TAI LIEU DOC HIEU ON THI DH 2012

What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph?. (A) The reason drama is often unpredictable.[r]

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Tai lieu doc hieu on thi dh 2012

Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.

The University of Oxford, informally called "Oxford University", or simply"Oxford", (41) in the city of Oxford, in England, is (42) oldest university in the English-speaking world It is also considered as one of the world's leading (43) institutions The university traces, its roots back to at least the end of the 11th century, (44) the exact date of foundation remains unclear Academically, Oxford is consistently ranked in the world's top ten universities The University is also open (45) overseas students, primarily from American universities, who may (46) _ in study abroad programs during the summer months for more than a century, it has served as the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, (47) brings highly accomplished students from a number of countries to study at Oxford as (48) The University of Oxford is also a place where many talented leaders from all over the world used

to study Twenty-five British Prime Ministers attended Oxford, including Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair At (49) 25 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford, and this number includes King Harald V of Norway and King Abdullah II of Jordan Bill Clinton is the first American President to attend Oxford Forty-seven Nobel (50) winners have studied or taught at Oxford

8 a postgraduates b postgraduated c postgraduation d postgraduating

When the word "endangered" is mentioned, people usually think of particular species, like the panda

or whooping crane However, we would like to encourage you to think about (41) in a broader context It is (42) _, the physical places where species live and interact with one another Although the development of special breeding programs, also known as captive conservation, may help some species in some cases, it is clearly not (43) _ answer to the global problem Indeed, (44) we are able to protect natural areas where endangered species actually live, they have no future

Species become endangered for a wide (45) _ of reasons By analyzing and grouping many individual cases, however, we find the same broad causes (46) _ again and again They are Habitat Destruction, Exotic Species, and Overexploitation Among other factors threatening particular species are limited: distribution, disease, and pollution Limited distributions are often a consequence of other threats: populations confined to one or a few small areas because of habitat (47) _, for example, may be disastrously affected by random factors Diseases can have severe (48) _ on species lacking natural genetic protections against particular pathogens, like the rabies and canine distemper viruses that are currently devastating carnivore populations in East Africa Domestic animals are usually the reservoirs of these and other diseases affecting wild (49) _, showing once again that human activities lie at the root

of most causes of endangerment Pollution has seriously done harm (50) _ number of terrestrial species, although species living in freshwater and marine ecosystems are also suffering

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1 a development b endangerment c pollution d contamination

2 a plants b conservations c habitats d organizations

5 a variety b commerce c extinction d destruction

6 a expressing b showing c disappearing d appearing

Nearly 200 of the 1500 native plant species in Hawaii are at risk of going extinct in the near future because they have been (41) _ to such low numbers Approximately 90 percent of Hawaii's plants are found nowhere else in the world but they are (42) _ by alien invasive species such as feral goats, pigs, rodents and non- (43) _ plants

The Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group is striving to (44) _ the extinction of the 182 rare Hawaiian plants with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the (45) _ Since 1990, (46) _ a result of their 'Plant Extinction Prevention Program', sixteen species have been brought into (47) _ and three species have been reintroduced Invasive weeds have been removed in key areas and fencing put

up in order to (48) _ plants in the wild

In the future the Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Program aims (49) _ collecting genetic material from the remaining plants in the wild for storage as a safety net for the future They also aim to manage wild populations and where possible reintroduce species into (50) _

2 a guarded b invested c conserved d threatened

7 a contamination b production c cultivation d generation

When a child learns to read and write, he must access the schema developed in his (41) As he reads, the child creates pictures in his mind and uses (42) _ and points of reference to put the story (43) Television images do not go through a complex symbolic transformation The mind does not have to decode and manipulate during the television experience Watching television and playing video games do not (44) a child's skills in word recognition, decoding, vocabulary, spelling or high-level thinking The connection between television's effects (45) children's reading abilities and the (46) in their writing skills is clear: there is no question in the minds of educators that a student who cannot read with the true comprehension will never learn to write well Writing, after (47) , is book talk, and you only learn book talk by reading It has been shown that reading stimulates brain activity While reading, we imagine settings, characters and we become part of the world of the story (48) ,

it has been shown that watching television prevents brain activity Children who watch too much television

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are less socially developed and have problems maintaining (49) Reading, (50) of watching television, enriches our lives, develops the imagination, and intellect, and is less brain deadening Reading

is good for us, it makes one a better person

discouragement

9 a education b explanation c concentration d exploration

Making time to read is something we all know we (41) do, but who schedules book reading time every day? There are very few That is why adding book reading to your daily schedule and sticking

to it can improve discipline

Books are (42) You can take them almost anywhere As such, you can learn almost anywhere too

By reading more books and exposing yourself (43) new and more complete information, you will also be able to come up with more (44) ideas When you have read so many books on the subject, you can combine lessons from all of them into new (45)

Reading gives you something to talk about Have you ever (46) out of things to talk about with your best friend, wife or husband? This can be uncomfortable It (47) even make married couples wonder if their marriage is in trouble (48) , if you read a lot of books, you will always have something to talk about You can discuss various plots in the novels you read, you can discuss the things you are learning in the business books you are reading as well The possibilities of sharing are endless Bocks are inexpensive (49) to help you reduce stress Many readers relax by reading Compared with the person who gets home from work and immediately (50) on the TV news, you are going from work stress to crime stress TV as a source of relaxation is too full of loud commercials and fast moving violent images If relaxation is something you want, turn off the TV or computer and pick up a book

