Chapter 3 - Modes of Transportation

Motor carriers vận tải đường bộ• Tính thuận tiện cao • Thời gian trung chuyển nhanh hơn so với đường sắt và đường thủy • Kích cỡ phương tiện nhỏ hợp với chiến lược tồn kho thấp và đáp ứn

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

DO NGOC HIEN TRAN QUOC CONG

Industrial Systems Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering Faculty

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology - VNU

CHAPTER 3

Main Passenger Modal Options

Scheduled

Charter

Car Taxi Van/Bus Motorcycle Bicycle Walking

Intercity HSR Transit

Subway Commuter LRT Monorail

Ferry

Cruise

RoRo High Speed

Main Freight Modal Options

Package

Heavy

Freighter

Bellyhold

Less than truckload (LTL)

Truckload (TL) Dry van Tank Flatbet Curtainside Reefer Hopper Open top Chassis

Carload

Intermodal

Boxcar Tank car Flat car Reefer Hopper Gondola

TOFC Domestic

Container

Tow

Tank barge Deck barge

Hopper barge

Oil Gas Water

Load of the Global Transport System by Mode

tons-km

$796 billion

Maritime 6,758 million tons

(loaded) 6,787 million tons (unloaded)

44,474 billion tons-km $484 billion

Performance Comparison for Selected Freight Modes

100 Tons / 4 to 5.3 TEU 3,500 Bushels

30,240 Gallons

10,000 Tons / 400 to 530 TEU 350,000 Bushels

3,024,000 Gallons

26 Tons / 2.65 TEU

910 Bushels 7,865 Gallons 9,000 for a tanker truck

57.7 (865 for 15 barges

in tow)

18 to 40 (intermodal) 2.0 (intermodal) to 3.8

100 car intermodal train

Comparison of the Relative Efficiencies of Rail and Trucking

(in the United States)

Consumption

Infrastructure Capacity

per gallon

216 million tons per mainline per year

2.7 cents per ton-mile

0.61 fatalities per billion ton-miles; 12.4 incidents per billion ton-miles

per gallon

37.8 million tons per lane per year

5.0 cents per ton-mile

1.45 fatalities per billion ton-miles; 36.4 incidents per billion ton-miles

Modal Profile of Freight Transportation, United States

No weight restrictions 3 days for cross country

On-time performance between truck and rail

Average haul between 700 and 1,500 miles

Air High Small Most loads less

Bulk shipments Varies according to segment

Competitive with rail

Between 250 and 1,600 miles

More than 2,600 miles

Pipeline Low Bulk shipment of liquids

and gazes

According to demand 0 to 20 mph

825 miles average distance for crude oil

Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs

Freight Transport Costs in Cents per Ton-Mile

0,070,25

Forms of Modal Competition

Mode Infrastructure / Route Market Area

Modal Competition and Complementarity

Not significant Long distance

Short distance

Four Travel Options between New York and Boston,

2004

Modal Split in the EU, United States and Japan, 2005

Road

Modal Share of Freight Transportation, Selected Countries, 2008

Pipelines Road Rail

Modal Split in the United States by Passenger Travel

30 minutes walking

1 day driving

Motor carriers (vận tải đường bộ)

• Tính thuận tiện cao

• Thời gian trung chuyển nhanh hơn so với đường sắt và đường thủy

• Kích cỡ phương tiện nhỏ hợp với chiến lược tồn kho thấp và đáp ứng nhanh

• Độ tin cậy bị tác động lớn bởi thời tiết

• Chi phí cao hơn so với đường sắt và thủy

Quy trình vận tải

hàng hóa đường bộ

Types of Carriers

• (Full) Truckload carriers (TL)

• Provide service to shippers who tender sufficient volume to meet the minimum weights required for a truckload shipment and truckload rate or who will pay the difference

• Less-than-truckload carriers (LTL)

• Consolidate the numerous smaller shipments into truckload quantities

• “Hub-and-spoke” system

Types of Vehicles

• Line-haul vehicles

• City straight trucks

(City vehicles/ Straight trucks)

• Within a city to provide

pickup and delivery service

Line-haul vehicles

vs City Straight Truck

Special vehicles (1)

Special vehicles (2)

through the top

Special vehicles (3)

used extensively to haul steel

Special vehicles (4)

Special vehicles (5)

terminals for the movement of freight.

