- Neáu hai caâu ñaõ cho coù cuøng chuû töø vaø sau ñoäng töø “WANT” coù tuùc töø thì ta laáy tuùc töø laøm chuû töø cho meänh ñeà chæ muïch ñích vaø chæ duøng so that/ in order that maø [r]
Trang 1(SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ)
I Singular subject: (Chủ từ số ít)
1
Indefinite pronouns: (đại từ bất định)
- anybody (anyone), anything, nobody (no one), nothing,
everybody (everyone), everything
- Something is under the armchair.
- Everyone wants to go home early.
2
Uncount nouns: Các chất rắn, chất lỏng, chất khí, danh
từ trừu tượng …
- water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, …
- ice, butter, bread, cheese, meat, gold, glass, …
- steam, smoke, air, oxygen, smog, nitrogen, …
- rice, chalk, dust, flour, grass, salt, sand, sugar, …
- happiness, pollution, love, health, patience, …
- work, homework, advice, information, time, …
Water is very necessary for our life.
3
Subjects, sports, languages, natural phenomena,
nations, diseases: (Môn học, thể thao, ngôn ngữ, các
hiện tượng tư nhiên, tên các quốc gia, bệnh)
- mathematics, linguistics, statistics, physics, …
- swimming, gymnastics, athletics, tennis, football,
- Chinese, English, Spanish, German, …
- weather, fog, snow, sunlight, smog, lightning, …
- Mathematics is a basic tool.
- Many people take up gymnastics because it is good exercise.
- English is an international language to master
- The fog was very thick.
4
Số đo lường, lượng tiền, thời gian:
- Ten years, three dollars, …
- Ten kilometres is a long distance
to walk.
- Two million dollars is a large sum of money.
5 Who/ what làm chủ ngữ : - Who uses English? - What has happened to you?
6 That “Wh-” + Clause làm chủ ngữ: + Clause làm chủ ngữ :
- That he is naughty makes his father sad
- What he says is unreliable.
7
Some determiners: (Một số định từ )
- Each, each of, every, one of, …
- A little, little, much, a great deal of, a large amount of…
- Either , Neither,
- Each student has a pencil.
- There is a little wine in the bottle.
- They gave a great deal of thought
to their future job.
- Neither of the students is well
Trang 2- The horse and carriage : xe ngựa
Trang 3II Plural subject: (Chủ từ số nhiều)
1
The + adj:
- The rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind,
- The British, the Vietnamese, the Japanese, ……
- The poor need our help.
- The Vietnamese are very brave.
2 Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều:- police, cattle, clothes, belongings, wares, - The police are looking for the missing child.
3 Some determiners: (một số định từ)- both, many, a few, few, a number of, several, a great
many, a good many, the majority…
- A few books are on the table.
- A number of students in Binh Phu high school study very well.
III Types of subject and verb agreement: ( Các dạng hoà hợp giữa chủ từ và động từ)
Not only ……… but also ……… + V ………
(Động từ chia dựa vào chủ từ gần nhất đối với động từ)
- Either I or John is going to do the housework.
- Not only the boy but also his friends like to play football.
Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc: (thêm s/es)
- Danh từ kết thúc với: (phụ âm) + y / o , ch, s, x, z, sh
→ thêm: es
- Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc còn lại: → thêm “s”
- potato→ potatoes, study→ studies
- watch→ watches, fox→ foxes
- pupil→ pupils, display→
Danh từ số nhiều và số ít không thay đổi:
sheep : con cừu, deer: con nai, fish: con cá (fishes: các
loài cá), series: loạt, tập truyện nhiều kỳ, offspring:
(chim, thú) con
- tooth → teeth, goose → geese
- man → men, woman → women
- bacterium → bacteria
- radius → radii (=radiuses)
Trang 4- Thói quen ở hiện
- She usually listens to music when she is stressed.
- Hành động nốitiếp S Future + when + S Present - They will send me a postcard when they
arrive in Paris.
