Tài liệu Oracle Unleashed- P22 pdf

While Visual Basic also provides Dynaset, Table, and QueryDef objects for retrieving result sets, these objects are not commonly used to communicate with ODBC data sources.. For example,

The methods of the Database object are used to retrieve results, apply SQL transactions, and call stored procedures In most cases, the application should declare one Database object globally

The primary means of retrieving results from an ODBC data source is the Snapshot object The Snapshot object is created using the CreateSnapshot method of the Database object The CreateSnapshot method takes two arguments: a SQL SELECT statement, and a numeric constant used to control processing of the SQL Unless the application needs to

be portable to different RDBMSs, this numeric constant should be set to DB_SQLPASSTHROUGH, (64), which sends the statement directly to the server for processing This mode allows the developer to use the native syntax of the

RDBMS, and prevents the local Microsoft Access engine from attempting to parse and process the SQL The following code fragment provides a simple example of the use of the CreateSnapshot method:

Dim dsContacts As Snapshot

Set dsContacts = dbOracle.CreateSnapshot("SELECT a.last_name, a

first_name, b.phone_nbr FROM individual a, phone

b WHERE a.ID = b.IndividualID(+) ORDER BY 1,

2",

DB_SQLPASSTHROUGH)

The example assumes that the Database object has already connected to the data source Note that if

DB_SQLPASSTHROUGH is not specified, a syntax error results because the local Access engine attempts to parse the SQL and does not recognize the outer join syntax

After applying the SQL and creating the result set, there are numerous methods that can be applied to position the record pointer in the cursor The MoveFirst, MoveLast, MoveNext, and MovePrevious methods are the most commonly used, and their purposes should be self-explanatory Visual Basic provides the additional method FindFirst to position the record pointer at the first record matching specific criteria For example, assuming that the record pointer is positioned at the first record, the following line would find the first individual with the last name Smith, based on the result set

returned by the previous example:

dsContacts.FindFirst("last_name = 'Smith'")

The criteria supplied as the argument to FindFirst are syntactically equivalent to a WHERE clause in SQL The

additional methods FindNext, FindPrevious, and FindLast operate on the same basis

After positioning the record pointer, an application can assign variables to result set column values using the Fields property of the Snapshot The Fields collection is simply a representation of the columns in the result set They can be accessed by name or by a zero-based index, starting with the left-most column Listing C.2 demonstrates methods for assigning application variables to result set data

Listing C.2 The Fields collection is used to access result set data.

Dim iRow As Long

iRow = 0

dsContacts.MoveFirst

While Not dsContacts.EOF

ReDim Preserve szLast(iRow) As String

ReDim Preserve szFirst(iRow) As String

ReDim Preserve szPhone(iRow) As String

Assigning a null value to an application variable will produce a run-time error

As evident from listing C.2, the more readable form of accessing the fields collection is to access them by name When there are only a few columns in the result set, this point does not seem significant However, if there are twenty or thirty columns in the result, it becomes very difficult to identify a column by index Also, any changes to the SQL which created the result set may cause the indexes to reference different columns While it may save a few keystrokes to use numeric indexes, in the interest of writing maintainable code, the fields collection should be accessed by column name whenever possible

When the columns of the result set are not static at design-time, the Count property of the Fields collection can be used

to determine the number of columns, and the Name property , (which applies to each individual field), can be used to create column headings

A single Visual Basic object, such as a Database or Snapshot object, cannot be passed as a parameter to a function, but an array of objects can When dealing with single object, it can be declared as a single element array so that

it can be passed to functions and subroutines, and generic methods can be written to operate on these objects

While Visual Basic also provides Dynaset, Table, and QueryDef objects for retrieving result sets, these objects are not commonly used to communicate with ODBC data sources The primary difference between a Snapshot and the Dynaset and Table objects in ODBC environments is that the Snapshot creates a read-only result set, while the Dynaset and Table objects' result sets can be edited However, these objects should not be used for database transactions, for reasons that will be discussed next

The Dynaset is similar to the Snapshot, except that its result set is refreshed every time a change is made to one of its underlying tables This is true only for local database files With ODBC connections, the Dynaset object is, in essence, identical to the Snapshot object, except that the Dynaset can be used for in-place updates, deletes, and insertions

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While Table objects could be used by applications accessing ODBC data sources, it would be unacceptable to do so in most situations Using the OpenTable method is not as readable as a SELECT statement in which the columns are clearly identified and referenced by name, and when accessing Oracle, the Table object is the equivalent of a Dynaset created

with the SQL SELECT * FROM table_name In both cases, the column list is expanded, and the statement is sent to the

server using the API function SQLExecDirect()

A QueryDef object is similar to a view that is created and stored by the application The QueryDef object simply stores frequently used SQL so that it can be read from the database and executed as needed QueryDefs cannot be created over ODBC connections Views are a better alternative, because they are stored in the database with a bound access plan, and the SQL does not need to be executed from the client application

