Tài liệu Installing Mac OS X Programs ppt

Disk Images .dmg files Once you've unzipped a downloaded program, it often takes the form of a disk image file, whose name ends with the letters .dmg second from top in Figure 5-22.. Do

5.12 Installing Mac OS X Programs

In general, new programs arrive on your Mac via one of two avenues: on a CD or DVD,

or via an Internet download The CD method is slightly simpler; see "Performing the Installation" later in this section

For help installing downloaded programs, on the other hand, read on

5.12.1 .sit, zip, tar, gz, and dmg

Programs you download from the Internet generally arrive in a specially encoded,

compressed form (And unless you've changed the settings, they arrive in the Downloads folder stack on your Dock.)

The downloaded file's name usually has one of these filename extensions:

• .sit indicates a StuffIt file, the standard Macintosh file-compression format of years gone by

• .zip is the standard Windows compression file format And because Leopard has a built-in Compress command right in the File menu (and doesn't come with Stuff It Expander), zip is the new standard Macintosh compression format It certainly makes life easier for people who have to exchange files with the Windows crowd

• .tar is short for tape archive, an ancient Unix utility that combines (but doesn't compress) several files into a single icon, for simplicity in sending

• .gz is short for gzip, a standard Unix compression format

• .tar.gz or tgz represents one compressed archive containing several files

• .dmg is a disk image, described below

Fortunately, if you use Safari (Section 10.25) as your Web browser, you don't have to worry about all this, because it automatically unzips and unstuffs them

If you use some other browser, StuffIt Expander can turn all of them back into usable form when you download a file (StuffIt Expander doesn't come with Mac OS X, but you can download it for free from, for example, this book's "Missing CD" page at

www.missingmanuals.com.)

5.12.2 Disk Images (.dmg files)

Once you've unzipped a downloaded program, it often takes the form of a disk image file, whose name ends with the letters dmg (second from top in Figure 5-22) Some files arrive as disk images straight from the Web, too, without having been compressed first

Figure 5-22 Downloading a new program from the Internet may strew your desktop or Downloads folder with icons A: These are the original downloaded files Delete them after they're decompressed B: The compressed file turns into this dmg file Double-click it to "mount" the disk image (if it didn't appear automatically) C: And now, the disk image itself Double-click it to open the software installer window "Eject" it after the installation is complete D: Here's the actual software installer window Drag the software's icon to your Applications folder, or double-click the installer, if you see one here After the installation is complete, you can delete all of this stuff (except maybe the dmg file, if you think you might want to

install the software again later)

Disk images are extremely common in Mac OS X All you have to do is double-click the .dmg icon After a moment, it magically turns into a disk icon on your desktop, which you can work with just as though it's a real disk (third from top in Figure 5-22) For example:

• Double-click it to open it The software you downloaded is inside

• Remove it from your desktop by dragging it to the Trash (whose icon turns into a big silver Eject key as you drag), highlighting it and pressing -E (the shortcut for File Eject), clicking its button in the Sidebar, or Control-clicking (right-clicking) it, and then choosing Eject from the shortcut menu (You've still got the original dmg file you downloaded, so you're not really saying goodbye to the disk image forever.)

5.12.3 Cleaning Up after Decompression

When you've finished unzipping or unstuffing a downloaded file, you may have several icons on your desktop or in the Downloads folder Some are useful; some you're free to trash:

• The original compressed file It's safe to throw away the sit, tar, gz, or tgz file you originally downloaded (after it's decompressed, of course)

• The dmg file Once you've turned it into an actual disk-drive icon, installed the software from it, and "ejected" the disk-drive icon, you can delete the dmg file Keep it only if you think you might need to reinstall the software someday

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION

Submit to Apple

What the—I was working along in Preview, and all of a sudden it just vanished!

Poof! And all I got was this lousy dialog box about "submitting to Apple."

What's going on?

Apple is trying to assimilate you

Or, more accurately, it's trying to enlist your help in ferreting all the little

glitches that make modern computing so much fun If you're willing to click the

Submit Report button and type a few comments ("I was just running Word,

minding my own business, and when I clicked the Print toolbar button, the

whole thing just crashed"), then Apple will add your report to the thousands

flowing in from everyone else

The idea is that when its programmers get a moment, they'll study these reports,

track down the patterns ("Hmm, we've received 50,000 reports about that Print

button in Word"), and then chase down the software company responsible—and,

presumably, get a fix under way

The report you submit is full of technical info that helps the programmers figure

out what was happening at the time of the crash, but no personal information

goes along for the ride So if you feel like doing some good for your fellow Mac

fans, by all means submit the report (via the Internet) whenever you're offered

the chance

•

•

• Note: If you try to trash the dmg file before removing the disk-drive icon from the

screen, you'll get a "file in use" error message when you try to empty the Trash

•

• The disk image itself This final icon, the one that contains the actual software or its installer (third from top in Figure 5-22), doesn't exist as a file on your hard

drive It's a phantom drive, held in memory, that will go away by itself when you log out So after installing its software, feel free to drag it to the Trash (or

highlight it and press -E to "eject" it)