- Nhấn mạnh hành
động sau when S Future + when + Pr Perfect
- We will go when we have done our homework.
- Hành động sẽ làmcho đến khi hànhđộng sau xảy ra
S Future + until + S Present - We will wait until he
comes.
- Nhấn mạnh mệnh
đề với until đã
hoàn tất
S Future + until + Pr Perfect - I will come and see
you as soon as I’ve finished my work.
he graduates from high school.
- Nhấn mạnh sựhoàn tất của mệnh
đề với as soon as
- Thói quen S Present + after + Pr Perfect - He often brushes his
teeth after he has had lunch.
time
- Hđ hoàn tất trước
1 hđ khác trongtương lai
Future Perfect + by the time + S.
Present
- I will have cooked dinner by the time he comes.
Trang 5II Past: (Quá khứ )
T
- Hđ hoàn tất trước
hđ khác P Perfect + when + S Past
- When I arrived, John had gone away ( I didn’t see John)
- Hđ nối tiếp
- Thói quen trongquá khứ
S Past + when + S Past When I arrived,
John went away (John was angry with me, so he went away when he saw me)
- She spent much money when she was young.
- Hành động dài,hành động ngắn Past Cont + when + S Past - They were having lunch when he
S Past + until + S Past - He read the book
until he was tired.
- Nhấn mạnh
mệnh đề với until
đã hoàn tất
S past + until + P Perfect - We went on
working until we finished the job
- nhấn mạnh sựhoàn tất của mệnh
đề với as soon as
S past + as soon as + P Perfect - A stranger walked
into his room as soon as he had gone out.
5 after - Hđ trước, hđ sau S Past + after + P Perfect - He left after he had written the
report.
by the time
- Hđ sau, hđ trước P Perfect + before + S Past - The man had
already finished the work before he came home.
Trang 6(ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ- MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH TỪ)
I General rule: (Nguyên tắc chung)
1 Who:
We meet the man He is a professor
We meet the man who is a professor
S
2 Whom:
She talked to the boy We met him in the zoo
She talked to the boy whom we met in the zoo
3 which:
a He shouted at the dog It barked loudly
He shouted at the dog which barked loudly.
S
b The dog barked loudly He called it
The dog which he called barked loudly.
O
4 Whose + N: thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his / her / their )
a The teacher was angry The students didn’t pay attention to his lesson
The teacher whose lesson the students didn’t pay attention to was angry
O
b Do you know the woman? Her son has lost
Do you know the woman whose son has lost?
S
5 That: thay thế cho: Who, whom, which … (that không thể theo sau dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ)
The girl won the championship She was really talented
The girl that (= who) was really talented won the championship
6 Where: thay thế cho trạng từ (here/ there) hoặc cụm giới từ chỉ nơi chốn.
(where = in which/ at which)
a) This is the town I was born in the town.
(Adv of place) This is the town in which I was born
or: This is the town where I was born.
b) Do you know the village? He lived there
Do you know the village where he lived?
Lưu ý: Trường hợp dưới đây phải dùng “which”
Ex: This is the town I like it best This is the town which I like best.
7 When: thay thế cho cụm danh từ chỉ thời gian hoặc “then” (when = at which/ on which)
National day is the day Our nation was completely liberated on that day
National day is the day when our nation was completely liberated.
8 Why : thay thế cho cụm từ “ for the reason/ for this reason / for that reason”
Does he know the reason? He left for that reason
Does he know the reason why he left?
9 It’s …… that/ who + clause: chính … (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh)
Possessive
adjective WHOSE WHOSE/ OF WHICH
THA T
Trang 7a) Peter must clean the window
It’s Peter who/ that must clean the window.
b) Your dog bit the old man
It was your dog that bit the old man (không được dùng which trong trường hợp này)
c) They were captured because he was incompetent
It was because he was incompetent that they were captured.