The Visual Basic DataControl provides another option for retrieving a result set through ODBC The DataControl is used

to bind controls to result set columns To retrieve a result set using a DataControl, its Connect property must be set to the full connect string, as previously described for the OpenDatabase method This property can be set at run-time using a statement like the one below:

Data1.Connect=szConnect

This example assumes that szConnect was constructed as in Listing C.1 The RecordSource property of the DataControl

is used to retrieve the result set If this property is set at design-time, results will be retrieved as soon as the Connect property is assigned and a connection is established If the Connect property is also assigned at design-time, results will

be fetched when the object is instantiated The RecordSource property can consist of a table name, view name, or a SELECT statement The DB_SQLPASSTHROUGH option is not available to the DataControl, so if a SELECT

statement is used as the RecordSource property, it may not contain an outer join or any other Oracle-specific syntax In order to use a DataControl with a complex SELECT statement, a view should be created so the DataControl can simply use the view as the data source

Controls can be bound to result set columns through the DataControl A text box, for example, can be bound to a

DataControl by setting its RecordSource property to the name of the DataControl and setting its DataField property to the name of the column in the result set that it should contain When the result set is retrieved, the text box is then

automatically populated with the value of the specified column at the current record position Numerous third-party vendors provide custom controls that can be bound to result sets in this manner The standard controls that can be bound

to a result set through the DataControl are limited to text boxes, checkboxes, labels, images, and picture boxes

The Recordset property of the DataControl is nearly identical to a Dynaset object The MoveFirst method and other positioning methods apply to the Recordset property of the DataControl, as well as the BOF and EOF properties, and the Fields collection Consequently, the DataControl's result set can be accessed programmatically, in addition to being accessed by bound controls Using bound controls is generally not the best approach to developing client/server

applications, however The nature of bound controls requires that the cursor to which they are bound persists for the life

of the bound controls For most applications, it is preferable to read the data, populate the necessary controls

programmatically, and close the cursor Note that in Listing C.2, the Snapshot object is used to populate a Visual Basic array, and then it is immediately closed, thereby freeing the cursor on the server In heavily used systems with a large number of clients, this can have a significant impact on performance

While the DataControl can be used to perform inserts as well as in-place updates and deletions, it is strongly

recommended to use these methods through ODBC Unfortunately, when Visual Basic establishes an ODBC connection, the ODBC AutoCommit connection option is enabled, and Visual Basic does not provide a method to disable this option

As a result, transaction control is not possible Even if the transaction involves only a single table and a single operation, the DataControl is a bad choice for applying transactions The DataControl always updates every column If there are unbound columns, these values must be set manually, which complicates the entire process For example, if an

application needs to supply a transaction timestamp with every update, there is no clean way to do this The DataControl does not support passthrough mode, so the Oracle system variable, sysdate, cannot be supplied as a value The

application has to supply a time based on the local workstation's clock, which would not only require an assignment to a member of the Fields collection, it would almost certainly introduce inaccuracies These same problems apply to the Dynaset and Table objects because they use the same methods for applying transactions

There are three possible solutions to overcome the AutoCommit problem One solution would be to use Oracle stored procedures exclusively for transaction processing The ExecuteSQL method of the Database object can be used to call Oracle stored procedures, providing an easy and safe way to communicate transactions to the database Using stored procedures also simplifies the development of the client application, by freeing it from the responsibility of generating dynamic SQL and controlling transactions The ExecuteSQL method requires a single argument The argument is a text string of the SQL to be executed This method uses passthrough mode by default, so any SQL that can be evaluated by Oracle can be supplied, including the ODBC syntax for calling Oracle procedures Listing C.3 demonstrates the use of the ExecuteSQL method to call an Oracle stored procedure

Listing C.3 The ExecuteSQL method can be used to call Oracle stored procedures.

Dim iRows As Integer

Dim szStmt As String

szStmt = "{call insert_individual('" & txtLastName.Text & ", '"

szStmt = szStmt & txtFirstName.Text & ", '" & txtNotes.Text

szStmt = szStmt & ", '" & txtDateOfBirth.Text & "')}"

iRows = dbOracle.ExecuteSQL(szStmt)

The ExecuteSQL method returns the number of rows affected by the transaction, and this value can be tested to

determine the success or failure of the operation

Unfortunately, because Visual Basic does not support prepared execution of SQL statements, it cannot call Oracle stored procedures that use output parameters, or add parameters to the procedure call The statement must be built dynamically,

as in Listing C.3

A second possible means of overcoming the AutoCommit problem is to use a third-party product, such as Oracle Objects for OLE This product provides direct replacements for the Visual Basic objects and methods for communicating with Oracle databases For example, the following code fragment establishes an Oracle session through VB that can be used for transaction control:

Dim Session As Object

Dim dbOracle As Object

Set Session = CreateObject("OracleInProcServer.XOraSession")

Set dbOracle = Session.OpenDatabase("ORACLE", "scotty/tiger", 0&)

