Tài liệu Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks pptx

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cause harmful interference to radio communications Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely t o cause harmful interference, in which case users will be required to correct the interference at their own expense

The following information is for FCC compliance of Class B devices: The equipment described in this manual generates and may radiate radio -frequency energy If it is not installed in accordance with Cisco’s installation instructions, it may cause interference with radio and television reception This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the specifications in part 15 of the FCC rules These specifications are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation

You can determine whether your equipment is causing interference by turning it off If the interference stops, it was probably caused by the Cisco equipment or one of its peripheral devices If the equipment causes interference to radio or television reception, try to correct the interference by using one or more of the following measures:

• Turn the television or radio antenna until the interference stops

• Move the equipment to one side or the other of the television or radio

• Move the equipment farther away from the television or radio

• Plug the equipment into an outlet that is on a different circuit from the television or radio (That is, make certain the equipment and the television or radio are on circuits controlled by different circuit breakers or fuses.)

Modifications to this product not authorized by Cisco Systems, Inc could void the FCC approval and negate your authority to operate the product

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Networkers logo, Packet, RateMUX, ScriptBuilder, ScriptShare, SlideCast, SMARTnet, TransPath,

Unity, Voice LAN, Wavelength Router, and WebViewer are trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc.; Changing the Way We Work, Live, Play, and Learn, Discover All That’s Possible, and Empowering the Internet Generation, are service marks of Cisco Systems, Inc.; and Aironet, ASIST, BPX, Catalyst, Cisco, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Logo, Cisco IOS, the Cisco IOS logo, Cisco Systems, Cisco Systems Capital, the Cisco Systems logo, Enterprise/Solver, EtherChannel, EtherSwitch, FastHub, FastSwitch, IOS, IP/TV, LightStream, MICA, Network Registrar, PIX, Post -Routing, Pre-Routing, Registrar, StrataView Plus, Stratm, SwitchProbe, TeleRouter, and VCO are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc and/or its affiliates in the U.S and certain other countries

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Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks, Revision 1.2: Student Guide

Copyright  2001, Cisco Systems, Inc

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Creating Multiple OSPF Areas 6-4 Routing Table Results with Different Areas 6-14

Written Exercise: OSPF Operation Across Multiple Areas 6-20

Using and Configuring OSPF Multiarea Components 6-22

Written Exercise: Redistribution and Controlling Routing Update Traffic 8-43

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When Not to Use BGP 9-10

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Router Password Recovery Procedure B-2

Answers to Written Exercise: Comparing Routing Protocols C-2

Answers to Written Exercise: EIGRP Overview C-6

Answers to Written Exercise: OSPF Operation C-8

Answers to Written Exercise: OSPF Operation Across Multiple Areas C-10

Answers to Written Exercise: Redistribution and Controlling Routing Update

Answers to Written Exercise: BGP Terminology and Operation C-18

Answers to Written Exercise: BGP Route Reflectors and Policy Control C-21

Answers to Extending IP Addressing Written Exercise: Calculating Subnet

Answers to IP Access Lists Written Exercise: IP Extended Access Lists C-24

Laboratory Exercise 1: Configuring EIGRP C-25 Laboratory Exercise 2: Configuring OSPF for a Single Area C-25 Laboratory Exercise 3: Configuring OSPF for a Single Area in an NBMA

Laboratory Exercise 4: Configuring a Multiarea OSPF Network C-26 Laboratory Exercise 5: Configuring a Multiarea IS-IS Network C-26 Laboratory Exercise 6: Configuring Policy-Based Routing C-26 Laboratory Exercise 7: Configuring Route Redistribution between OSPF and

Laboratory Exercise 9: Configuring BGP Route Reflectors and Prefix-List

Laboratory Exercise 10: Configuring Multihomed BGP C-27 Laboratory Exercise 12: Super Lab Part I and Part II C-27

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Task 2: Enabling EIGRP Connectivity to the backbone_r1 Router D-7

Task 2: Enabling OSPF Connectivity to the Backbone_r1 Router D-15

Task 1: Enabling OSPF with Multiple Areas and Area Summarization D-29

Task 3: Enabling an OSPF Totally Stubby Area D-31 Task 4: Enabling OSPF Not-So-Stubby Area (Optional) D-32 Task 5: Enabling an OSPF Virtual Link to Support an OSPF Area not