Tuyệt đối không được phép dùng WHICH trong hình thức nhấn mạnh
(SO SÁNH TRONG TIẾNG ANH)
1 Tính từ ngắn và tính từ dài :
a) Tính từ ngắn :
- tính từ đơn âm: long , short, big, hot, fat
- tính từ có hai âm kết thúc là: -er, -ple, -ow, -iet , phụ âm + - y.
Ex: happy, clever, simple, narrow, quiet, …
b) Tính từ dài : là tính từ có hai âm trở lên (careful, dangerous …)
2 Types : (loại)
Equal
(bằng)
S1 + V + as + adj / adv + as + S2 + aux
S1 + negative V + as/ so + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux
Comparative
(hơn)
S1 + V + more + adj / adv(dài) + than + S2 + aux
S1 + V + adj / adv(ngắn) + er + than + S2 + aux
Superlative
(nhất)
S + V + the most + adj / adv(dài)
S + V + the + adj / adv (ngắn) +est
Ex: She is as beautiful as her mother (is)
She isn’t so/as careful as her mother (is)
He drives more carefully than his friend (does)
3 Special : (đặc biệt)
Less + adj / adv + than : ít hơn
Ex: This book is less expensive than that one
4 Double comparison : (So sánh kép) (…Càng … càng …)
a)
The more + adj + S + V,
(dài) the more + adj + S + V (dài)
as + adj / adv + as ….
as + much (N) as …
as + many ( N) as …
Ex: She swims twice as fast as I (do)
He earns half as much as his wife (does)
Trang 8c) More and more + adj (dài) : càng nhiều
Adj (ngắn) + er and adj (ngắn) + er : càng …
Ex: Life in the city is more and more stressful
They work harder and harder
5 Tính từ bất qui tắc:
TT Trạng từ bấtTính từ/
quy tắc
SOSÁNHHƠN
SO SÁNH
5 far fartherfurther farthestfurthest Xa (k cách) Hơn (t tin)
6 old olderelder oldesteldest Lớn (chung) Lớn (anh, chị)Ex: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung
(DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG)
I General rule : (Công thức chung)
S + V + O (Active)
(BE : chia theo thì của câu chủ động)
Ex: - She usually takes my car
→ My car is usually taken by her
- He has sent his son to another school
→ His son has been sent to another school
II Active Passive : (Chủ động sang bị động)
can/ could + be + V 3/ed
may/ might (nguyên mẫu)
must
S BE V3ED BY O ( Passive )
Trang 9used to (nguyên mẫu)
9 have + sb + V Inf. + sth have + sth + V3/ed + +(by +sb)
10
get + sb + to + V Inf. + sth
ask
tell
get + sth + V3/ed + + (by sb)
(chỉ được dùng get)
sb + be + bought + sth
lent shown12
shown
13 seehear + O + Ving
smell
seenS+ be + heard + Ving smelt
14 seehear + O + V Inf.
believe : tin rằng
report : thông báo
rumour : đồn đại
assume : thừa nhận
Trang 10 It + be +
said thought believed reported rumoured assumed
+ to + V Inf. (hai hành động tương đồng/ xảy ra sau)
hoặc: to + have + V 3/ed (hành động 2 xảy ra trước)
Ex: - People say that he is lazy → It is said he is lazy
→ He is said to be lazy
- They think that Peter died → It is thought that Peter died
→ Peter is thought to have died
III Causative form: (Dạng cầu khiến)
1 S + have + sb + V Inf. + sth : nhờ ai làm gì
S + have + sth + V 3/ed … (by + O):
Ex: She has me carry the luggage → she has her luggage carried
2 S + get + sb + to + V Inf. : nhờ ai … làm gì
S + get + sth + V 3/ed … (by + O) :
Ex: They got us to wash the floor → They got the floor washed
IV Need / Want:
S (vật) + need + Ving : cần được
want
Ex: The house needs fixing/ to be fixed.
