Câu bị động đợc sử dụng nhằm để nhấn mạnh vào hành động của tân ngữ chứ không nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động.. Trong trờng hợp nếu có 2 tân ngữ 1 trực tiếp, 1 gi
Trang 1a- theory
S + Verb + ed +………
Verb(c2)
Nó dùng để diễn đạt 1 hành động đã xảy ra dứt điểm trong quá khứ, không liên quan gì tới hiện tại
Thời gian hành động trong câu là rất rõ ràng, nó thờng dùng với một số phó từ
chỉ thời gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, ago, last + thời gian nh:
Last night/ month/ week vv
L
u ý : Nếu thời gian trong câu là không rõ ràng thì phải dùng present perfect.
Ví dụ:
John went to Spain last year
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday
Maria did her homework last night
Mark washed the dishes after dinner
We drove to grocery store this afternoon
George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night
- Dùng để diễn đạt 1 hành động đã xảy ra trong 1 quá khứ kéo dài và chấm dứt ở hiện tại Thời gian trong câu hoàn toàn không xác định
- Chỉ 1 hành động xảy ra nhiều lần trong quá khứ kéo dài tới hiện tại
- Dùng với 2 giới từ for và since + thời gian.
- Dùng với already trong câu khẳng định, already có thể đứng sau have nhng nó
cũng có thể đứng cuối câu
have Subject + + (already) + pp has
Ví dụ:
We have already written our reports
I have already read the entire book
Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment
- Dùng với yet trong câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn phủ định, yet thờng xuyên
đứng ở cuối câu, công thức sau:
have
Subject + not + PP + (yet)
has
Ví dụ:
John hasn’t written his report yet
The president hasn’t decided what to do yet
We haven’t called on our teacher yet
3- V-ing( Gerund)
Trang 2- Bảng sau là 1 số các động từ đòi hỏi tân ngữ sau nó là 1 Ving theo mẫu câu sau:
Enjoy doing something (thích thú khi làm điều gì)
Like Love Enjoy Dislike
Hate Stop Remember Finish
Avoid (tránh) Suggest(đề nghị) Delay (hoản) Prevent(ngăn cản)
Các động từ đứng đằng sau giới từ
- Tất cả các động từ đứng đằng sau giới từ đều phải ở dạng Ving
verb
adj + preposition + Ving
noun
Tính từ + giới từ + Ving (bảng sau)
accustomed to
intent on afraid ofinterested in capable ofsuccessful in fond oftired of
Ví dụ:
Mitch is afraid of getting married now
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends
Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year
Craig is fond of dancing
We are interested in seeing this film
4- wish
Động từ ở mệnh đề 2 sẽ chia ở simple past Động từ to be phải chia làm were ở
tất cả các ngôi
Subject + wish + Subject* + verb in simple past
Ví dụ:
I wish I had enough time to finish my homework ( I don’t have enough time.)
We wish he were old enough to come with us ( He is not old enough.)
They wish they didn’t have to go to class today ( They have to go to class.)
Câu bị động đợc sử dụng nhằm để nhấn mạnh vào hành động của tân ngữ chứ không nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động
Ph
ơng pháp chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động.
- Đa tân ngữ của câu chủ động lên làm chủ ngữ Trong trờng hợp nếu có 2 tân ngữ ( 1 trực tiếp, 1 gián tiếp), muốn nhấn mạnh vào tân ngữ nào thì ng ời ta đa nó lên làm chủ ngữ ( nhng thòng là tân ngữ gián tiếp làm chủ ngữ)
Ví dụ:
I gave him a book
hay I gave a book to him
Trong câu này book là tân ngữ trực tiếp, him là tân ngữ gián tiếp, ta đổi:
He was given a book by me
- Thời của động từ ở câu bị động phải tuân theo thời của động từ ở câu chủ động
Trang 3- Đặt by + tân ngữ mới đằng sau tất cả các tân ngữ khác.
- to be made, to be made of đợc làm bằng - chỉ một vật đợc làm bằng 1 thứ nguyên vật liệu
This table is made of wood
- to be made from: đợc làm bằng - chỉ một vật đợc làm bằng 2 thứ nguyên vật liệu trở lên
- to be made out of: đợc làm bằng ( dùng cho thực phẩm)
This cake is made out of flour, egg, butter and sugar
- Mọi biến đổi về thời và thể đều nhằm vào động từ to be, còn phân từ 2 giữ nguyên (xem các công thức dới đây.)
