Lưu ý 1 : Động từ ở mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc phải ở dạng điều kiện không thể thực hiện được nhưng điều kiện ấy ở thời nào lại phụ thuộc vào chính thời gian của bản thân mệnh đề chứ khô[r]
Trang 1Conditional sentences 1.Type I (The real present or future conditional senntence)
Form
If Clause
Simple present
Main clause
Simple future (Will/ shall/ can + bare- inf)
If + S +V (simple present)+ S + Will/ shall/ can + bare- inf
Eg :If you don’t study, you won’t pass your exam / If my headache disappears,we can play tennis
Usage: Điều kiện này dùng để diễn tả một sự việc có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai.
Notes :Mệnh đề chính : Thay cho Simple future ta có thể dùng : may/ might/can /must /should/ had better +bare inf, hay Imperative form khi muốn thể hiện sự yêu cầu, đề nghị , cho phép
Present simple khi chỉ một điều kiện có thực
Mệnh đề phụ :Thay cho Present tense ta có thể sử dụng Present continuous , present perfect
Eg :If you are right, I’m wrong
If you see him tomorrow, tell him that I want to see him
2.Type II (Present unreal condition sentences)
Form:
If clause
Simple past
Main clause
Present Conditional (would/should +bare inf)
If +S +V (simple past) +S + Would /Could /Might + bare inf Usage: Chỉ những sự việc trái với sự thực ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai
Ex: -If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
-If she didn t speak ’ so quickly , I could understand her.
-If could go out to night If didn t have’ to study
-If I were rich, I would travel around the would.
-She would tell, you about it if she were here
-If today were Sarturday , I could goto the beach.
* “Would be doing” thay thế cho “Would do” ở mệnh đề chính
Eg: If I were on holiday in Doson, I would be lying in the sun now
*”Past continuous ” có thể thay thế cho “past simple” ở mệnh đề điều kiện
Eg: If my car were working, I could drive you to the station
-Chú ý : Động từ Be ta dùng Were với tất cả các ngôi ,trong văn nói có thể dùng was với ( I, He , She , It)
3.Type III : Past unreal conditional sentence
Form:
If clause
Past perfect
Main clause
Perfect conditional (would, should, )+ have + PII
If +S + V (past perfect)+ S +Would /Could /Might + Have + Past Participle
Use : Điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ để diễn tả những tình huống trái với thực tế trong quá khứ
Ex : -If I hadn’t lost my way , I would have arrived sooner.
-Ann would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer
-If I had known that you were there , I would have writen you letter
4 Câu điều kiện loại 0 (Zero conditional sentences)
+Câu điều kiện loại 0 diễn đạt những giả thiết luôn đúng ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ
+Trong cả 2 mệnh đề động từ dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn (hiện tại) hoặc quá khứ đơn( quá khứ)
Eg -If you cook water, it boils at 100 C
-If you heat ice ,it turns to water
-If anyone interrupts him, he gets angry
-If you didn’t know any English, why did you off er to give him English lessons?
Trang 2-If you knew the mushrooms were poisonous, Why did you still eat it?
5.Câu điều kiện phức hợp
a.If +had done, would do/would be doing
Eg : -If I had worked harder school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office ,I wouldn’t be sweeping the streets -The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed If I had caught that plane, I would be dead now
b.IF +quá khứ đơn giản ,Would have done
Eg: -If I were as intelligent as you ,I would have passed the entrance examination last year
-If my son were as well-qualified as yours ,he would have applied for the job
6 Notes : 1> Có thể dùng phép đảo ngữ nếu có should, were và had
+If bị lợc bỏ
+Should , were, had thờng đợc dùng ở đầu câu điều kiện đảo ngữ
Ex: -If they were stronger, they could lift the table.
-> Were they stronger, they could lift the table.
-If the had studied hard ,he would have passed his exam
-> Had studied hard ,he would have passed his exam
-If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house
->Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
-If there is a delay, there will be an announcement
-> Is there a delay, there will be an announcement
->Should there be a delay, there will be an announcement
2> Mệnh đề điều kiện có thể đứng trớc hoặc sau mệnh đề chính.
