She didn’t go to class: đây là mệnh đề chỉ kết quả được giới thiệu bởi so Chú ý : dùng so để diễn tả kết quả thì hai mệnh đề được ghép lại bởi so đều là mệnh đề chính và trước [r]
Trang 1Units Language focus Pages
3
o Modal could with wish
o The past simple with wish
o Prepositions of time
o Adverb clauses of result
7,8
4 oo Direct and reported speech Modal verbs with if 9,10,11
6
o Adjectives and adverbs
o Adverb clauses of reason
(as; because; since)
o Adjective + that clause
o Conditional sentence: type 1
16,17
8 o Relative clause o Adverb clause of concession 18,19,20
9 o Relative pronouns o Relative clauses (continued) 21,22,23
Trang 2ENGLISH GRAMMAR 9
UNIT 1: A VISIT FROM A PEN PAL
1 The past simple
at a particular time in the past.)
I walked to school yesterday
He lived in Paris for ten years, but now he is living in Rome
I bought a new car three days ago
Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ với “used to hoặc would” (Express a habit in the past with used to or would)
When she was a little girl, she used to cry
We would play soccer when we were in grade 6 But now we don’t
Đối với các động từ hợp quy tắc
Nếu động từ có 2 âm tiết, âm tiết thứ 2 được nhấn, nếu âm tiết đó tận cùng là một phụ
âm, trước phụ âm là một nguyên âm, khi thêm –ed, ta cũng gấp đôi phụ âm rồi mới thêm
prefer → preferred
Đọc: [id] nếu đi sau những động từ tận cùng: [t], [d]
Trang 3Các trường hợp còn lại thì được đọc là [d]
e Adverbs in the past simple:
o Yesterday: hôm qua
Yesterday morning / afternoon / evening
o [1 khoảng thời gian] + ago (cách đây)
A week ago / two years ago / 3 months ago / 100 years ago
o Last(đã qua) + N(time)
Last night / last week / last month / last year / last Sunday …
Dùng [wish (that) + S + V (Chia ở thì quá khứ giả điịnh) ] để diễn đạt sự hối tiếc về một tình
huống hiện tại hoặc để ước một điều không có thật ở hiện tại
I’m sorry I don’t know his address I wish I knew his address
I’m sorry I can’t drive a car I wish I could drive a car
I’m sorry he isn’t coming with us I wish he was coming with us
S + wish + S + V (ed / v2) + O
Dùng [ wish (that) + S + V(Chia ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành) ] để diễn đạt sự hối tiếc về một tình
huống trong quá khứ
I was sorry I spent too much money I wish I hadn’t spent too much money.She was sorry she didn’t wear raincoat yesterday She wishes she had worn a raincoat (She wished she had worn a raincoat.)
Dùng [ wish (that) + S + would + V(bare infinitive) ] để diễn đạt sự không vừa lòng với
hiện tại và một ước muốn thay đổi trong tương lai
I wish he would answer my letter Tôi mong sao anh ấy sẽ trả lời thư của tôi
I wish they would change the menu Tôi mong sao họ sẽ thay đổi thực đơn
I wish they would stop making bombs Tôi mong họ sẽ ngưng sản xuất Bom
I wish it would stop raining Tôi mong sao trời sẽ tạnh mưa
I wish the sun would come out Tôi mong sao mặt trời ló dạng
I wish prices would come down Tôi mong sao giá cả sẽ hạ xuống
I wish the train would come Tôi mong sao tàu sẽ đến
Practical exercise
Use wish to rewrite the following sentences
a) I’m sorry I don’t live near my work
b) I’m sorry our garden doesn’t get any sun
c) I’m sorry I called him a liar
d) I’m sorry I can’t drive
e) I’m sorry I don’t know English
f) I’m sorry you didn’t see it
g) I’m sorry I failed the final exam
h) I’m sorry he goes to bed so late
i) I’m sorry I didn’t bring a map
j) I’m sorry I don’t have a hat
Trang 4UNIT 2: CLOTHING
1 The present perfect
a Form:
S + have / has + V(pp) + (O) + (A) (+)
S + have / has + not + V(pp) + (O) + (A) (-)Have / Has + S + V(pp) + (O) + (A) ? (?)