5.12.4 Performing the Installation

Working with tar, gz, and dmg files are all skills unique to downloading Mac OS X programs from the Internet Installing software from a CD or DVD is much more

straightforward

In either case, once you've got a disk icon on your desktop (either a pseudo-disk from a disk image or a CD or DVD you've inserted), you're ready to install the software You can install many Mac OS X programs just by dragging their icons or folders to your hard drive (usually the Applications folder) Others offer a traditional installer program that requires you to double-click, read and accept a license agreement, and so on

In both cases, where you decide to install the new program is suddenly a big issue You have the following two alternatives:

• In the Applications folder Most programs, of course, sit in your Applications folder Most of the time, this is where you'll want to install new programs Putting them in the Applications folder makes them available to anyone who uses the Mac

Note: You can't put anything in your Applications folder unless you have an

Administrator account, as described on Section 12.2.1.1

• In your Home folder Suppose you share your Mac with other people, as described

in Chapter 12 If that's your situation, you may occasionally want to install a

program privately, reserving it for your own use only In that case, just install or drag it into your Home folder, or a folder inside it When other people log onto the machine, they won't even know that you've installed that new program, since it doesn't show up in the Applications folder

If you don't have an Administrator account, in fact, this is your only option for installing new programs

5.12.5 Uninstalling Software

In Mac OS X, there's generally no Uninstall program, and no Add/Remove Programs window To uninstall a program, you just drag it (or its folder) from the Applications folder (or wherever it is) to the Trash

Some programs also leave harmless scraps of themselves behind; to check for them, look for preference files or folders bearing the dearly departed program's name in your Library

folders (especially in Application Support) and your Home Library Preferences folder

UP TO SPEED The Color Picker

Here and there—in System Preferences, iMovie, TextEdit, Microsoft Office,

and many other programs—Mac OS X offers you the opportunity to choose a color for some element: for your desktop background, a window, and so on

The dialog box that appears offers a miniature color lab that lets you dial in any color in the Mac's rainbow Several color labs, actually, arrayed across the top, each designed to make color-choosing easier in certain circumstances:

Color Wheel Drag the scroll bar vertically to adjust the brightness, and then

drag your cursor around the ball to pick the shade

Color Sliders From the pop-up menu, choose the color-mixing method you

prefer CMYK stands for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black People in the

printing industry will feel immediately at home, because these four colors are the component inks for color printing (These people may also be able to explain why K stands for black.)

RGB is how a TV or computer monitor thinks of colors: as proportions of red, green, and blue light Gray Scale means shades of gray, like a black-and-white

TV And HSB stands for Hue, Saturation, and Brightness—a favorite

color-specifying scheme in scientific circles

In each case, just drag the sliders to mix up the color you want, or type in the percentages of each component

Color Palettes This option presents canned sets of color swatches They're

primarily for programmers who want quick access to the standard colors in Mac

OS X The Web Safe Colors list is useful for Web designers, too; they can tell whether a color will display properly on other computers

Image Palettes Here's the visible rainbow arrayed yet another way: in cloudy, color-arranged streaks (Cool tip: If you drag a graphics file directly into the

dialog box, it appears in the spectrum's place That's a handy trick if you're

trying to identify the color of a certain spot of an image, for example And don't miss the pop-up button at the bottom of the dialog box, which offers a few other

stunts.)

Crayons Now this is a good user interface You can click each crayon to see its color name: Mocha, Fern, Cayenne, and so on (Some interior decorator in Cupertino had a field day naming these crayons.)

In any of these color pickers, you can also "sample" a color that's outside the dialog box—a color you found on a Web page, for example Just click the

magnifying-glass icon and then move your cursor around the screen You'll see the sliders and numbers change inside the dialog box automatically when you click

Finally, note that you can store frequently used (or frequently admired) colors in the tiny palette squares at the bottom To do that, drag the big rectangular color swatch (next to the magnifying glass) directly down into one of the little

squares, where it will stay fresh for weeks

If you don't have space for all the colors you want at the bottom of the window, you can drag the small circular dot down to make room for more