The paint wanted painting
(CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT)
I Statement: (Câu phát biểu (thuộc dạng câu khẳng định và phủ định)
SAID
Ex: - He said, “I like football.”
→ He said that he liked to play football
- “Tom will fly to Paris next week,” said Miss Hoa
→ Miss Hoa said that Tom would fly to Paris the following week
Trang 11II Commands or Requests: (Câu yêu cầu (thuộc dạng mệnh lệnh hoặc yêu cầu))
S
TOLDASKEDBEGGEDORDEREDURGEDADVISED
O
to + V Inf.
not + to + V Inf Ex: She said to him, “Come in, please” → She told him to come in
“Don’t make noise, Tom” said the mother → The mother asked Tom not to make noise
III Questions: (Dạng câu hỏi)
S WONDEREDASKED + OWANTED TO KNOW
“Where do you live?” asked the foreigner → The foreigner asked me where I lived
IV Các dạng khác:
1 Let’s + VInf. … // Why don’t we + VInf …// What about + Ving … → S + suggested + Ving …
Ex: He said, “Let’s have a drink.” → He suggested having a drink
Timmy said, “ Why don’t we go on a picnic” → Timmy suggested going on a picnic
2 Why don’t you + VInf. …?// S + should + V1 … → S + advised + O + to + Vinf.
Ex: She said to him, “ Why don’t you go to the doctor?” → She advised him to go to the doctor
Lưu ý :
1 Converting tenses and adverbs of time, place: (Biến đổi thì, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn)
- V1 (s/es) → V2 /ed
- V2/ed → had + V3/ed
- has/ have + V3/ed → had + V3/ed
- am/ is/ are + Ving → was / were + Ving
- can → could + V Inf.
- will → would + V Inf.
- may → might + V Inf.
- must → (must) / have to
- have to → had to
- had + V3/ed → had + V3/ed
- yesterday → the previous day/
the day before
- last night → the previous night / the night before
- two years ago → two years before
- today → that day
- tonight → that night
- tomorrow → the following day/ the day after/
the next day
- next year → the following year
- this → the year after
- these → those
- here → there
- now → then
2 Các trường hợp không đổi thì:
a) Khi động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai.
Ex: My mother says to me, “You are my little pet.”
→ My mother tells me that I am her little pet
Trang 12b) Câu trưc tiếp diễn đạt một chân lý hoặc sự thật hiển nhiên.
Ex: Galileo said, “ The earth goes around the sun.”
→ Galileo said (that) the earth goes around the sun
c) Thì quá khứ đơn đã rõ thời gian.
Ex: Tom said to me, “ My grandfather died in 1990.”
→ Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990
d) Câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 và cấu trúc “used to”.
Ex: “ If I had much money, I would travel around the world.” Said the boy
→ The boy said if he had much money he would travel around the world
(DANH ĐỘNG TỪ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU)
I Động từ đi với gerund: (V-ing)
admit : thừa nhận, chấp nhận
* allow : cho phép
anticipate : liệu trước
* advise : khuyên
appreciate : đánh giá cao
be worth : đáng (được)
can’t help : không thể tránh
complete : hoàn thành
consider : xem xét, cân nhắc
dislike / detest : không thích
involve : bao gồm, liên quankeep : giữ
mention : đề cập miss : bỏ lởnot mind : không ngại
* permit : cho phéppostpone : trì hoãnpractise : luyện tậpresent : phật ý, oánrecollect : hồi tưởngrisk : liều lĩnh
* recommend : khuyên bảospend : dùng, trãi quasuggest : gợi ý, đề nghị
* teach : dạytolerate : chịu đựng, tha thứunderstand : hiểu
Lưu y ù: Những động từ có dấu *, theo sau nó ta có thể dùng V-ing/ To- infinitive (Tùy theo tình
huống).
Ex: She admitted stealing his money
This job involves meeting people
Do you enjoy going to the beach?