I ’ ll go out if it doesn’t rain tonight
3> Would have been doing có thể dùng thay thế cho would have done ở mệnh đề chính” “ ”
Eg : At the time of the accident I was sitting in the back of the car because Tom’s little boy was sitting beside him
in front.If Tom’s boy hadn’t been there I would have been sitting in front
4 > Had been doing có thể dùng thay thế cho had done ở mệnh đề điều kiện” “ “
Eg: -I was wearing a seatbelt If I hadn’t been wearing one, I’d been seriously injured
5 >Trong mệnh đề điều kiện, ta có thể thay liên từ If bằng Unless (nếu không,trừ phi) “ ” “ ”
Unless t
“ ” ơng đơng với If not“ ”
Ex: -If you don’t study hard, you’ll fail in the exam
->Unless you study hard, you’ll fail in the exam
-If she doesn’t water these trees, they will die
->Unless she water these trees, they will die
6 > Khi ta đổi một câu điều kiện với từ nối IF sang UNLESS , nhớ l“ ” “ ” u ý trờng hợp mệnh đề IF ở“ ”
thể khẳng định không đợc đổi sang thể phủ định khi dùng Unless mà phải đổi mệnh đề chính sang thể ngợc lại
Ex: -If I have time, I’ll help you
-> Unless I have time, I won’t help you
-If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster
->Unless we had more rain, our crops wouldn’t grow faster
-If I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor
->Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor
Ta có thể rút gọn công thức sau:
IF - clause >unless
Thể phủ định -> khẳng định (mệnh đề chính không đổi)
Thể khẳng định ->khẳng định (đổi động từ trong mệnh chính sang thể ngợc lại)
Trang 37 > Provided / providing (that), On condition (that), as long as , so long as ( miễn là ,với điều kiện là), Suppose, supposing (giả sử nh) ,In case (ở trong trờng hợp), Even if / though (ngay cả khi, dù cho), assuming , imagine , có thể dùng thay cho if trong câu điêu kiện,
Ex: In case I forget, please remind me of my promise
- 8 > AS if và as though
Chỉ hành động có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại
Subject +Verb (present) +As if /As though +Subject +verb (present)
Ex: -Do you hear that music next door ? It sounds As if they are having a party.
Chỉ hành động hay sự kiện không có thật ở hiện tại
Subject +Verb (present) +As if /As though +Subject +verb (past)
Ex: -Ann walks as if she studied modeling
-He acts as though he were rich
* Chỉ hành động hay sự kiện không có thật ở qúa khứ
Ex
-Barbara looked as if she had seen a ghost
-Jonh looked as though he had run ten miles.
9> Mệnh đề điều kiện đợc thay thế bằng BUT FOR, without/thank to +cụm danh từ
Eg: -If the salary were not high ,the job wouldn’t be worth doing
=-But for the high salary, the job wouldn’t be worth doing
=-If it weren’t for the high salary , the job wouldn’t be worth doing
-If the weather hadn’t been so bad , we would have enjoyed the journey
=-But for the bad weather ,we would have enjoyed the journey
=-If hadn’t been for the bad weather ,we would have enjoyed the journey
-If I hadn’t lent us the money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house
=- Without his money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house
=- Thank to his money, we were able to buy the house
10 > Câu điều kiện có Otherwise/ Or/ Or else (Nếu không thì)
Eg: -Give me the money or/ or else I’ll kill you
=- If you don’t give me the money,I’ll kill you
-You should come back before 10.00 pm Otherwise, you’ll be locked outside
=If you don’t come back before 10.00 pm You’ll be locked outside
-I used my father’s car I would have been late, otherwise
=-If I hadn’t used my father’s car I would have been late
11 > Câu điều kiện có Should/ will ở mệnh đề điều kiện
Eg: -If you should see Ann ,could you ask her to ring me
-If you will wait here, I’ll see if Mr Smith is free
-If you will stay out (=insist on staying out) late, you will get tired
12 Các truờng hợp khác :
- S + V ( HT, MLT, QK, AUX, TL ) in case/ lest/ for fear that , S + V ( HT, Should, Aux + V )
-what if = what will/ would happen if S + V : What if you go to school late? / haven’t done your home work ?