5 a solutions b problems c troubles d difficulties

9 a entertainment b tension c machinery d media

TEST 22

Line

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10

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20

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual The argument for this view goes as follows In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the

world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought,

through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since

considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the

enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task Wearing mask and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or

supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect - success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun - as an actor might

Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities

Another theory traces the theater`s origin from the human interest in storytelling According to this view, tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonations, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds

32 What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The origins of theater

(B) The role of ritual in modern dance

(D) The variety of early religious activities

33 The word "they" in line 4 refers to

(A) seasonal changes

(B) natural forces

(D) human beings

34 What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph?

(A) The reason drama is often unpredictable

(B) The seasons in which dramas were performed

(D) The importance of costumes in early drama

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35 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common element of theater and ritual?

(A) Dance

(B) Costumes

(D) Magic

36 The word "considerable" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) thoughtful

(B) substantial

(D) ceremonial

37 The word "enactment" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) establishment

(B) performance

(D) season

38 The word "they" in line 16 refers to

(A) mistakes

(B) costumes

(D) performers

39 According to the passage, what is the main difference between ritual and drama?

(A) Ritual uses music whereas drama does not

(B) Ritual is shorter than drama

(D) Ritual has a religious purpose and drama does not

40 The passage supports which of the following statements?

(A) No one really knows how the theater began

(B) Myths are no longer represented dramatically

(D) Dramatic activities require the use of costumes

41 Where in the passage does the author discuss the separation of the stage and the audience?

(A) Lines 8-9

(B) Lines 12-14

(D) Lines 22-24

32 A 33 D 34 C 35 D 36 B 37 B 38 D 39 D 40 A 41 B

TEST 19

Line

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10

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By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States The ice trade grew with the growth

of cities Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some

forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it

also came into household use Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use This had become

possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented

Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose

In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat,

which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary The

commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore,

had been on the right track He owned a farm about twenty miles

outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel

to market at night in order to keep their produce cool

11 What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The influence of ice on the diet

(B) The development of refrigeration

(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century

12 According to the passage, when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?

(A) In 1803

(B) Sometime before 1850

(D) Near the end of the nineteenth century

13 The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) progressive

(B) popular

(D) well-established

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14 The author mentions fish in line 4 because

(A) many fish dealers also sold ice

(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person`s diet before the invention of the icebox

15 The word "it" in line 5 refers to

(A) fresh meat

(B) the Civil War

(D) a refrigerator

16 According to the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?

(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars

(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice

(D) Inadequate understanding of physics

17 The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) growing

(B) undeveloped

(D) uninteresting

18 According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would

(A) completely prevent ice from melting

(B) stop air from circulating

(D) use blankets to conserve ice

19 The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (line18 -19) to indicate that

(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore`s farm

(B) Moore was an honest merchant

(D) Moore`s design was fairly successful

20 According to the passage, Moore`s icebox allowed him to

(A) charge more for his butter

(B) travel to market at night

(D) produce ice all year round

21 The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include

(A) iceboxes

(B) butter

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(D) markets

11 B 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 C 16 D 17 B 18 C 19 D 20 A 21 B

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TEST 20

Line

5

10

15

20

In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that

are related A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps

scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced A good

example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases

are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion

A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observation, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory If observations

confirm the scientists` predictions, the theory is supported If

observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to

Science involves imagination and creative thinking as will as collecting information and performing experiments Facts by themselves are not science As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science

is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of

facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called

Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination Possible solutions to the problem are formulated These possible solutions are called hypotheses

In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown It extends the scientist`s thinking beyond the known facts The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories,

1 Which of the following is the main subject of the passage?

(A) The importance of models in scientific theories

(B) The place of theory and hypothesis in scientific investigation

(D) The ways that scientists perform different types of experiments

2 The word "related" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) connected

(B) described

(D) identified

3 The word "this" in line 3 refers to

(A) a good example

(B) an imaginary model

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(D) an observed event

4 According to the second paragraph, a useful theory is one that helps scientists to

(A) find errors in past experiments

(B) make predictions

(D) publicize new findings

5 The word "supported" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) finished

(B) adjusted

(D) upheld

6 Bricks are mentioned in lines 14-16 to indicate how

(A) mathematicians approach science

(B) building a house is like performing experiments

(D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology

7 In the fourth paragraph, the author implies that imagination is most important

to scientists when they

(A) evaluate previous work on a problem

(B) formulate possible solutions to a problem

(D) close an investigation

8 In line 21, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown in order to show that hypotheses

(A) are sometimes ill-conceived

(B) can lead to dangerous results

(D) require effort to formulate

9 In the last paragraph, what does the author imply is a major function of hypotheses ?

(A) Sifting through known facts

(B) Communicating a scientist`s thoughts to others

(D) Linking together different theories

10 Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

(A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events

(B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it

(D) A good scientist needs to be creative

1 B 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 D 6 C 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 D

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