The preceding example uses the Visual Basic generic (OLE) Object data type and the CreateObject function to request a new XOraSession object from Oracle's OLE server The methods of the Session object can then be used to create other objects, and to manage transactions, using the BeginTrans, CommitTrans, and Rollback methods A full discussion of the features of Oracle Objects for OLE is beyond the scope of this appendix However, it is important to note that it can provide Visual Basic applications with the capability to control transactions, add parameters to SQL and procedure calls, and make use of output parameters when accessing Oracle databases, among other things

The potential shortcoming of the previous two means of bypassing Visual Basic's AutoCommit behavior is that they are not portable If a client application needs to access different RDBMSs, these solutions may not be feasible A third approach to overcoming the AutoCommit problem is to use the ODBC API directly, which opens numerous possibilities, including the creation of a truly portable client application

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A small subset of the ODBC API can be used to provide transaction control in Visual Basic applications accessing ODBC data sources The declarations in Listing C.4 should be placed in a module, and will provide access to all functions needed to connect, apply transactions through embedded SQL, and rollback or commit them, as needed

Listing C.4 ODBC API declarations for Visual Basic.

Declare Function SQLAllocConnect Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hEnv As Long, hDBc As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLAllocEnv Lib "odbc.dll" (

hEnv As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLAllocStmt Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hDBc As Long, hStmt As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLDisconnect Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hDBc As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLDriverConnect Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hDBc As Long, ByVal hWnd As Integer,

ByVal szCSin As String, ByVal cbCSin As Integer,

ByVal szCSOut As String, ByVal cbCSMax As Integer,

cbCSOut As Integer, ByVal f As Integer) As Integer

Declare Function SQLExecDirect Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hStmt As Long, ByVal SQLString As String,

ByVal SQLStringLen As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLFreeConnect Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hDBc As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLFreeEnv Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hEnv As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLFreeStmt Lib "odbc.dll" (ByVal hStmt As Long,

ByVal EndOption As Integer) As Integer

Declare Function SQLSetConnectOption Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hDBc As Long, ByVal fOption As Integer,

ByVal vParam As Long) As Integer

Declare Function SQLTransact Lib "odbc.dll" (

ByVal hEnv As Long, ByVal hDBc As Long,

ByVal fnType As Integer) As Integer

Global Const SQL_NTS = 3

Global Const SQL_DRIVER_NOPROMPT = 0

Global Const SQL_COMMIT = 0

Global Const SQL_ROLLBACK = 1

Global Const SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 512

Global Const SQL_AUTOCOMMIT = 102

Global Const SQL_DROP = 1

After establishing a connection for retrieving results with the OpenDatabase method, the application should establish a second connection to the database using the API functions—for applying transactions After establishing this connection, SQLSetConnectOption() should be used to disable AutoCommit Listing C.5 demonstrates how this might be

accomplished

Listing C.5 Establishing a database connection using the ODBC API.

Dim hEnv As Long

Dim hDBc As Long

Dim szConnectString As String

Dim iError As Integer

Dim hWnd As Integer

Dim iLenCSOut As Integer

Dim szCSOut As String * 254

' Load driver & connect to ODBC data source

iError = SQLDriverConnect(hDBc, hWnd, szConnectString, SQL_NTS,

szCSOut, 254, iLenCSOut, SQL_DRIVER_NOPROMPT)

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' Disable autocommit

iError = SQLSetConnectOption(hDB, SQL_AUTOCOMMIT, 0)

Obviously, in practice, the connect string would not be hard-coded and the return value of each function should be checked The example in Listing C.5 is intended only to demonstrate the use of the ODBC API to establish a database connection

Once a connection has been established, the application can apply transactions using SQLExecDirect() after allocating a statement handle with SQLAllocStmt() SQLTransact() can then be used to commit or rollback a transaction based on the return value of SQLExecDirect() After applying the transaction, the application should call SQLFreeStmt() to free the resources allocated to the statement handle Listing C.6 provides an example of the calls to these functions

Listing C.6 Applying a transaction using embedded SQL.

' Free the statement handle

iError = SQLFreeStmt(hStmt, SQL_DROP)

The example in Listing C.6 assumes that the environment and connection handle, hEnv and hDBc, are valid and

connected to the data source, and that szSQL is an array of iStmts SQL statements If any statement in the transaction fails, a rollback is issued and processing of the transaction is discontinued If all statements are processed without errors, the entire transaction is committed Regardless of whether the transaction is committed or rolled back, the application

frees the statement handle

When the application exits, it needs to disconnect from the data source and free all resources allocated to the

environment and connection handles This can be accomplished with three functions calls, as illustrated in the following lines:

iError = SQLDisconnect(hDB)

iError = SQLFreeConnect(hDB)

iError = SQLFreeEnv(hEnv)

The full capabilities of ODBC are far beyond the scope of this discussion, but many additional capabilities can be

provided, and an application can be constructed in a manner that is completely database-independent using embedded SQL However, if an application does not need to be portable to other database platforms, it may be easier to use stored procedures or a third-party product, such as Oracle Objects for OLE, to apply transactions from Visual Basic