Laboratory Exercise 5: Configuring a Multiarea IS-IS Network D-39

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Task 1: Enabling IS-IS within your pod D-42 Task 2: Enabling connectivity to the backbone_r1 router D-44

Task 5: Using IS-IS show and debug commands D-46

Task 2: Enabling Full-Mesh IBGP Within Your Pod (AS) D-68

Task 1: Enabling pxr1 to be the Route Reflector D-74

Laboratory Exercise 10: Configuring Multi-homed BGP D-78

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Objectives

21

This section lists the lesson objectives

22

Insert Slide here

n Explain basic OSI terminology and network layer protocols used in OSI

Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:

protocols used in OSI

Integrated IS -IS and OSPF

plan for IS-IS deployment

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Objectives (cont.)

29

n Describe the concept of establishing adjacencies

database synchronization

network) modeling solutions in switched WAN networks

parameters, identify the steps to configure Cisco routers for proper Integrated IS-IS operation

operation of Integrated IS-IS on Cisco routers

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Introduction to OSI Protocols and IS-IS

39

Routing

40

The OSI protocols are part of an international program to develop data-networking protocols

ISO and OSI?

• The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been constituted to develop standards for data networking.

• The Open System Interconnection (OSI) protocols represent an international standardization program that facilitates multivendor equipment interoperability.

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The OSI protocol suite supports numerous standard protocols at the physical, data-link, network,

OSI Protocols (cont.)

The OSI protocol suite supports:

• Numerous standard protocols at each layer of the OSI reference model

• OSI network-layer hierarchical addressing

• Two routing protocols at the network layer

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In an OSI network four significant architectural entities exist: hosts, areas, a backbone, and a

Terminology used in OSI

• End system (ES) is any nonrouting network nodes (host)

• Intermediate system (IS) is a router

• An area is a logical entity

– Formed by a set of contiguous routers, hosts, and the data links that connect them

• Domain is a collection of connected areas

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The OSI protocol suite supports numerous standard protocols at each of the seven OSI layers

OSI Protocol Suite and its Mapping to the

OSI Reference Model

OSI Protocol Suite and its Mapping to the

OSI Reference Model

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Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) uses a datagram data transfer service and does not

OSI Network Services—

What to Route in OSI Environment?

Two types of OSI network-layer services are available to the OSI transport layer:

• Connectionless Network Service (CLNS)

– CLNS performs datagram transport

• Connection-Mode Network Service (CMNS)

– CMNS requires explicit establishment

of paths between communicating layer entities

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transport-Insert Slide here

CONP is based on the X.25 Packet-Layer Protocol (PLP) and is described in the ISO 8208

• CMNS performs functions related to the explicit establishment of paths via CONP

• When support is provided for CMNS, the routing uses the X.25 protocols as the relaying functions

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CLNP is an OSI network-layer protocol that carries upper-layer data and error indications over

• CLNS provides network-layer services to the transport layer via CLNP

• When support is provided for CLNS, the routing uses routing protocols to exchange routing information

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The OSI protocol suite includes several routing protocols and one router discovery protocol

OSI Network Services—Routing

• IS-IS routing protocols : hierarchical (level-1, level-2 and level-3) routing between Intermediate Systems

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Each ES lives in a particular area OSI routing begins when the ESs discover the nearest IS by

OSI Network Services—OSI Routing

ES ES

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For routing in the ISO CLNS/CLNP environment, Cisco routers support these protocols:

OSI Network Services—IS-IS Routing

Intermediate System to Intermediate

routing protocol in ISO CLNS environment for routing CLNP

• Link-state routing protocol in the OSI stack

Alternative to IS-IS protocols is deploying

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Various aspects of IS-IS are described in these ISO documents:

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IS-IS is the dynamic link-state routing protocol for the OSI protocol stack As such, it distributes

Integrated IS-IS vs OSPF

version of IS-IS for mixed ISO CLNS and IP environments

• Integrated IS-IS (RFC 1195) represents

an alternative to OSPF in the IP world

• Integrated IS-IS and OSPF are both link-state protocols with similar:

– Link-state representation, aging, metrics

– Link-state databases, SPF algorithms

– Update, decision, and flooding processes

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Because the configuration of OSPF is based on a central backbone (area 0), with all other

– In OSPF the border is inside routers (ABRs)

– Each link belongs to one area

• In IS-IS the area borders lie on links

– Each IS-IS router belongs to exactly one level-2 area

– IS-IS allows a more flexible approach

to extending the backbone

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With regard to CPU use and the processing of routing updates, IS-IS is more efficient Not only

compared to many OSPF LSAs

Scalability of link-state protocols has been proved (live ISP backbones)

• Convergence capabilities are similar (same algorithm)

• OSPF has more features (route tags, Stub/NSSA, OSPF over Demand Circuit…)

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Operation of IS-IS

175

The LSPs, hello PDUs, and other routing PDUs are OSI-format PDUs; therefore, every IS-IS

OSI Address Assignment

OSI network-layer addressing is implemented with network service access point ( NSAP ) addresses

• NSAP address identifies any system

in OSI network

• Various NSAP formats for various systems

– Different protocols may use different representation of NSAP

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Cisco routers can route CLNS data that uses addressing conforming to the ISO 10589 standard

IS-IS NSAP Address—Structure

IS-IS (ISO/IEC 10589) distinguishes only three fields in NSAP address:

• Area Address : variable-length field composed of high-order octets, excluding System ID and SEL

• System ID : ES or IS identifier in an area;

fixed length of 6 octets in Cisco IOS

• NSEL : N-selector, service identifier

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An OSI NSAP address can be up to 20 octets long

IS-IS NSAP is divided into three parts

octets (maximum)

ISO-IGRP NSAP is divided as follows:

• Area Address , composed of the first two octets

of the NSAP after the System ID and NSEL fields

• Domain , composed of high order octets (from 1 to 11) of the NSAP, excluding the Area,

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If the upper-layer process ID is 00, then the NSAP refers to the device itself – that is, it is the

Network Entity Title

• Network Service Access Point (NSAP)—address which (at the network layer) includes a service identifier (“protocol number”)

• Network Entity Title (NET)—NSAP with service identifier of 00

– Used in routers since they implement network layer only (base for SPF calculation)

• The official NSAP prefixes are required for CLNS routing—AFI 49 (Authority and Format Identifier) denotes private address space

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NETs and NSAPs must specify all hex digits and must start and end on a byte boundary

OSI Addressing—NET and System

System ID normally six octets (on Cisco six!) and has to be the same length everywhere Examples: 47 0001 0000.0c12.3456 00

01 192 1 68 11 1 003 00 1047.0001 1234.5678.9101 00

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1 The NSAP 47.0001.aaaa.bbbb.cccc.00 consists of:

OSI Addressing—NSAP Examples

System ID = aaaa.bbbb.cccc, NSEL = 00

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The area-ID is associated with the IS-IS routing process – a router can be a member of only

Identifying Systems in IS-IS

The area address uniquely identifies the routing area and the System ID identifies each node

• All routers within an area must use the same area address

• An ES may be adjacent to a level-1 router only if they both share a common area address

• Area address is used in level-2 routing

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The System ID must be unique inside an area It is customary to use either a MAC address

• System ID used in level-1 routing and has to

be unique within an area (and of same length)

• System ID has to be unique within level-2 routers that form routing domain

• General recommendation: domain-wide unique System ID

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Some more IS-IS terms are:

Interfaces uniquely identified by Circuit ID:

• One octet number on point-to-point interfaces (03)

• Circuit ID concatenated with 6 octet System ID

of a designated router on broadcast multiaccess networks to form 7 octet LAN ID-

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The diagram shows examples of NETs for routers in an IS-IS domain:

Identifying Systems—OSI Addressing in Network

Tiêu đề	Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks
Trường học	Cisco Systems, Inc.
Chuyên ngành	Computer Networking
Thể loại	sách hướng dẫn sinh viên
Năm xuất bản	1.2
Thành phố	San Jose

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Số trang	112
Dung lượng	5,73 MB