Simple present hay simple past am
is are
+ [verb in past participle]
was were
Chủ động : Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year
Subject present complement
Bị động : A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year
singular subject be past participle
Chủ động : The tornado destroyed thirty houses
Subject past complement
Bi động : Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado
plural subject be past participle
present progressive hay Past
progressive am
is are
+ being + [verb in past participle]
was were
Chủ động : The committee is considering several new proposals
Subject present progressive complement
Bị động : Several new proposals are being considered by the committee
plural subject auxiliary be past participle
Chủ động : The committee was considering several new proposals
Subject past progressive complement
Bị động : Several new proposals were being considered by the committee
plural subject auxiliary be past participle
present perfect has
have + been + [verb in past participle]
Trang 4Chủ động: The company has ordered some new equipment.
subject present perfect complement
Bị động : Some new equipment has been ordered by the company
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
Chủ động : The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began
subject past perfect complement
Bị động : Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
Động từ khiếm khuyết (modal)
modal + be + [ verb in past participle]
Chủ động : The manager should sign these contracts today
Subject modal + verb complement
Bị động : These contracts should be signed by the manager today
Subject modal be past participle
modal + perfect
modal + have + been + [ verb in past participle]
Chủ động: Somebody should have called the president this morning
Subject modal + perfect complement
Bị động : The president should have been called this morning
Subject modal have be past participle
Khi sử dụng loại câu hỏi này nên nhớ rằng nó không nhằm mục đích đê hỏi mà nhằm để khẳng định lại ý kiến của bản thân mình đã biết
- Câu chia làm 2 thành phần tách biệt nhau bởi dấu phẩy
- Nếu động từ ở phần chính ở thể khẳng định thì ở phần đuôi là phủ định và ngợc lại
- Động từ to be đợc dùng trực tiếp, các động từ thờng dùng trợ động từ to do, các
động từ ở thời kép: future, perfect, progressive dùng với chính trợ động từ của
thời đó
- Các thành ngữ there is, there are và it is dùng lại ở phần đuôi.
- Động từ to have trong tiếng Anh của ngời Mỹ là động từ thờng do đó nó sẽ dùng với trợ động từ to do.
Ví dụ:
There are only twenty-eight days in February, aren’t there?
It’s raining now, isn’t it? It isn’t raining now, is it?
The boys don’t have class tomorrow, do they?
You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didn’t we?
You won’t be leaving for another hour, will you?
Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, haven’t they?
You have two children, don’t you?
Trang 5(Trong tiếng Anh, thì sẽ dùng haven’t you?)
7-Câu Gián tiếp
1.1 Ph ơng pháp chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
Khi chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp cần phải:
Phá bỏ ngoặc kép, chuyển đổi toàn bộ các đại từ nhân xng theo ngôi chủ ngữ thứ nhất sang đại từ nhân xng ngôi thứ 3
Lùi động từ ở vế thứ 2 xuống 1 cấp so với ở mức ban đầu (lùi về thời)
Chuyển đổi tất cả các đại từ chỉ thị, phó từ chỉ thời gian theo bảng quy định
Bảng đổi động từ
Present perfect (Progressive) Past perfect (Progressive)
Bảng đổi các loại từ khác.
the day before yesterday two days before
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
next + thời gian (week, year ) the following + thời gian (week, year ) last + thời gian (week, year ) the privious + thời gain (week, year )
thời gian + ago thời gian + before/ the privious +thời gian
- Nếu là nói và thuật lại xảy ra trong cùng một ngày thì không cần phải đổi thời gian
Ví dụ:
At breakfast this morning he said “ I will be very busy today”
At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today
Trang 6- Việc điều chỉnh logic tất nhiên là cần thiết nếu lời nói đợc thuật lại sau đó 1 hoặc 2 ngày
Ví dụ:
thứ 2 Jack nói với Tom:
I’m leaving the day after tomorrow (tức là thứ 4 Jack sẽ rời đi)
Nếu Tom thuật lại lời nói của Jack vào ngày hôm sau (tức là thứ 3) thì Tom sẽ nói: Jack said he was leaving tomorrow
Nếu Tom thuật lại lời nói của Jack vào ngày tiếp theo (ngày thứ 4) thì Tom sẽ nói:
Jack said he was leaving today
b- prcatice 1- reported speech
1 "Don't hurt yourselves, boys," she said.
→ She told the boys _
2 She said, "Go upstairs."
→ She told me
3 "Close the door behind you," he told me.
→ He told me
4 "Don't be late," he advised us.
→ He advised us
5 "Stop staring at me," she said.
→ She told him _
6 "Don't be angry with me," he said.
→ He asked her _
7 "Leave me alone," she said.
→ She told me
8 "Don't drink and drive," she warned us.
→ She warned us _
9 "John, stop smoking," she said.
→ She told John _
10."Don't worry about us," they said.
→ They told her
11."Meet me at the cinema." he said.
