – E band _

o 1900 MHz PCS – F band _

o AWS 1700/2100 MHz _

o 2100 MHz UMTS _

o Other services _

22.) What is the access protocol and number

of RF carriers?

o TDMA _

o GSM-TDMA _

o CDMA _

o WCDMA/UMTS _

o iDEN _

23.) Does this project require support for multiple service

providers and/or multiple access protocols?

o Yes, please describe

_

_

_

o No

24.) Are there any other in-band services

or known interferers?

o Yes, please describe

_

_

_

o No

25.) What is the RF source?

o Remote off-air interface

o Local BTS/Node B interface

o nanoBTS (IP – pico feed)

o Remote BTS feed

It is important to identify your top priorities when

selecting a solution A partner like ADC who offers

a wide-range of products from repeaters, indoor DAS,

outdoor DAS, pico and microcells, structured cabling,

and services will be able to customize a solution based

on your priorities

Section 2: Service and Technology Considerations

Quality of service (QoS) can be a powerful market differentiator Seamless, reliable in-building coverage is

a key component of a wireless service provider’s overall QoS strategy Here are some key considerations when developing and executing in-building wireless projects:

Create and Maximize Revenue Opportunities

Customers can’t use what’s not available Simply put, revenue opportunities are often lost when customers frequent areas – such as inside office buildings and malls – where there’s often no signal or one that’s marginal With growing consumer reliance on mobile communication devices and the increasing sophistication

of available services particularly with business users, in-building coverage and capacity is becoming the primary focus for network improvement

Wireless operators have two primary types of deployments, both of which can benefit from in-building wireless solutions The first type is public areas, where reliable, seamless coverage indoors and out is key to attracting and retaining consumers, adding incremental MOUs and improving QoS The second primary type is private areas, such as office buildings and campuses Good in-building coverage is an asset for wireless operators targeting the enterprise customer and displacing wireline services In both deployment types, wireless operators can use in-building systems to build consumer confidence that the network providing those voice and data services is reliable and nearly ubiquitous – indoors and out

In some cases, providing an in-building wireless system may be the only way to land a major customer A prime example is health care: Historically, hospitals and other health care facilities typically required that employees’ and/or visitors’ phones be shut off in many areas, due

to concerns about interference with medical equipment, obviously disturbing or interrupting service Those policies significantly reduce ARPU But a well-designed in-building wireless system allows mobile phones to remain on

in more areas by reducing the handset power to the minimum necessary to maintain a reliable connection That can mitigate concerns about interference with medical equipment, leading to relaxed policies and in turn increasing ARPU Reliable indoor coverage also increases the value of wireless in the eyes of health care CIOs and IT managers More importantly, medical staffs are able to migrate to more sophisticated devices and communicate reliably

Reduce Overhead Costs

An in-building wireless system can reduce overhead

costs in a variety of ways For example, it can reduce

the traffic load on the macrocellular network to the

point that additional base stations may not be necessary

Considering that a new base station can cost $250,000

or more, with backhaul and site leases adding to that

cost, the savings can be significant

Another example is how solid indoor coverage can

improve data performance If bandwidth-intensive

applications such as streaming multimedia have access to

a good signal, it makes for a better user experience Just

as important, a good signal reduces the number of lost

and corrupted packets, in turn reducing the number that

have to be resent As a result, the operator may not need

to upgrade its network capacity because the current

infrastructure isn’t wasted on unnecessary tasks such as

resending packets Those savings also free up capital that

can be spent on revenue-generating projects

In-building systems also can be a cost-effective way to

accommodate high voice and data usage For example,

instead of splitting macro cells or adding capacity to

macro cells, deploying an in-building system can offload

some of that traffic That approach frees up capacity

on the macrocellular network improving the customer

experience indoors and out

Finally, reliable indoor service also reduces customer

complaints and churn, so the operator may have lower

customer-acquisition costs because it isn’t constantly

trying to replace customers who have left Fewer

customer complaints also can reduce the need to staff up

call centers, issue service credits or both A side benefit

of reduced churn and lower customer-acquisition costs

is that investors closely monitor these metrics when

assessing a wireless carrier’s competitive position

Identify All Variables

Proposals are only as accurate as the information on

which they’re based Identifying all variables up front is

the best way to avoid change orders, which can cause

project costs to spiral out of control, undermining the

business model Overlooking variables also can delay

time-to-market and the ROI The worst-case scenario is a

lengthy work stoppage caused by variables that should

have been identified up front

Site surveys are highly recommended for identifying

structural and environmental variables

Table 1 lists some common environmental factors to

consider in old and new buildings

Table 1: Old Buildings vs New Buildings

• Older buildings may have asbestos, which requires special consideration when, for example, the material

is in areas where cables must be pulled or where holes must be drilled

• Newer buildings often have floor plans that are available in electronic form, such as Auto-Cad drawings However, it’s important to check whether those plans have been updated to reflect any remodeling or additions since the initial construction