I / You / We / They have already had lunch
Lan and Hoa have already gone to bed
Students have already done it
He / She has already come home
It has been finished
Lan has not cooked dinner yet
A student has learned English for 2 weeks
b Usages:
Diễn tả một sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ, thời gian không xác định (Express a thing that happened in the past, unidentified time.)
They moved into a new apartment
Have you ever visited Mexico?
I have already seen that movie
I have never seen snow
She has eaten this food before
Diễn tả một sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có thể tiếp tục trong tương lai (Express a thing that happened in the past, lasted at the present time and will
be able to continue in the future.)
We have had four tests so far this semester.
I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.
I have met many people since I came here in June
She has been here since seven o’clock.
We have been here for two weeks
I have had this same pair of shoes for three years
I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child.
He has known her for many years
Diễn tả một sự việc vừa mới xảy ra ở hiện tại thường đi với trang từ “just”
Lan and Hoa have just had dinner
Nga has just come back from Ho Chi Minh City
thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
Meaning: Yet: chưa; Already: rồi
Usages:
Yet: được dùng trong câu hỏi và câu phủ định, vị trị ở cuối câu
Have you turned it on yet?
Not yet I haven’t turned it on yet
Already: được dùng trong câu khẳng định, vị trí ở giữa câu hoặc cuối câu
She has already gone to Hanoi
She has gone to Hanoi already
Trang 5d. How to use for and since in the present perfect (Cách dùng for và since trong thì
hiện tại hoàn thành)
Meaning: for: được; since: từ, từ khi
Usages:
For: đi theo sau là một khoảng thời gian
For a week / two months / 100 years …Since: đi theo sau là một mốc thời gian
Since Monday / Tuesday / Thursday …Since 1999 / 2000…
Since ten o’clock…
Since winter…
e Adverbs in the present perfect.
Before now : trước bây giờIt’s the first time …: lần đầu tiên …
So far : cho đến bây giờ
So far this morning …: cho tới sáng nay
Up till/to now : cho tới nay
Up to the present : cho tới nayEver (in questions) Từ trước đến giờNot ….ever or never (in statements): chưa từng , không bao giờEver since : suốt từ đó, mãi mãi từ đó
Since then : từ hồi ấy
Practical exercise Transformation: rewrite the following sentences
1) I didn't call her up 2 days ago
8) The boys began playing soccer a year ago
→ The boys have………
9) Did Dad start to work here when I was born?
Trang 62 The passive (review)
a Form:
The present simple: S + (am/is/are) + V(pp) + by + O
I am usually taken to my school by my father.
They are made from rice.
The lamp is imported from Hong Kong.
The present perfect: S + have/has + been + V(pp) + by + O
Dinner has never been cooked by her
Have these books ever been read by you?
The past simple: S + (was/were) + V(pp) + by + O
This bicycle was bought by my elder brother yesterday.
Cars were brought back to our company last night.
The future simple: S + will/shall + be + V(pp) + by + O
These products will be exported to Russia tomorrow
We shall be punished in 20 minutes
The modal verbs: S + Modal + be + V(pp) + by + O
The problem can be solved right now
She should be given some advices by us
Life might be found on the other planets by us
Schools in big cities have to be improved by authorities
A new bridge is going to be built in this area
Practical exercise Change Active into Passive.
1) People built Giac Lam Pagoda in the spring of the year 1744
2) Ngo Viet Thu designed Reunification Palace
3) Famous tropical botanist J.B Louis Pierre supervised the building of The Zoo and Botanical Garden
4) Poets, writers and musicians have mentioned the ao dai in poems
5) Traditionally, both men and women wore a long silk tunic
6) Some designers have printed lines of poetry on the ao dai
7) Who used to wear the ao dai traditionally?
8) What have fashion designers done to modernize the ao dai?
9) People will modernize traffic road in the countryside
10) She can wear a plain suit to attend the birthday party
11) Other designers have taken inspiration from Vietnam’s ethnic minorities
12) In the 1960s, many university and college students wore jeans
13)In the 18th century, people made jean cloth completely from cotton
14) Lan is going to buy a new car
15) You have to do your home works right here
16) Maryam will visit Hanoi next summer
17) Hoa usually invites Lan to Kuala Lumpur
18) Lan writes to Maryam twice a week
19) Primary school children learn three languages at school
20) People speak only Malay in Malaysia
21) Ba has to buy some colorful lamps for Lan’s birthday
Trang 7UNIT 3: A TRIP TO THE COUNTRYSIDE
1 Prepositions of time (giới từ chỉ thời gian)
At: lúc (đứng trước thời gian chỉ giờ giấc và một số danh từ chỉ thời gian)
She often gets up at ten o’clock.