It is unfortunate that Visual Basic does not provide a means by which AutoCommit can be disabled for connections established internally This is a limitation of the implementation of the Jet Database Engine that Visual Basic uses

One of the most powerful, (and potentially dangerous), features of Visual Basic is the means by which errors are trapped, using the On Error statement This statement is well-used in Visual Basic programming because all untrapped run-time errors are fatal The On Error statement is used to specify an error handler to which execution jumps if an error occurs The error handler can be specified using GoTo, or Resume Next can be specified to allow program execution to continue normally The system variables Err and Error$ store a numeric code and a text description for the error that occurred most recently The fact that only the most recent value is stored is what makes On Error Resume Next a somewhat dangerous way to trap and handle errors It is very convenient to use, but the value of Err should be checked wherever an error requiring a specific action occurs

A common mistake in Visual Basic programming is to misunderstand its array dimensions Consider the following declaration, for example:

ReDim szStrings(2) As String

Most would assume that this declares an array of two strings However, the previous statement actually allocates an array

of three strings The subscript in an array declaration sets the upper bound, not the number of elements in the array, so szString(0), szString(1), and szString(2) are all valid, based on the declaration The base subscript can be changed to 1, using the Option Base statement:

Option Base 1

If this statement appears in the same module as the previous array declaration, the array would have only two elements, szString(1) and szString(2) In this case, szString(0) would be an invalid reference

Summary

The Visual Basic programming language is particularly easy to learn and use Nearly all developers have some

experience with BASIC, and many of the language constructs have been in place since the very first versions of what is now referred to as BASIC A

Despite some idiosyncrasies, a lack of object-oriented features, and relatively weak database support, Visual Basic is an extremely useful development tool Its shortcomings are offset by the simplicity of its IDE and language, and extensive third-party support The uncluttered and completely non-modal IDE, a flexible ANSI-standard programming language, Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

and a wide variety of pre-built objects make Visual Basic an excellent choice for projects requiring rapid development.

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● D

❍ Using Delphi

■ Configuring a Data Source

■ Communicating with the Database

■ Summary

D

Using Delphi

Borland's Delphi is one of the newest visual development tools for Microsoft Windows It has positioned itself in the

market as a high performance alternative to Microsoft Visual Basic What separates Delphi from its competition in this regard is its ability to compile stand-alone executables and DLLs, with no run-time libraries required

Delphi provides full support of ODBC and numerous object classes for communicating with ODBC data sources It ships with a single-user desktop version of Borland's InterBase Server and its ODBC-enabled ReportSmith querying and reporting tool The client/server edition also ships native IDAPI drivers for Oracle, Sybase, and Informix, among others

Object Pascal, the programming language used in Delphi development, supports many of the object-oriented features

typically associated with C++, including public and private data members and functions, inheritance, and polymorphism

The language also supports a wide range of data types and advanced features, including true pointer types and structured exception handling

While Object Pascal and Delphi provide an abundance of noteworthy features, this appendix focuses primarily on Delphi's support for database applications An overview of the more significant features of the language is included, as well as a brief discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of Delphi

Configuring a Data Source

To make a data source available to Delphi, IDAPI.CFG must be edited using the BDE configuration utility This utility can be accessed from the Tools menu in the IDE When the utility is started, it displays currently configured data

sources, some of which may be pre-configured IDAPI interfaces, depending on the options selected when Delphi was installed The main window of the BDE configuration utility should appear as shown in Figure D.1

Figure D.1 The main window of the Delphi BDE configuration utility

Delphi can interface with any ODBC data source configured and defined in ODBC.INI To configure an existing ODBC data source for Delphi's use, click on the New ODBC Driver command button A simple dialog box displays and

requires three basic items The SQL Link Driver name is simply an identifier to be used by Delphi, and any unique name can be used Using the Default ODBC Driver drop-down, select from the list of currently installed drivers If the required driver does not appear in the list, it has not been correctly installed ODBC drivers can be installed using ODBCADMN.EXE, a Microsoft utility that is typically provided by driver vendors After selecting a driver, the Default Data Source Name drop-down will be populated with a list of the data sources defined for the selected driver Figure D.2 provides an example of how this dialog box might look when configuring the Oracle7 ODBC driver

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Figure D.2 The Add ODBC Driver dialog box can be used to set up the Oracle7 driver for use in Delphi

After selecting the default data source, click on the OK button to add the driver The newly added driver should now appear in the main window of the configuration utility, as shown in Figure D.3

Figure D.3 Parameters can be set from the main window of the configuration utility

Of the available parameters, SQLQRYMODE and SQLPASSTHRU MODE are the most significant Setting

SQLQUERYMODE to SERVER causes Delphi to deliver all queries to the database server for processing This prevents the local BDE from attempting to process the query from the desktop The SQLPASSTHRU mode should be set to SHARED NOAUTOCOMMIT This setting prevents transactions sent to the server from being committed

automatically The tabs across the bottom of the BDE configuration utility's main window allow the setting of additional parameters, including date, time, and numeric formats These settings apply to the local database engine and should not need to be modified for ODBC connections