• The carrier uses the shipper’s plant for loading and the consignee’s plant for unloading

• Typically, TL terminals normally provide dispatching, fuel, and maintenance services.

• Terminals are designed primarily to accommodate drivers and equipment, but not

freight

• Heavy LTL carriers use terminals for loading or consolidation.

• Some of the large LTL carriers, such as Yellow/Roadway, have more than 500 terminals.

• A driver will leave a terminal to make deliveries throughout the country but will always return to his or her domicile (the terminal that the driver originally left).

• The terminals used by motor carriers:

• Pickup and delivery terminals (PUD)

• Break-bulk terminals

• Relay terminals

Pickup and delivery terminals (PUD) (1)

( satellite or end-of-the-line (EOL) terminals)

an LTL hub-and-spoke system.

• Serves a local area and provides

direct contact with both shippers

and receivers.

provided at this terminal is the

pickup and/or delivery of freight

on peddle runs

Pickup and delivery terminals (PUD) (2)

• out of the PUD terminal for the purpose of

• collecting freight for outbound moves

• or delivering freight from inbound moves

• Stem time

• when the driver leaves the terminal until the driver makes the first pickup or delivery

• when the driver makes the last pickup or delivery until returning to the terminal

• nonrevenue-producing time locate PUD terminals in such a way that this producing travel time is minimized

nonrevenue-• Peddle time

• the time during which the driver is actively involved in the pickup and delivery of freight

• revenue-producing time

Terminal Peddle Run

Break-bulk terminals

destinations from the PUD terminals is combined in a single trailer for movement to the delivering PUD terminal.

break-bulk facility.

Relay terminals

that is imposed on drivers.

Example:

• Assume that the driving time is 15 hours between origin and destination

• After 11 hours of driving , the driver goes off duty for 10 consecutive hours

• Upon resuming duty, the driver drives 5 hours to the destination

• With the relay terminal:

• Another driver takes over and drives the vehicle to the destination

 Reduces the transit time by 10 hours

Total elapsed time

= (11 + 10 + 5)

= 26 hours

Terminal Management Decisions (1)

• Number of terminals

• small terminal vs long peddle

+ Utilize only 1 terminal

- Long & expensive stem times for peddle runs

- Terminal must be large

Terminal Management Decisions (2)

Cost Structure

The Interstate Highway System

Length of the Interstate Highway System and of the Chinese Expressway System, 1959-2014 (in km)

,0 20000,0

Modal Shares of U.S.-NAFTA-Partner Merchandise

Trade by Value and Weight, 2000

Railroads (đường sắt) (1)

phẩm, nhiều hơn so với bất kỳ các

phương thức khác.

• Số lượng nhà vận tải rất ít; dường như

1 nhà vận tải có thể phục vụ bất kỳ vị trí nào của khách hàng.

nhau với mục đích cuối cùng là nhà vận

tải cho 1 châu lục.

Railroads (đường sắt) (2)

Trạm-đến-Trạm (dock-to-dock) không bị đứt quãng;

một cải thiện nổi bật trong các hệ thống hiện hành.

dài với số lượng lớn (chi phí cố định cao,

đường sở hữu).

• Thời gian trung chuyển là không đồng

nhất nhưng thường dài.

Railroads (đường sắt) (3)

• Tính tinh cậy và độ an toàn đang cải thiện và

nhìn chung là tốt

piggyback và container hóa hàng hóa.

-Intermodal Marketing Company (IMC)

Geographical Settings of Rail Lines

Economic Rationale of Rail Transportation

Market Area Longest service area for inland transport (average length of 1,300 km)

Service both the passengers and freight markets

Intermodal integration favored market segmentation and specialization

Capacity A wagon can carry 50 to 100 tons of freight

Economies of scale (unit trains and doublestacking)

Costs High construction and maintenance costs

High operating costs: labor (60%), locomotives (16%) and fuel & equipment (24%)

Shipping costs decrease with distance and load

Transshipments and train assembly increase costs

Benefits Accelerated industrialization

Support agricultural and energy supply systems

Intermodal connecting with international trade

Regulation Conventionally highly dependent from government subsidies

Governments financing, mainly for the sake of national economic imperatives.From regulation to deregulation