Lan never goes to the countryside at Christmas.
My friends always meet together at night.
At last, I met her.
At least, you must buy 10 bowls of noodles.
Till / up to: tới, cho tới (đi theo sau giới từ này có thể là: giờ, ngày, tuần, tháng, năm,
mùa…)
The meeting will last till 3.50 in the afternoon
She will be in the USA from January up to April
On: vào (đi theo sau là cụm thời gian đầy đủ ngày tháng năm, các ngày trong tuần, các
ngày lễ …)
Goodbye! See you on Sunday
She is going to have a wedding party on December 12, 2010
My parents go on holiday in China
On March 8, my school will hold a contest to arrange flowers
After: sau, before: trước (đi theo sau là các danh từ chỉ thời gian)
All of us are going to come back home after eleven o’clock in the evening
The building of my house will have been completed before my birthday
Between ….and ….: giữa….và … (cái này ta có thể dịch là: từ đến … )
They will meet together between 7.00 am and 9.00 am
The Great Wall of China was built between 221 and 204 B.C
In: vào (đi theo sau là: các buổi trong ngày, mùa, tháng, năm, cả tháng và năm)
My son was born in September, 2005
They bought this bike in 1879
This work will be finished in October
Hoa never goes walking in the winter
Nam usually listens to music in the evening
For: được (đi theo sau là một khoảng thời gian)
They went by bus for two hours to reach Ba’s village
Students have learned English here for 6 years
2 Adverb clause of result (mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ kết quả)
Diễn tả mệnh đề chỉ kết quả với (so: vì thế, cho nên)
Yesterday, she was sick, so she didn’t go to class
(Hôm qua, cô ấy bị đau, vì thế cô ấy không đi học được)She was sick: đây là mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân
She didn’t go to class: đây là mệnh đề chỉ kết quả được giới thiệu bởi so
Chú ý: dùng so để diễn tả kết quả thì hai mệnh đề được ghép lại bởi so đều là mệnh
đề chính và trước so phải có một dấu phẩy.
Reason Adverb clause of result
S + V + O ,so + S + V + OYou are here, so you may give me a hand
You were too lazy, so you failed the semester examShe didn’t pay attention to teacher’s words, so she didn’t understand anything
Trang 83 Adverb clause of reason (mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân)
Diễn tả mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân bằng các từ: Because, since và as
Mệnh đề trạng từ đứng trước mệnh đề chính
Adverb clauseSubordinates Subordinate clauseBecause
Main clause Adverb clause
Subordinates Subordinate clause
S + V + O
because since
as
S + V + O
Lan couldn’t help her mom prepare dinner Because she was tired yesterday,
We camped there since it was too dark to go on,Hoa didn’t go to school by bike as it rained heavily,
Practical exercise
Rewrite the following sentences by using so
1) We went home late because we missed the bus
2) Since the bus was broken, we arrived in the village very late in the evening
3) As I forgot to bring blankets, my friends didn’t have anything to sit on picnic
4) My parents are very lucky as they caught the last bus
5) Because Maryam is not Vietnamese, she can’t speak Vietnamese
6) Now she is very angry since she waited for you over 20 minutes
7) As Van’s mother usually goes home from work late, she has to do the chores in her family
8) Because Mr Parker is a farmer, he often works on the farm
9) Since there are not enough goods in grocery store, she must go to the market to buy more
10) You should eat more fruits and vegetables since they are very good to your health.11) As Liz likes the village very much, she took a lot of photos to show them to her friends
12) They walked up the mountains because they wanted to visit the shrine of Vietnamese hero
13) They sat down to have a snack under the tree at the entrance to the village since they felt hungry
14) Ba didn’t go boating in the river as he didn’t know how to swim
15) Many people go to the countryside to have a rest because the air is very fresh there.16) Because Hanoi is far from my house, I and my friends went there by train
17) Because Ba invited Liz to join his family on a day trip to his home village, Liz felt very happy
18)
Trang 9UNIT 4: LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Can / may / might được dùng với if để diễn tả khả năng có thể hoặc sự cho phép.