- even if/ even though S + V , S + V ( unreal situation )
-in case of + N = If there í / are N…
+ Supposition contrary to a future fact: ( một giả thuyết tráI với một sự thực trong tuơng lai)
WERE + infinitive
If he were to start tomorrow, he would reach home in the evening.
13 Notes : Cỏch sử dụng Hope và Wish.
Subject +Verb (past) +As if /As though +Subject +verb (past perfect)
Trang 4Hai động từ này tuy cùng nghĩa nhưng khác nhau về cách sử dụng và ngữ pháp Hope dùng để diễn đạt một hành động hoặc tình huống có thể sẽ xảy ra hoặc có thể đã xảy ra, còn wish dùng để diễn đạt một điều chắc chắn sẽ không xảy ra hoặc chắc chắn đã không xảy ra Thời của mệnh đề sau hope (hi vọng rằng) có thể là bất kỳ thời nào Thời của mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc không được ở thời hiện tại
We hope that they will come (We don’t know if they are coming or not)
We wish that they could come (We know they can’t come)
We hope that he came there yesterday (We don’t know if he came there or not.)
We wish that he had come there yesterday (He didn’t come)
1 Wish ở tương lai:
That là tuỳ chọn (có hoặc không có) Hai chủ ngữ (S) có thể giống nhau hoặc khác nhau.
We wish that you could come to the party tonight (We known you can't come)
2 Wish ở hiện tại
S + wish + (that) + S + simple past tense
Động từ ở mệnh đề sau wish sẽ chia ở Simple past, to be phải chia là were ở tất cả các ngôi.
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.
3 Wish ở quá khứ
Động từ ở mệnh đề wish sẽ chia ở Past perfect hoặc could have + P2.
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.
She wishes that she could have been there.
Lưu ý 1: Động từ ở mệnh đề sau wish bắt buộc phải ở dạng điều kiện không thể thực hiện được nhưng điều
kiện ấy ở thời nào lại phụ thuộc vào chính thời gian của bản thân mệnh đề chứ không phụ thuộc vào thời của wish.
She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past)
He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future)
The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standing now (Present).
Lưu ý 2: Cần phân biệt wish (ước gì/ mong gì) với wish mang nghĩa "chúc" trong mẫu câu: to wish sb smt
I wish you a happy birthday.
Lưu ý 3: và phân biệt với wish mang nghĩa "muốn":
wish to do smt (Muốn làm gì)
Why do you wish to see the manager
I wish to make a complaint.
To wish smb to do smt (Muốn ai làm gì)
The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign university.
Trang 54 Cách sử dụng as if, as though (cứ như là, như thể là)
Mệnh đề đằng sau hai thành ngữ này luôn ở dạng điều kiện không thể thực hiện được Có hai trường hợp:
4.1 Ở thời hiện tại:
Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề trước chia ở thời hiện tại đơn giản thì động từ ở mệnh đề sau chia ở quá khứ đơn
giản To be phải chia là were ở tất cả các ngôi
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (Bà cụ ăn mặc cứ như bây giờ là
mùa đông)
(It is not winter now)
He acts as though he were rich (Anh ta cứ làm như thể là anh ta giàu có lắm)
(He is not rich infact)
He talks as if he knew everything in the world
4.2 Thời quá khứ:
Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề trước chia ở quá khứ đơn giản thì động từ ở mệnh đề sau chia ở quá khứ hoàn thành
Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost (Trông Jeff như thể anh ta vừa gặp ma)
(He didn't see a ghost)
She talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề sau as if, as though không phải lúc nào cũng tuân theo qui luật trên Trong một số trường
hợp, nếu điều kiện trong câu là có thật hoặc theo quan niệm của người nói, người viết là có thật thì hai công thức trên không được sử dụng Động từ ở mệnh đề sau chúng diễn biến bình thường theo mối quan hệ với động từ ở mệnh đề chính.