Private ownership and operations

Length of the Main Rail Gauge

Systems, 2008 (in km)

678288,0 154956,0

99762,0 96030,0 70810,0 16654,0

Major Gauges of the Global Rail Systems, 2008

The North American Intermodal Rail Transport System

Major North American Rail Corridors Improved since 2000

Composition of the North American Intermodal Rail Fleet

Domestic Water Carriers

(vận tải đường thủy nội địa)

hữu đường; dễ dàng vào và ra.

với giá trị hàng hóa thấp, các sản phẩm thường là gỗ, nông nghiệp, hay nguyên liệu thô.

chuyển dài

• Tính thuận tiện thấp nhưng năng lực vận tải cao

International Water Carriers

(vận tải đường thủy quốc tế) (1)

International Water Carriers

(vận tải đường thủy quốc tế) (2)

International Water Carriers

(vận tải đường thủy quốc tế) (3)

dạng lỏng

và tầm quan trọng

18,000TEUs.

International Water Carriers

(vận tải đường thủy quốc tế) (4)

• Tàu RO-RO (Roll on-Roll off)

hàng và lên hàng là các dạng thang dốc

để xe lên xuống

International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods,

1955-2015

00 01 01 02 02 03

Domains of Maritime Circulation

Main Maritime Shipping Routes

The Scales of Analysis of Maritime Transportation

Terminal Port Port Cluster / Region / Hinterland Short Sea / Feeder Services Maritime Range

Deep Sea Services

Global Maritime Transport System

The Concept of Maritime Range

HINTERLAND FORELAND

National Boundary

Port Customer

EEZ

Types of Maritime Routes

Port-to-Port

Point to point services

Empty backhauls

Common for bulk freight

Shipping service moving back and forth between two maritime ranges (seaboards)

Balancing the number of port calls and the frequency of services

Can rely on transshipment hubs between ranges

Largest Ships by Category

Containership

MSC Oscar (2015) LOA: 394 m

Beam: 59 mDraft: 16 mTEU: 19,224

Ultra Large

Crude Carrier

LOA: 380 mBeam: 68 mDraft: 24.5 mDWT: 442,000 t

TI Europe (2003)

MS Ore Brazil (2011)

Bulk Carrier

LOA: 362 mBeam: 65 mDraft: 23 mDWT: 402,000 t

Cruise Ship

Oasis of the Seas (2009) LOA: 362 m

Beam: 60.5 mDraft: 9.3 mPassengers: 5,400

World’s Largest Maritime Container Shipping Operators,

2015

World’s Largest Maritime Container Shipping Operators,

2015

APM-Maersk

MSC CMA CGM Group

Evergreen Line

Hapag-Lloyd

COSCO Container L.

CSCL Hamburg Süd Group

Hanjin Shipping

OOCL MOL APL Yang Ming Marine

NYK Line

UASC Hyundai M.M.

K Line PIL (Pacific Int Line)

Zim Wan Hai Lines

TEU Owned TEU Chartered

Main Alliances in Container Maritime Shipping

2M (2015) Maersk, Mediterranean Shipping Co (MSC) 7.711 M TEU

Ocean 3 (2015) CMA-CGM, China Shipping Container Lines

(CSCL), United Arab Shipping Company (UASC)

2.997 M TEU

CKYHE (2014) China Overseas Shipping Co (COSCO),

K-line, Yang Ming Line, Hanjin, Evergreen

3.348 M TEU

G6 (2012) American President Lines (APL), Hapag

Lloyd, Hyundai Merchant Marine, Mitsui (MOL), Nippon (NYK), OOCL

3.513 M TEU

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index and Container Port Throughput

Three Major Pendulum Routes Serviced by OOCL, 2006

AMAX Round-the-World Route, 2005-2007

Global Maritime Piracy, 2008-2009

250x32x12.5

(LOA – Beam – Draft)

20 10

6

6 9 17 5 9 15 6 8 5 6 13

10 8

6 4

300x40x13 290x32x12.5

24 bays

The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2015 (in TEUs)

,0 2000,0

R “Regina” Class (6,000 TEU)

S “Sovereign” Class (8,000 TEU)

E “Emma” Class (12,500 TEU)

“Triple E” Class (18,000 TEU)

C10 Class (4,500 TEU)

The Disadvantages of Scale in Maritime Shipping

Port of call issues

• Less ports able to accommodate larger ships.