• In both old and new buildings, check with the IT department or other entity that’s likely to know where fiber is and isn’t available, as well as type(s) used If existing conduit doesn’t have extra room for additional fiber pulls, determine the amount that will have to be added Also, determine whether additional conduit

is necessary only on verticals or on horizontals, too Besides fiber, identify other infrastructure that can

be leveraged in order to reduce costs and installation time Examples include the facility’s Cat5 plant and local power

Old Buildings New Buildings

Signals typically propagate through floors

In-building signals stay inside, while macrocellular signals stay outside, due to attenuating features

of building materials such

as foil-faced insulation and metallic window tinting Higher likelihood of

core drilling required;

not designed for cable infrastructure; no Telco closets

Generally facilitate cable installation; interstitial space; typically have stacked Telco closets

Fiber runs may be longer than anticipated (no way

to get there from here)

Higher likelihood of available fiber backbone

Higher likelihood that facility has hard-to-install ceiling construction such as hard pan

Drop-ceiling and/or air duct ceiling more common

May have historic preservation requirements (e.g., protect woodwork) and aesthetic requirements;

Asbestos abatement

Higher likelihood of clean-room requirements

Often have many additions/

exterior walls on the interior;

floor plans may show the facility as one complete floor when in reality they are separate facilities adjoined; for this circumstance there is no way

to quickly/efficiently model

Typically have Auto-Cad drawings, but often not updated when facility changes occur

Focus on Solutions

A sound and ideal in-building wireless solution typically requires propagation analysis, system design, site surveys, coordination of installation services – which may include union labor and value-added resellers (VARs) – and all hardware The solution also should include accountability, with clearly defined benchmarks for measuring success Hence, it is important to choose a partner that’s capable

of providing a comprehensive, turnkey solution

There are several technical solutions available for in-building wireless coverage and capacity They include: pico and microcells, high and low powered repeaters, passive coax-based transport, and low and high powered active DAS Before selecting a specific solution or combination of solutions, it is important to consider the following:

• Is the need capacity, coverage, or both in nature?

• What is the size and type of venue?

• How many wireless service providers does the solution need to support?

A sound understanding of these needs along with the reconciliation of the business criteria and venue requirements, will guide you to the appropriate technologies

Determine Ownership and Set Expectations

Different environments have different requirements That goes without saying, but it bears repeating because

in some cases, the landlord or enterprise may want an in-building solution that’s operator- and/or technology-agnostic A related issue is which entity pays for and owns the in-building system

It’s critical to identify ownership and the owner’s requirements up front because they affect design considerations For example, sharing power amplifiers may require additional remote units, which translates into additional hardware and labor costs By comparison,

a discrete system may be easier to design and manage because it’s easier to mitigate interference and eliminates ownership and maintenance questions

Identifying the variables discussed earlier in this section

is a highly effective way to set expectations before the project gets underway Setting expectations also avoids scope creep Other important considerations are:

• Identify and agree to all requirements up front Once the project is underway, changes and additions become change orders, which can be expensive and time-consuming

• The facilities-maintenance department can be a

good source of information about ceiling types

because they’ve encountered them while installing or

maintaining HVAC ductwork This department also

should be able to provide information about what’s

above ceilings

• Note the ceiling heights in all areas where in-building

coverage is required Do they require more than just

a standard 8- or 10-foot stepladder to reach? If so,

factor in additional costs, such as renting scissor lifts

Check with facilities management to see if a scissor lift

is already on site and can be borrowed for the project,

although insurance requirements might not allow it

• Identify unique building features that will affect

coverage and propagation, such as long hallways

with offices on both sides, or banks of metal lockers

Hospitals typically have a few rooms with lead-lined

walls, such as X-ray rooms

• Look for clean rooms, which are common in a wide

variety of facilities, ranging from hospitals to hotels to

data centers A good rule of thumb is that the older

the facility, the more likely that it will include areas

that can’t be covered in dust, such as when drilling

holes, or floors tracked by a scissor lift Factor in time

and budget for preventive measures such as tenting,

which generally require a person team A

two-person team more than doubles labor costs and the

project’s time frame

• Wherever possible, note the building materials For

example, plaster walls typically have embedded wire

mesh, which reflects signals at cellular frequencies

such as 850 MHz and 1900 MHZ By comparison,

drywall typically reflects only a small percentage of the

signal Offices built over the past few decades tend to

have windows with metallic tinting, which routinely

attenuate signals by 20dB or more

• Look for parts of the environment that can be moved

or reconfigured, such as pallet racks and mezzanines

These typically are made of steel, which means that

they’ll affect propagation So if they’re moved or

removed, signal coverage almost certainly will be

altered – and not necessarily for the better Even large

wooden benches, which may absorb signals, can be a

factor

Another key consideration is installation labor, which

typically is 40-50 percent of the system’s cost Refer to

the audit in Section 1 for labor-related considerations

It’s important to recognize that some or all of these

variables might exist in your project Identifying as

many of them as possible as early as possible significantly

reduces the chances that you’ll be surprised later on by

delays and additional costs

Examples of this may include:

• Changes to a desired coverage area such as adding

coverage to a parking garage or facility area;

• Change to the RF source i.e., base station on-site vs

off-air affects equipment configuration and physical

placement in the venue;

• Misunderstanding of existing cable path location

may result in the need to modify RF plan or pull

new cable

If changes are required,

there are several options:

• Once the purchase order is issued, anything outside

the proposal on which it’s based should be managed

separately Outside requirements may cause the project

to be put on hold so that the plan can be amended

• Have the enterprise pay for the additional materials

and labor required to make the change Or revamp

the design and negotiate sharing the cost of the

changes

• You may modify the plan but you are not going to

modify the total allocated dollars

By sharing the costs of the in-building solutions, it may

complicate the pre-work but minimizes stakeholders

expenses and facilitates communication All parties

with monies invested are sure to lobby for their needs,

ultimately satisfying all stakeholders

Section 3: Your Blueprint for In-building Wireless Success

We are now able to begin a blueprint for a successful in-building wireless system This blueprint should account for all variables that will affect the system’s construction and operational costs, including:

• Integration with one or more macrocellular networks;

• Access to cable infrastructure;

• The ability to use alternative transport technologies such as Millimeter Wave and WDM;

• Architecture determination

• The effects of capacity on the distribution system;

• An architecture plan that determines discrete

or shared systems; and

• The importance of modular, scalable flexible products

In this section, we will show you how the choices you make today will determine your in-building success tomorrow We’ll guide you through the architectural decisions and equipment selections that impact the short-term and long-term success of your in-building wireless system

There are a variety of coverage and capacity solutions

on the market Different technologies, such as digital transport, direct modulated RF/analog, or analog transport that converts to IF, offer different architectural and performance benefits Identifying your priorities will help match the best product for the application Things

to consider may include:

• Minimizing total cost

• Ease of installation

• Expandability

• Edge-to-edge bandwidth flexibility

• Ability to use existing cable infrastructure

• Ability to transport over long distances (in and between facilities)

• RF performance; minimizing system noise level

• Alarm & management

• Quick time to deploy (system turn-up)

• Discrete antenna locations

• Blanket coverage or hole-fill

Figure 1: Large Facility Installation

Assessing the Transport Options

Fiber is an ideal backbone for in-building wireless

systems The obvious reasons include its bandwidth

capabilities – which are a major asset for supporting

3G’s data-intensive applications – its relatively low cost

and the large installed base that in-building systems

can tap into A less-obvious benefit is immunity to

interference: Fiber cables don’t emit RF, nor are they

susceptible to RF Likewise, digitized RF mitigates any

RF interference concerns (e.g., intermods, harmonics)

This provides more design and installation flexibility

For example, the in-building system’s fiber can be run

in the same conduit as coax that’s supporting a mall’s

digital signage installation

Immunity to interference also can reduce troubleshooting

costs For example, suppose that in a new building under

construction, the design calls for some of the fiber to

be routed through elevator shafts After construction is

complete, it turns out that the elevator motors produce

more electrical noise than expected If copper had

been used for the in-building system, expensive,

time-consuming changes might be required in order to work

around that interference But fiber is unaffected by the

electrical noise

Additionally, a system capable of supporting single-

and multi-mode fiber offers increased flexibility It’s not

uncommon for both types to be available in the same

facility, depending on its age and the number of IT

projects over the years So support for both major types

provides flexibility and reduces the need for pulling new

fiber within or between buildings on a campus The

ability to mix and match single-mode and multi-mode

fiber provide design flexibility and cost savings

Ensuring Flexibility for Future Growth

Part of the reason for deploying an in-building wireless system is to support mobile usage as next generation devices and mobile offices proliferate As a result, the system should be flexible and scalable in order

to accommodate increased usage and growth as RF coverage and capacity needs change

One way to achieve that flexibility is by using expansions, which make it easy to grow the system coverage Expansion or Remote units may be added as an application grows Figure 1 illustrates this design

Service Expansion

A system can expand in two ways First, the coverage area may grow This requires a solution that can accommodate additional equipment added to the infrastructure to distribute RF in areas that were not included in the original design For example, adding coverage to a parking garage, basement, or other area of a building Adding capacity is more complex

a matter If adding additional frequencies to a system

is required, your solution will need to support the additional capacity via the equipment already in place In those circumstances, the initial RF plan should consider not only the capacity needs today, but what growth could be expected in the coming years If that is not done, the footprint of each antenna coverage area may shrink and additional equipment and infrastructure may

be required-ultimately adding cost Finally, if a system requires an addition of a frequency not supported by the initial design, a solution that accommodates that added frequency and the cable backbone is most desirable

BTS/Off Air Interface

Multimode Fiber Singlemode Fiber SM SM MM MM

Host Unit

RU RU

RU

Expansion Unit

RU RU

RU

Expansion Unit

Growth