The BDE configuration utility supports multiple configuration files The changes can be saved in a new file, and the utility will optionally update WIN.INI to use the new file as the default When adding a new data source, you may want

to save the configuration file with a different name so that the old file can be used as a backup, in case other data sources were changed inadvertently After the configuration file is saved, Delphi can access the new data source

Communicating with the Database

Delphi supplies several classes that can be used to establish and maintain connections to the database, process

transactions, and retrieve result sets The most useful of these classes include:

● TSession—Used to manage database connections

● TDatabase—Used to establish a connection and control transactions

● TQuery—Subclass of TDataSet, used to retrieve results and apply transactions

● TStoredProc—Subclass of TDataSet, used to call stored procedures

● TDataSource—Used to bind data-aware controls to result sets and to link related result sets

● TField—Corresponds to a column in a result set

All of these objects are available on the Data Access tab of the toolbar

Communication with the database is initiated by the TDatabase component Before establishing a connection, the DriverName and DatabaseName properties must be set These should correspond to the driver name (specified when the data source was set up through BDE Configuration) and a valid data source name for the specific driver The application connects to the database by using the Open method, or by setting the Connected property to True

While all objects' properties and methods can be accessed through the object inspector, some objects and properties have special dialog boxes For example, double clicking on the TDatabase component displays a dialog box that makes it easier to view and modify its properties

If the Params property does not have all required parameters set, the TDatabase object displays a login form

automatically, provided that the LoginPrompt is set to True Connection parameters are set using the Params property, which is actually a TStrings object Parameters are set using the Add method, as demonstrated in the following code fragment:

The TDatabase object is also used for transaction control, (assuming that SQLPASSTHRU MODE was set to SHARED NOAUTOCOMMIT when the data source was configured.) The StartTransaction, Commit, and Rollback methods should be used whenever SQL transactions are applied The exception to this rule is when the application calls a stored procedure which handles commits and rollbacks internally

In some cases, the behavior of the TDatabase object can be overridden by the TSession object The TSessions object is particularly useful for applications that connect to more than one database or need more than one connection for

asynchronous processing The KeepConnections property of the TSessions object will override the KeepSessions

property of individual TDatabase objects The TSession object is always global and has additional methods for querying the BDE configuration files It stores an array of connected TDatabase objects in its Databases property, and the number

of connected TDatabase objects in its DatabaseCount property

The TQuery object is the primary means for communicating with the database It is used not only to retrieve results, but also to apply SQL transactions The SQL property is a TStrings object used to store the SQL to be executed An

application can use a TQuery to build simple dynamic SQL very easily, using the Params property Application variables can be substituted for literal values wherever they might appear For example, the following statements can be used to generate a result set dynamically based on a value entered by a user in a TEdit object:

qryGetCusts.SQL.Add('SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE LAST_NAME LIKE :LastName');qryGetCusts.Params[0].AsString(txtLastName.Text);

This is particularly useful for data entry forms where records will be inserted frequently into the same table or view The Params property is an array of TParams objects They are referenced by subscripts and set using the AsString, AsInteger, AsFloat, or one of the other properties that store a value based on a data type

When SQL is parameterized, it should be prepared only once It can then be executed repeatedly with different

parameters The code fragment in Listing D.1 illustrates the use of the Prepare and ExecSQL Methods, as well as

transaction control provided by the TDatabase object

Listing D.1 Dynamic SQL and transaction processing in Delphi.

{this code is executed once}

qryAddCust.SQL.Add('INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME) ');

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qryAddCust.SQL.Add('VALUES (:Last, :First)');

The right mouse button has special uses for many objects Right-clicking on a TQuery object displays a pop-up menu that you can use to access two dialog boxes that are specific to designing a TQuery You can use the Fields Editor and Define Parameters dialog boxes to build queries visually

Listing D.2 Using the query object to retrieve results without bound controls.

Several important properties and methods that apply to the TQuery are illustrated by Listing D.2 The EOF and BOF properties are Boolean values, set to true when the record pointer is positioned at end-of-file or at beginning-of-file, respectively The properties AsString, AsInteger, and so on apply to the TFields objects in much the same way as they are applied to TParam objects, only they are typically used to read, rather than set values MoveBy can be used to move the record pointer any number of records in the current direction, (which is forward by default) First, Last, Prior, and Next can also be used to position the record pointer The Close method should always be called when the result set is no longer needed, and the Clear method of the SQL property should be used to clean up when an application sets this property dynamically at run time

There are several other important TQuery properties that are not demonstrated by the code example in Listing D.2 The RequestLive property can be used to create a cursor that is updatable and refreshes automatically However, there are numerous restrictions that can prevent this property from being used In most cases, this should be set to False even when it is supported because it is likely to increase network traffic and database contention The UpdateMode property is applicable only to live result sets and is used to set the requirements for matching records on updates When an

application does not need scrollable cursors, the Unidirectional property should be set to True This improves

performance, particularly when scrollable cursors are not supported by the driver In these cases, Delphi attempts to emulate a scrollable cursor, potentially causing it to read the entire result set before returning from the Open method