If + S + V (present simple) , S + can / may / might + V (bare infinitive) …
If he doesn’t come soon, he might miss the train
If there is a storm, plane may be delayed
Ought to / should được dùng với if để diễn tả Lời khuyên.
If + S + V (present simple) , S + ought to / should + V (bare infinitive) …
If you want to lose weight, you ought to / should do morning exercises
Must / have to được dùng với if để diễn tả nghĩa vụ hoặc nhiệm vụ.
If + S + V (present simple) , S + ought to / should + V (bare infinitive) …
You must do the housework if you want to go out
If you want to get good grades, you have to study hard
2 Direct and reported speech
gián tiếp ta chú ý tới một số chi tiết sau:
o Đổi động từ tường thuật nếu cần đổi said to thành told
He said to Nga, “I hate meat.” (direct)
He told Nga that he hated meat.(indirect)
o Đổi chủ ngữ trong câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cho phù hợp với chủ ngữ của động
từ tường thuật nếu cần
He said to Nga, “I hate meat.” (direct)
He told Nga that he hated meat (indirect)
o Đổi tân ngữ hoặc tính từ sở hữu trong câu trực tiếp nếu cần
She said to me, “ I hate you.” (direct) She told me that she hated me (indirect) Lan said to Hung, “I don’t like your car.”
Lan told Hung that she didn’t like his car (indirect)
o Đổi trạng từ trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp
Mai said, “I am listening to music now.” (direct) Mai said that she was listening to music then (indirect)
o Nếu động từ tường thuật ở quá khứ đơn thì phải lùi thì trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang gián tiếp
Dưới đây là bảng biến đổi thì từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp:
Present simple Past simplePast simple Past perfectPresent progressive Past progressivePresent perfect Past perfectPast progressive Past perfect progressiveFuture simple Conditional tense (would)
Trang 10Dưới đây là bảng biến đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian, từ chỉ thị từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp:
tomorrow the following day / the next day
next week / month / year the following week / month / year
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
the day before yesterday two days before
last week / month / year the previous week / month / year
question ta dùng cấu trúc sau: …if / whether ……… (or not): có …….hay không.
Nam said to me, “Do you like pop music?” (direct) Nam asked me if / whether I liked pop music (or not) (indirect)
Để chuyển một câu trực tiếp đối với dạng câu hỏi Yes/No question sang gián tiếp, ta thực hiện biến đổi tất cả các thành phần được nêu trong phần statement Chỉ ngoại trừ: ta không đổi said to thành told mà ta đổi said to thành asked.
Cuc said to Nam, “Am I beautiful today?” (direct) Cuc asked Nam if / whether she was beautiful that day (or not) (indirect)
cấu trúc sau:
S + asked + (O) + wh-question word + S + V(lùi thì) + (O)….
She said to Nam, “What is the name of your school?” (direct) She asked Nam what the name of his school was (indirect)
He said to me, “When does your school vacation start? (direct)
He asked me when my school vacation started (indirect)She said to Minh, “How old are you?”
She asked Minh how old he was
Aunt Thanh said to Hoa, “Where is Ba?”
Aunt Thanh asked Hoa where Ba was
Teacher said to students, “What are you going to do this summer?”
Teacher asked students what they were going to do that summer
Trang 11Practical exercise Change direct into indirect.
1) Maryam said, “Lan takes me to Hoang Kiem Lake.”
2) Lan said to Maryam, “Are you really impressed by the beauty of Hanoi City?
3) Lan said to Maryam, “We will keep in touch.”
4) Lan said toMaryam, “It all depends on my parents.”
5) Maryam asked Lan, “Would you like to come and visit me next summer?”
6) Lan said, “I would walk past the mosque on my way to primary school.”
7) Lan said, “I enjoy the peaceful atmosphere while Maryam is praying.”
8) Lan asked Maryam, “Is it very different from Hanoi?”
9) Nam said to her, “How many regions is Malaysia divided into?”