• Pressures for expensive port infrastructure improvements.

• Lower frequency; Risks to schedule reliability.

Terminal operations

• Higher throughput; Equipment and yard management issues.

• Gate access and hinterland connections.

• Security and custom inspection issues.

Supply chain constraints

• Lead time issues.

• Higher inventory levels.

• Cargo risks (insurance).

Potential Impacts of Larger Containerships on Maritime Transport Systems

Shipping Network

• Cascading of ship assets; Less port of call options;

Changes in the frequency of services; Increase in transshipment.

Air Carriers (vận tải đường không) (1)

đường không.

• Thời gian trung chuyển là nhanh nhất trong các loại phương tiện

nhưng giá lại cao nhất.

Air Carriers (vận tải đường không) (2)

• Lợi nhuận trung bình trên ton-mile

cao hơn 18 lần so với đường sắt; hai

lần so với đường bộ.

• Vận chuyển hàng hóa có tỉ lệ giá trị

cao so với trọng lượng.

thấp

thời tiết hơn các phương tiện khác.

Air Carriers (vận tải đường không) (3)

Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New

York and London, 1946-2015 (in 2012 dollars)

Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2015

Main Air Transport Service Ranges (From New York)

Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks

Hub

Hub Before Deregulation

After Deregulation

Largest Airlines by Revenue, 2013 (in $millions)

,0 5000,0 10000,0 15000,0 20000,0 25000,0 30000,0 35000,0 40000,0 45000,0 American Airlines Group

Lufthansa Group United-Continental Holdings

Delta Air Lines Air France-KLM FedEx Express

IAG Emirates Group Southwest Airlines

Qantas China Southern Airlines

Air China ANA China Eastern Airlines LATAM Airlines Japan Airlines Cathay Pacific Singapore Airlines Group

Air Canada Korean Air

Pipelines (đường ống) (1)

hay gas tự nhiên.

tổng hợp

chuyển quặng ở dạng bán lỏng nhưng

thực tế chỉ 1 ít sử dụng vận chuyển than dạng bùn, và không thành công trong áp dụng

Pipelines (đường ống) (2)

chi phí biến đổi thấp

trường hợp đường sắt

• Lợi thế lớn nhất là giá thấp (chi

phí biến đổi)

Pipelines (đường ống) (3)

Pipelines (đường ống) (4)

Đánh giá vận hành các phương thức vận tải

-Intermodal Transportation

(vận tải đa phương thức) (1)

• Sử dụng hai hay nhiều phương thức vận tải cộng tác trong việc di chuyển hàng hóa với một giá nhất định

Intermodal Transportation (vận tải đa phương thức) (2)

tải không thích tham gia

một loại phương tiện và điều này

muốn thay đổi rất khó khăn

rail/water, motor/water,

rail/motor, và motor/air.

Intermodal Transportation (vận tải đa phương thức) (3)

Intermodal Transportation

(vận tải đa phương thức) (4)

Piggyback

sắt trong di chuyển đường dài

ứng

Intermodal Transportation

(vận tải đa phương thức) (5)

RoadRailers

• Xe mooc được vận chuyển trên xe lửa không kèm đầu xe

liệu

Intermodalism and Transmodalism

Major Steps in Intermodal Integration

Pallets (1930s)

TOFC (1950s) Containerization (1956) Standardization (size and latching) (1965) Transatlantic (1966); Containerships (1968)

Intermodal rail crane (1985)

Integrated Transport Systems:

From Fragmentation to Coordination

Factor Cause Consequence

Technology Containerization & IT Modal and intermodal innovations;

Tracking shipments and managing fleets

Capital investments Returns on investments Highs costs and long amortization;

Improve utilization to lessen capital costs

Alliances and M & A Deregulation Easier contractual agreements; joint

ownership

Commodity chains Globalization Coordination of transportation and

production (integrated demand)

Networks Consolidation and

interconnection

Economies of scale, efficiency and control

The Benefits of Containerization

• Lower freight rates

• Lower storage costs

• Lower packing and packaging costs

• Faster inventory turnover

Inventory Costs

• Time reliability

• Higher frequency

Service Level