One property that should not be overlooked is the Database property This value must correspond to the Database

property of a connected TDatabase object The Database property should not be confused with the DataSource property, which is used to locate unbound parameters at run-time through a TDataSource object, which can be very useful in creating relationships between queries

The TDataSource component is used to bind data-aware controls to result sets Delphi includes a full complement of data-aware controls, including a grid, radio buttons, check boxes, lists, and drop-down combos The DataSet property of the TDataSource object is used to specify the query or table that it will use to bind results to controls The AutoEdit property is applicable only to live results sets When set to True, this property forces the underlying result set into Edit mode when a bound control is modified When communicating with remote database servers, using the AutoEdit

property for updating records is generally unacceptable, because transaction control is lost

Bound controls are most useful in displaying read-only result sets or when used in conjunction with a separate query to apply an update to an existing record A record can be retrieved and displayed with minimal code using bound controls, but in order to use the transaction methods of the TDatabase component, code must be written to apply any updates using a separate query

A TDataSource component does not have its own set of TField objects—it simply accesses an existing result set to supply information to bound controls Controls are bound to a TDataSource through the DataSource and DataField properties The DataSource must correspond to an existing TDataSource object's name, and the DataField property should correspond to a column in the underlying query or table If these properties are set correctly, bound controls are populated automatically when the TQuery or Ttable is opened and the TDataSource is enabled

The simplest way to implement this technique requires no code at all A TTable object can be placed on the form with its Database and TableName properties set and its Active property set to True Next, a TDataSet object is placed on the form, and its DataSet property is set to the name of the TTable object Finally, a data-aware TDBGrid is placed on the form, and its DataSource property is set to the name of the TDataSource object At run-time, as soon as the application connects to the database, the table is read, and the grid is populated This simplicity is one of the great attractions to using bound controls

However, the use of bound controls is a questionable technique, particularly in MDI applications In order for bound controls to display data, the query or table object must remain open; this prevents the object from being used to apply other transactions or queries If you have several MDI windows concurrently open with bound controls, using multiple TQuery or TTable objects can become very expensive in terms of workstation, network, and server resources Although

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more efficient approach

A better use of the TDataSource object involves the creation of dynamic SQL In addition to accessing data from TQuery and TTable objects, the TDataSource object can be used to provide parameters to TQueries at run-time The DataSource property of the TQuery object is used to specify the name of a TDataSource to check when attempting to resolve

unbound parameters If the name of an unbound TQuery parameter matches a column name in a TDataSource data set, the value of the matching column at the current record position will be used as the parameter For example, an accounts receivable system may need to display summary records of outstanding accounts and also provide transaction details as requested This can be accomplished using two TQueries and a TDataSource that use information supplied at run-time One TData query might provide the summary level information in a read-only data-aware grid, including the account number Right-clicking on a particular account might be used as the mechanism to display a pop-up with the account details for the selected account The SQL for the TQuery object used to retrieve the detail information might be defined

at design-time as:

SELECT DATE, DEBIT_AMT, CREDIT_AMT

FROM TRANSACTIONS WHERE ACCT_NO = :acct_no

Delphi also provides support for stored procedures through its implementation of the TStoredProc component As with the other descendants of TResultSet, the TStoredProc object requires the name of a connected TDatabase object in its Database property The name of the stored procedure in the database should be selected from the drop-down list

provided for the StoredProcName property The ParamBindMode is used to indicate how parameters will be bound at run-time, by name or by index The Active property should be set to False unless the stored procedure will return a result set If this is the case, setting the Active property to True will cause the stored procedure to fire

The TStoredProc component is ideal for applying parametered transactions on data entry forms Stored procedures are executed in much the same way as SQL transactions applied through TQuery objects Listing D.3 provides an example

of using a stored procedure to insert records from a simple data entry form

Listing D.3 Demonstrating the use of the TStoredProc component.

{This code should only be executed once,

perhaps in the form's constructor }

spInsIndiv.Prepare;

{This code will be executed for each transaction}

Application.MessageBox('A new record was added.',

'Oracle Unleashed', mb_OK)

except

Application.MessageBox('Unable to add the current record.',

'Oracle Unleashed', mb_OK);

end;

Note that the method for executing a stored procedure, ExecProc, is different than the method used to execute a query

As with dynamic SQL queries, the procedure needs to be prepared before parameters are bound, but only once

Assigning values to parameters using the ParamByName method works in much the same way as accessing the array of TParams by index Using ParamByName is probably a better choice because it results in more readable code

The parameters to stored procedures can be viewed at design-time by right-clicking the TStoredProc object and selecting Define Parameters from the pop-up menu

When calling stored procedures with output parameters, you must allocate sufficient space for variables that will be bound to the output parameters This is a potential problem when using string variables For example, the following lines

of code will result in a general protection fault:

String: szOut[255];

begin

spGetNotes.Prepare;

spGetNotes.ParamByName('NotesOut').AsString := szOut;