10) Yoko said to Paul, “What do you like in Vietnam?”
11) Paul said, “I love the temples and churches in Vietnam.”
12) Maryam said, “I live in Kuala Lumpur.”
13) Maryam said to Lan, “Have you been to Kuala Lumpur?”
14) Paul said to Jane, “Why do you love the people, food and the beaches in Vietnam?”15) Jane said to Paul, “What is the national language in Malaysia?”
16) Laura said to Yoko, “How many languages are spoken in Malaysia?”
17) Yoko said, “There are four languages: Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil.”
18) I said to Mary, “Why do the majority of Vietnamese women prefer to wear modern clothing at work these days?”
19)Mary said to me, “What have fashion designers done to modernize the ao dai?”
20) Nga said to me, “Why do you wear these clothes?”
21) Reporter said to girls, “What is your favorite type of clothing?
22) Paola said to Lan, “What is your name?”
23) Paola said to Lan, “Where do you come from?”
24) Paola said to Lan, “Do you live with your parents?”
25) Paola said to Lan, “When did you begin studying English?”
26) Paola said to Lan, “Why are you learning English?”
27) Paola said to Lan, “Do you speak any other languages?”
28) Paola said to Lan, “How did you learn English in your country?”
29) Paola said to Lan, “What are you going to learn?”
30) Paola said to Lan, “What are your hobbies?”
31) Paola said to Lan, “What aspect of learning do you find most difficult?”
32) Paola said to me, “What questions did she ask you?”
33) Paola said to me, “Did you pass?”
34) She said to me, “You must practice listening to English tapes.”
35) She said to me, “How will you use English in the future?”
36) Hoa said to Ba, “What do you wish?”
37) Nam said to Lan, “Where do you buy maize?”
38) Van said to Mr Robinson, “Who will feed chickens?”
39) Parker said to Van, “You will learn a lot about life on a farm.”
40) Mr Parker said, “I grow corn on my farm.”
41) Van said to Maryam, “Where is your home village?”
42) Van said to Maryam, “What do people do for a living in your village?”
43) Van said to Maryam, “Does your village have a river?”
Trang 12UNIT 5: THE MEDIA
1 Tag questions (Câu hỏi đuôi)
Đây là những từ ngắn thêm vào trong câu để hỏi sự đồng ý hay sự xác nhận
Sau câu khẳng định ta dùng nghi vấn phủ định
Affirmative sentence + Negative tag → Affirmative answer expected
Mary is here, You like tea, They have left,
isn’t she?
don’t you?
haven’t they?
→ Yes, she is
→ Yes, I do
→ Yes, they have
Sau câu phủ định ta dùng nghi vấn khẳng định
Mary isn’t here, You don’t like tea,
They haven’t left,
is she?
do you?
have they?
→ No, she isn’t
→ No, I don’t
→ No, they haven’t
Các trường hợp bất quy tắc:
Chủ ngữ I
I’m late, aren’t I?
Let’s có câu hói đuôi là shall.
Let’s go, shall we?
Chú ý: chủ từ của câu hỏi đuôi luôn luôn là một đại từ và viết tắc cho đuôi phủ định.
It được dùng thay cho các từ: this, that, everything, nothing Còn they dùng cho các từ: everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody
Các ví dụ cho các thì đối với câu hỏi đuôi:
She doesn’t like music, does she?
Music is very interesting, isn’t it?
They are playing sports, aren’t they?
Lan isn’t watching TV, is she?
Lan and Mai bought a new hat yesterday, didn’t they?
Students have just finished their home works, haven’t they?
Hoa will go to Hanoi tomorrow, won’t she?
Practical exercise Add the question tags to the sentences below.
1) People use the Internet for many purposes, ………
2) Internet is not only time-consuming and costly but also dangerous, ………
3) Internet users sometimes suffer various risks such as spam or junk mails, …………
4) I cannot easily get access to the internet, ………
5) This isn’t a good occasion for me to explore the net, ………
6) You don’t know which website is useful for you, ………
7) Nobody can deny the benefits of the internet in our life, ………
8) The internet is available only in cities, ………
9) The internet is a very fast and convenient way for us to get information, ………
10) The internet is a wonderful invention of modern life, ………
11) You don’t like foreign film, ………