How to compare 2 sound systems

Chapter 2 how to compare two sound systemS content 1. Introduction 2. Problem Analysis 3. Problem Analysis: Stress and Rhythm 4. Problem Analysis: Intonation 1.1 Phoneme  Phoneme, in linguistics, smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another, as the element p in “tap”, which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.” 1.2 Phonemes are not letters A letter of the alphabet may represent a phoneme A phoneme is never a letter It is a unit of sound Phonemes are units of sound that exist in all the languages we know, whether or not they have ever been written

How to compare 2 sound systems

Group 1

Vu Phuong Thao Nguyen Anh Thu Nguyen Thi Hong Lien

Main contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Phoneme

•  Phoneme, in linguistics, smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another,

• as the element p in “tap,” which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.”

1.2 Phonemes are not letters

- It is a unit of sound

⇒ Phonemes are units of sound that exist in all the languages we know, whether or not they have ever been written

• 1.3 Phonemic versus non-phonemic differences

Phonemic differences Non-phonemic/ non- significant differences

- Constantly used to distinguish words - Never used to distinguish words

- Represented by phonemes - Represented by the difference b/w the exploded or unexploded,

aspirated

-Change the words - Remain the same words

- A relatively small number of phonemic

distinctions

- Hundreds or thousands of non-phonemic differences

1.4 A sound system

A system of habits

Great strength of the system

- The use of the sound system of a language operates as a system of automatic and semi-automatic habits

⇒It is extremely difficult to change anything in that system

⇒There is a strong force binding the units-the phonemes- of any language in their complex of contrasts

1.5 Transfer of native sound system

Production distortions Perception blind spots

• Production distortions:

- the pronunciation of a German speaker learning English is quite different from that of a Spanish speaker learning English

- the distortions in the English pronunciation of a German speaker will bear great similarity to the distortions of other German speakers

• Perception blind spots:

- Phonemic differences in the foreign language will be consistently missed if there is no similar phonemic difference in the

native language

1.6 Comparison of sound systems and applications

- A means of predicting and describing the pronunciation problems of the speakers of a given language learning another

- The results obtained from the process of comparing 2 sound systems are great practical use for the preparation of

textbooks, tests, evaluation of materials, diagnosis of student problems

Learning of such phonemes occurs by simple transfer

without difficulty

similarly distributed

physically similar to the native language

structure similarly

Learning of these occurs more slowly, and difficulty with them is

more persistent

differently distributed

not part of the sound system

of the native language

structure differently

2 Problem Analysis: Sound Segments

2.1 In learning the sound system of a foreign language

2.2 Analysis of sound systems

- The object here is to find or prepare a linguistic analysis of the sound system of the language to be learned and a similar description of the language of the learner

- The descriptions should include segmental phonemes and phonemes of stress, intonation, and juncture or transition

- They should include relevant data on the phonetic features of the phonemes and their variants and on their distribution

- These data constitute what is generally called the phonology of a language

2.3 Comparison of units

- Take up each phoneme separately in comparing the sound systems of L1 and L2

- The comparison of each phoneme includes 3 checks

(3) Are the phonemes and their variants similarly distributed?

2.4 Location and description of segmental problems

- Experience and experiments also show that the learner will have trouble hearing as well as producing the new phoneme

- E.g: there are some sounds that exist in English but not in Vietnamese and vice versa, such as

- Even in learning the same foreign language, each linguistic background will have a different set of phonemes

representing problems for that group of speaker

A) The first check: the comparison of the phonemes as units, can be achieved quickly if we have a phonemic chart for each of the two languages, the

native and the foreign

-)Both charts should be based on the same criteria of classification: points of articulation horizontally with front of vocal apparatus to the left of the page; air stream variations vertically, with complete interruption at the top of the page, decreasing to the bottom.

B) The second check: If the native language has a similar phoneme, is the phonetic shape of its variants similar also?

Eg: English «th» has 2 variants /θ/ or/ð/, but only one phonese in Vietnamese

C) The third check: Is the phoneme similarly distributed?

- Again we know from experience that even when the native language has a similar phoneme and the variants are similar, if it does not occur in the same position as in the native language, the student will have trouble producing and hearing it in the position in which it does occur in the foreign language