When using stored procedures, explicit transaction control may not be necessary In most cases, any commits or

rollbacks should be handled within the stored procedure This is the safest way to process transactions, and it simplifies the code that applies transactions from the client side

The methods of communicating with the database described in this section are a small subset of all the options provided

by Delphi Additional database components include the TBatchMove object and the TReport object, which allows ReportSmith reports to be integrated with Delphi applications

user-Class declarations in Object Pascal are very similar to C++ declarations The ability to declare member data elements and private functions improves encapsulation and allows for information hiding Also in the C++ tradition, Delphi's model of inheritance allows base class functions to be overridden by descendants, allowing polymorphic behavior in user-defined classes Unfortunately, support for overloaded member functions seems to be lacking

Another strong feature of Object Pascal is its support for structured exception handling Listings D.1 and D.3 provide examples of the try except blocks used to handle exceptions in Delphi The finally keyword can be used to create a resource protection block that frees memory without handling the exception The code listings in D.1 and D.3 do not actually handle the exceptions, either Delphi provides a fairly comprehensive list of pre-defined exceptions that can be handled using the syntax:

on exception do statement

An exception instance is never destroyed until it is handled User-defined exceptions can also be declared and thrown

Delphi's weaknesses are few, considering that it is a first version of a fairly complicated development tool Aside from the occasional UAE and some bugs in the security features of the local database server, Delphi seems to be a stable and solid product The database objects, while easy to use, do seem to be geared more to desktop applications than client/server development, with heavy emphasis on bound controls However, SQL Traces will show that it makes very

efficient use of the ODBC API in certain situations This is because it maps to the API more cleanly than most Windows development tool's ODBC layers, which typically don't provide methods for using prepared execution The close

relationship to ODBC is somewhat surprising considering that IDAPI drivers are shipped with the product For

developers that are already familiar with the ODBC API, this should make a switch to IDAPI nearly transparent

Overall, Delphi goes a long way toward living up to its billing as "the RADical performance tool" The IDE is fairly intuitive, the object hierarchy well-designed, and the Object Pascal programming language is arguably the best among the desktop development tools The easy-to-configure ODBC connectivity and support for stored procedures make it a good choice for developing client applications to interface with Oracle

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● E

❍ Oracle Power Objects Programming Reference

■ Overview of Oracle Basic

■ Supported Data Types

■ Database Interaction Commands

■ Definition and Manipulation of Variables or Constants

■ Definition of Functions and Subroutines

■ Directory and File Management Commands

■ File Input and Output Commands

■ Miscellaneous Commands

■ Program Flow Commands

■ Functions

■ Aggregation Functions

■ Array and Subscript Functions

■ Data Type Conversion Functions

Oracle Power Objects Programming Reference

Power Objects uses Oracle Basic as its programming language Oracle Basic is fully compatible with ANSI BASIC with the additions of object concept extensions and Structured Query Language (SQL) extensions Oracle chose Basic as the programming language in order to appeal to the widest developer experience and level This chapter discusses the majority of all commands and functions comprising Oracle Basic in order to provide you with a reference on syntax and purpose

Overview of Oracle Basic

Oracle Basic is fully compatible with ANSI BASIC and is therefore compatible with Microsoft Visual Basic You are not required to write Basic code in order to use Power Objects effectively If you find that the default functionality of a method or process does not exactly meet your requirements, then you can overwrite, modify, or augment the default behavior using Oracle Basic code

Using Oracle Basic you can create user-defined functions and methods You can declare variables and external

functions You can obtain direct access to the data contained in visual and non-visual objects Oracle Basic provides the developer with the capability to create the features in the Power Objects product that he finds are missing or incomplete

Supported Data Types

Power Objects provides support for two different data type concepts: database-related data types and Oracle related data types Database-related data types are the values that you specify when you are defining a new table in the Table Editor or when using SQL statements such as CREATE TABLE These data types specify the type of data that is stored in the table column Database data types vary depending on the database you use The following lists show the data types for three different types of databases

Basic-Blaze Oracle7 SQL Server

LONG RAW MLSLABEL IMAGE

SYSDATE

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data-of the object) There are eight types data-of Oracle Basic variables that you can declare: Integer, Long, Single, Double, Date, String, Object, and Variant

For a more in-depth understanding of data types, please refer to the Oracle Power Objects online help under the

following search concepts: data types – Oracle Basic, column data types, and column data types by database

Variables

Oracle Basic variables are names you use to hold values or indirect references to objects Variables are constructed according to a strict naming convention A variable must start with a letter, and it can include numbers, letters, and the underscore character A variable cannot have more than 39 characters Variables in Oracle Basic are not case sensitive