He looks as if he has finished the test
5 Future subjunctive
A future subjunctive can be constructed using the conjugated form of the verb "to be" plus the infinitive or with the usage of the modal auxiliary verb "should" Note that the "were" clauses result in the present conditional, while the "should" clauses result in the future indicative.
Eg: If I were to die tomorrow, then you would inherit my house.
If you were to give money to me, I would tell you the truth.
If I should go, then you clean the house.
If he should fall, who will carry the flag in his place
Trang 6ExerciseS
I Choose the best answer in each sentence below by circling it
1 If he machine stops/ will stop, you press /will press this button
2 I can’t understand what he sees in her ! If anyone treats/will treat me like that, I am/will be/would be extremely
angry !
3 If you help me/helped me with this exercise, I will do/would do the same for you one day
4 According to the timetable, if the train leaves/left on time, we will/would arrive at 5.30
5 If it is/will be fine tomorrow, we go/will go to the coast.
6 If we find/found a taxi, we will get/would get there before the play starts.
7.It’s quite simple really If you take/will take/took these tablets every day, then you lose/will lose/would lose weight.
8 I don’t like this flat I think I am/ I will/I d be’ happier if live/will live/would live/lived in a house in the country.
9 I don’t know how to play baseball, but I’m sure that if I will/do/did, I play/will play/would play/played a lot better
than anyone in this awful team !
10 If I phone/will phone/phoned you tonight, are you/will you be/would you be in ?
11 Why didn’t you tell me ? If you told/had told me, I had/would have helped you.
12 If Bill didn t steal/hadn t stolen’ ’ the car, he wasn t/wouldn t be/hadn t been’ ’ ’ in prison now
13 If Ann wasn t driving/didn t drive/hadn t driven’ ’ ’ so fast, her car didn t crash/wouldn t have crashed ’ ’ into a tree
14 Let me give you some advice If you smoke/would smoke/had smoked less, you didn t feel, wouldn t have felt’ ’ so tired
15 What a bad luck ! If Alan didn t fall/hadn t fallen/wouldn t fall’ ’ ’ over, he won/would win/would have won the race.
16 If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/had been able/would have been able to come.
17 I’m sure your letter hasn’t come yet If it came/had come I’m sure I noticed/had noticed/ would have noticed it.
18 We have a suggestion to make How do you feel/would you feel if we offered/would offer/had offered you the job of
assistant manager ?
19 If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/ had paid you back next week.
20 Terry never catches any thing when he goes fishing And if he catches/caught/had caught a fish, he throws, would throw/would have thrown it back !
II Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense.
1 I’ve hung out the clothes It’s lovely and sunny, If it (stay) ……… like this, they (be)……… dry in two hours
2 He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything If he (look) ……… Strong, he (be)
expected to dig all day like everyone else
………
3 When he left school, he became a fisherman His family didn’t like it at all They (be) ……… Much happier if
he (become) ……… greengrocer like his father
4 They still say that if he (go) ………… in to the greengrocery business when he left school , he (be) ……… comfortably off now instead of being poor