→ He asked me
12. Ha said to Mai: “ Don’t touch the electric wires”
→ _
13. “Please, don’t tell anyone the news,” Ha said to her sister
→ _
14. “Don’t drive so fast” Ha said to Minh
→ _
15. “Please remove your shoes before entering” Ha said to Hang
→ _
16. “Ba, don’t interrupt me when I’m meditating” Ha said to Ba
→ _
17. “First switch on, then wait for 2 minutes” Ha said to Nhung
→ _
18. “Hanh, take the man to the cells” Ha said to Tung
Trang 7→ _
19. “Don’t forget to write me a letter every week” Ha said to her friend
→ _
20. Ha said: “Don’t make so much noise, Hieu”
→ _
21. Ha said to Mai, “You’re going to post the letter, don’t forget.”
→ _
22. He said, “I don’t know what happened.”
→ _
23. She said, “I went to the doctor yesterday.”
→ _
24. He said, “I have a toothache.”
→ _
25. She said, “I’ll write him a prescription.”
→ _
26. They said, “We’re going to the drugstore.”
→ _
27. He said, “The doctor gave me some pills.”
→ _
28. She said, “I go to the supermarket every day.”
→ _
29. He said, “I have received the envelope.”
→ _
30. They said, “We visited Cannery Row.”
→ _
31 She said, “I bought some bread.”
→ _
32 He said, “I’m turning off the television.”
→ _
33 They said, “We’re driving to Chicago.”
→ _
34 He said he didn’t know what had happened.
→ _
35 She said that she had gone to the doctor yesterday.
→ _
36 He said he had a toothache.
→ _
37 She said she would write him a prescription.
→ _
38 They said they were going to the drugstore.
→ _
39 He said that the doctor had given him some pills.
→ _
40 She said that she went to the supermarket everyday.
→ _
Trang 841 He said he had received the envelope.
→ _
42 They said that they had visited Cannery Row.
→ _
43 She said that she felt very sick.
→ _
44 He said he had bought some popcorn.
→ _
45 They said they were flying to California.
→ _
46 He said he was cutting off the main valve.
→ _
47 “I’m tired,” Trevor said.
→ _
48 “Sorry I wasn’t listening,” Hang said.
→ _
49 “Is this your pencil?” he asked his pupil.
→ _
50 “I’m going to Paris soon,” she said.
→ _
51 “It’s time to start revising (ôn lại) for the exam,” the teacher said.
→ _
52 “The film will be interesting,” I thought.
→ _
53 “I can’t help you because I have too much to do,” she said.
→ _
54 “Anne has bought the tickets.” She said to me.
→ _
55 “It took me three hours to get here because the roads are flooded” he told
me
→ _
56 “I think it’s a crazy (điên dại/ ngu xuẩn) idea It’s won’t work” she said.
→ _
57 The receptionist says “Breakfast is served between 7.00 and 9.00”
2-Tag questions
1 They told me a lie, ………?
2 It can’t be so bad, ………?
3 It was a pity, ………?
4 Jack is joining the club, ………?
5 You mustn’t do that again, ………?
6 You ought not to eat that, ………?
7 They have sold the house, ………?
8 Our team won the prize, ………?
9 You are leaving here tomorrow, ………?
10 You can’t come next week, ………?
Trang 911 You ought to leave now, ………?
12 He should have come home earlier, ………?
13 He daren’t do it, ………?
14 Go and get me some aspirins, ………?
15 We need some more sugar, ………?
16 I may open it, ………?
17 You’d better keep quiet, ………?
18 He used to live near here, ………?
19 Open it for me, ………?
20 Let’s sing it again, ………?
21 He shouldn’t put so much salt in it, ………?
22 Going swimming in the summer is very interesting, ………?
23 Let’s dance together, ………? The party is so wonderful 24 Don’t talk in class, ………? The teacher is explaining the lesson 25 Nobody understands what the lady over there says, ………?
26 The woman seldom writes poems and stories, ………?
27 Nothings makes you bored, ………? You always look happy 28 You have read this article on the website, ………?
3-Passive
1 Our teacher used to bid us talk in class.
→
2 Don’t let other see you.
→
3 Workers were digging a large hole in the ground.
→
4 Before they took exams they had revised their lessons.
→
5 The car knocked a woman down in the street.
→
6 When he came home his father was reading a newspaper.
→
7 Cows were eating grass on the meadow.
→
8 My cousin will meet you at the station.
→
9 She is running her own company.
→
10.Visitors must leave umbrellas and raincoats in the cloakroom.
→
11.My mother used to make us clean the house.
→
12.John hasn’t finished his homework.
→
13.They suggested banning advertisements on TV.
→
14.I will shut the door if you like.
Trang 10→
15.We have just seen a horrible accident.
→
16.What language do people speak in this country?
→
17.At 7 p.m., Mrs Smith was making cakes.
→
18.He isn’t going to buy that house.
→
19.When I was 18 years old, my parents allowed me to go out in the evening.
→
20.This terrorist has kept 3 hostages for a week.
→
4- TRANSFORMATION SENTENCES
1 He gave me a book for my birthday
I
2 Your house is bigger than mine
My house
3 The question was so difficult that we can’t answer it
The question was too
4 He did his homework , then he went to bed
After
5 Jane doesn’t speak English as well as Peter
Peter
6 What a pity! I broke the the vase
I wish
7 It rains heavily so I can’t come on time
If
8 Mary is one of the most smart pupil in my class Do you know her?
Do you know
9 Mary can’t speak English so fluently as her sister can
Mary wishes
10 DaLat is one of a famous landcapes in Vietnam.I spent my holiday there
I spent
11 It was very late They didn’t go to the party
It was too
12 The manager asked me to come to his office
The manager said
13 Tom said that he was a student
Tom said
14 The boy asked me what time it was
The boy asked
15 She asked me if I had seen the film
She asked
16 He asked me where he could find her in that town
He said
17 She asked me not to be late
She said to me
18 She gave me a book last night
A book
19 The train couldn’t run because of the snow
The snow
20 The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it