You can declare variables and their respective data types explicitly and implicitly Explicitly declaring variables involves using Oracle Basic commands such as DIM, REDIM, GLOBAL, and STATIC You implicitly declare variables through simply using a variable name without an explicit declaration (this is also referred to as declaration by reference) You can also declare the data type of variables explicitly and implicitly You explicitly declare a data type by declaring the variable explicitly with a data type or by using a data type suffix An example of explicit declaration is DIM MyVar AS Integer The variable MyVar is of data type Integer Data type suffixes include: % for Integer, & for Long, ! for Single, # for Double, and $ for String Another example of an explicit data type suffix variable is MyVar% The variable MyVar%

is of data type Integer This declaration is similar to the first explicit declaration, but they are not completely

interchangeable Once you've declared a variable in an explicit fashion, you must always reference it in the same explicit declaration naming convention; for example, MyVar% must always be MyVar%, and MyVar must always be MyVar You can also set a variable's data type implicitly through the type of data that is placed in it For example, you can set the variable MyText to a data type of String with the following statement: MyText = "This is a literal text string" For a

more extensive look at variables in Oracle Basic, refer to the online help under the search word variables Each topic

under this search word is well written

Constants and Reserved Words

Power Objects has a large number of constants predefined to increase developer productivity Constants are not case sensitive The online help has references to constants but doesn't always present the value and description; many of the constants listed here are not documented in any obvious way in the online help The tables that follow group the Oracle Power Objects constants by functional areas, indicating their value and a description of the purpose of the constant

Table E.1 Constants for counters.

Value Constant Description

CounterType Property

1 CounterType_None The field is not a counter (default)

2 CounterType_Sequence New values are automatically selected from the sequence object

specified in the CounterSeq property

3 CounterType_Table_MaxCounterIncBy New values are determined by taking the current maximum value in

the column and adding the value of the CounterIncBy property

Deferred New values are generated when a new row is flushed to the database.

Table E.2 Constants for control data types.

DataType Property

0 DataType_Integer The control contains integer data

0 DataType_Long_Integer The control contains long integer data (default)

1 DataType_Float The control contains float data

1 DataType_Double The control contains double data

2 DataType_String The control contains string data

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3 DataType_Date

The control contains date data

Although constants are supplied for data type values, their merit is questionable The values of the constants do not map to the values returned when text field objects of the four primary data types are queried for their data type value

A Long Integer data type returns a value of 2 A Double data type returns a value of 4 A String data type returns a value

of 1 A Date data type returns a value of 6

I should also note that these data type constants will have considerably more value in future versions of Power Objects when a developer can programmatically set the DataType property of a control

Table E.3 Constants for line controls.

Direction Property

0 Direction_Upper_Left_To_Lower_Right The control draws the line from the upper-left corner down to the

lower-right corner (default)

1 Direction_Lower_Left_To_Upper_Right The control draws the line from the lower-left corner up to the

upper-right corner

Table E.4 Constants for special values.

Value Constant Description

Booleans

0 FALSE Value is False or 0

1 TRUE Value is True or 1

NULL

Value is 0 or <empty> You use this constant for initializing variables and controls to have an understood value of Null Null is a concept perhaps considered unique to the database

environment

ArgCount Returns the number of arguments or parameters for the current function or subroutine method in

which the semi-constant is referenced

Table E.5 Constants for database operations and referential integrity.

LinkMasterDel Property

0 LinkMasterDel_Refuse You cannot delete the master record if children exist (default)

1 LinkMasterDel_Cascade Deleting the master record causes all children to also be deleted

2 LinkMasterDel_Orphan Deleting the master record does not delete the children

LinkMasterUpd Property

0 LinkMasterUpd_Refuse You cannot update the master record if children exist (default)

1 LinkMasterUpd_Cascade Updating the master record causes all children to also be updated

2 LinkMasterUpd_Orphan Updating the master record does not update the children

LinkPrimaryKey Property

0 PrimaryKey_On_Master The primary key column resides on the master object (default)

1 PrimaryKey_Here The primary key column resides on the detail object

RowFetchMode Property

0 RowFetchMode_Fetch_As_Needed Fetch as many rows as are needed to meet display requirements,

from one to many rows

1 RowFetchMode_Fetch_Count_First

Fetch the count of all rows that are selected and then fetch as many rows as are needed to meet display requirements, from one to many rows

2 RowFetchMode_Fetch_All_Immediately

Fetch all rows from the database; cache to disk as necessary

Table E.6 Constants for text justification.

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Value Constant Description

TextJustHoriz Property

0 TextJustHoriz_Left Text is aligned on the left of the object

1 TextJustHoriz_Center Text is aligned on the center of the object

2 TextJustHoriz_Right Text is aligned on the right of the object

TextJustVert Property

0 TextJustVert_Top Text is aligned at the top of the object

1 TextJustVert_Center Text is aligned at the center of the object

2 TextJustVert_Bottom

Text is aligned at the bottom of the object

Table E.7 Constants for windows.

WindowInitPos Property (No predefined constants exist)

0

Automatic—the form is placed according to an indexed offset scheme used for positioning windows This does not always result in the best window placement (default)

specified in the WinPosX and WinPosY properties

region

3

Dialog Position—the form is horizontally centered within the displayable region and one third of the vertical distance between the application menu bar and bottom of the displayable region