5 But he says that if he (have) ………… his life again, he (make) ……… the same choice
6 Jack rang while you were out ~ Of dear ! If I (know) ……… the was going to ring , I (stay) ……… at home
7 What (happen) ……… if I (press) ……… this button ?
8 If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which (you/choose)………
9 The flight may be cancelled unless the fog (lift) ………
10 Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) ……… mad
11 If the story hadn’t been true, the newspaper (not print) ………
12 The job is much worse than I expected If I (realize) … how awful it was going to be, I (not accept) ……… or not
13 I overslept, that’s why I’m half an hour late; and if my phone (not ring) … at nine o’clock, I (be) ……still in bed
14 It was the drug, not the disease, that killed him He (still/be) ……… alive today if he (not take) …… that drug
Trang 715 Most people (attend) ……… the union meeting this morning if they have ……… longer notice of it
16 He says he refused the job, but that this was nothing to do with the salary He (refuse) … Even if they (offer)
him twice as much
…………
17 Now we’re lost ! If you ……… (write down) Mary’s directions, this ……… (not happen)
18 Why don’t we emigrate ? If we ………… (live) in Australia, at least the weather ……… (be) better !
19 I’m afraid that Smith is hardened criminal If we … (not punish) him this time, he … ( only commit) more crimes
20 Thanks to Dr Jones, I’m still alive ! If it ……… ( not be) for her, I ……… (be) dead for certain !
21 I’m sorry I can’t lend you any money You know that if I ……… (have) it, I ……… (lend) it to you
22 Don’t be afraid If you ………… (touch) the dog, it ……… (not bite)
23 In those days, if you ……… (have) a job, you ………… (be) lucky
24 It’s always the same ! If I … (decide) to leave the office early, my boss ……… (call) me after I’ve left
25 What a terrible thing to happen ! Just think, if we …… (not miss) the plane, we …… (kill) in the crash
27 Did you enjoy your meal ? If you ……… (finish) eating, I ………… (clear a way) the plates
28 Tell him to bring his bicycle in If he ……… (leave) it outside, someone ……… (steal) it
29 Why didn’t you phone ? If I ……… (know) you were coming, I ……… (meet) you at the airport
30 It a pity you missed the party If you ………… (come), you ……… (meet) my friends from Hungary
31 If we ……… (have) some tools, we ………… (be) able to repair the car, but we haven’t got any with us
32 Thank you for your help If you ……… (not help) me, I ……… (not pass) the examination
33 It’s a beautiful house, and I ……… (buy) it if I ……… (have) the money, but I can’t afford it
34 I can’t imagine what I ……… (do) with the money if I ……… (win) the football pools or a lottery
35 Mark isn’t a serious athlete If he ……… (train) harder, he ……… (be) quite a food runner
36 If Claire ……… ( listen) to her mother, she ……… (not marry) David in the first place
37 It rained every day on our holiday If we ( not take) the television with us, we ………… ( not have) anything to do
38 Jim is so untidy ! If he ……… (buy) some new clothes , he ………… ( not look) so bad !
39 - How did you do in the car rally ?
- We came in last actually, just because we got lost If we ……… (not get) lost, we ……… (come) in somewhere in the middle, we ……… (not come) in last
40 I wasn’t surprised that we got lost because I knew the navigator couldn’t map-read
- If you ……… (know) he couldn’t map-read , why ……… (you/take) him as a navigator ?
III Rewrite the sentences with the meaning unchanged:
1 I’m sure she won’t understand unless you explain
the situation to her
If
2 He won’t complain unless I’m late
If
3 I won’t telephone you unless I find your passport
If
4 Listen to your parents or you will fail your exams
If
5 Go away or I’ll send for a police
If
6 Ring me up, or I’ll be late for the meeting
If
7 We must leave now, or we’ll miss the plane
If
8 You must read it carefully, or you won’t understand anything
If
9 You should put all the money in the bank
If
10 She doesn’t have a degree so she doesn’t get a job easily
If
11 You don’t paint the wall white It doesn’t look brighter
If
12 He is so late so we go without him
If
Trang 813 That book is too expensive, so I’m not going to buy
it
If
14 I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can’t meet
you
If
15 It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch in the garden
If
16 She ate 4 ice cream She felt ill
If………
…
18.She knew English so she was able to find a job
If………
…
19 He didn’t learn hard so he failed the exam
If………
…
20 He got up late, so he missed the train
If………
…
21 The lesson was difficult for me to understand
If………
…
22 It wasn’t nice yesterday We couldn’t go camping If………
…
23 She didn’t take any exercises She was fat
If………
… 24.He didn’t have driving licence He wasn’t allowed
to drive
If………
………
/