week 6 adjectives

xh528, ctu, lesson, miss Hong

∗ Definition

∗ Classification

∗ Position of Adjective in a sentence

∗ Adjective Order before Nouns

∗ Adjective Equivalents

∗ Formation

∗ Compound Adjectives

∗ Comparison of Adjective

- Identification

- Comparative Degree

- Superlative Degree

- Irregular Comparison

- Double Comparison

I Definition : Adjectives are words used to describe Nouns, Pronouns, or Noun-equivalents.

EX: beautiful girls, handsome men, naughty boys

red pencils and blue ones

Your walking every day

II Classification

2 Descriptive Adjectives: tell something

about the appearance, nature, or

properties of the Nouns.

big, small, round, square, old, young, beautiful,

3 Numeral Adjectives

• Cardinal numbers

• Ordinal numbers

one, two, three,

first, second, third,

4 Interrogative Adjectives - Which boy is the tallest in this class?

- Whose hat is this?

- What time is it?

- Which/ What color do you like best?

5 Possessive Adjectives

My, Our,Your, His, Her, Its, Their,One’s

- Where is your hat?

6 Demonstrative Adjectives

THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE - This pen is expensive. - Those people are strange.

7 Indefinite Adjectives

SOME, ANY, NO, LITTLE, FEW, MANY,

MUCH, EACH, EVERY, ALL

- There’s some ice in the fridge.

- All horses are animals but not all animals

are horses.

III Positions of Adjectives in Sentences

1 Generally Before a Noun - He is a clever student.

- We live in an independent country.

2 After TO BE or Linking Verbs - I feel hungry.

- Are you thirsty?

- The baby looks healthy.

- We feel happy.

3 After a Noun

a In a series linked by Conjunctions

- He has a face thin and worn but eager and

resolute.

- He is a writer both witty and wise.

b In a Phrase - She carries a basket full of fruit.

- I want to employ a secretary capable of

translating scientific papers.

- We live in a country dependent of foreign

pressure.

c Denoting measurement and time - The mountain is over 5,000 feet high.

- They have built a tower 10 storeys high.

- I met a man 100 years old.

d As an objective complement - They set the prisoner free.

- His appearance makes me frightened.

e Adjectives begun with ‘a’: asleep,

awake, alike (giống nhau), alive (còn sống), awry (xiên, lệch), alone, afloat (nổi), akin

to (có họ hàng với), → placed after Nouns or TO BE/ LINKING VERBS

- The police wanted to arrest the thief alive.

- Are the children still awake?

f In a few expressions - The Secretary General.(Tổng thư ký)

- Court martial (Tòa án quân sự)

- By all means possible (= mọi cách có thể)

- The sum total (sổ kết toán)

- All the people present (tất cả mọi người hiện diện)

(Alfred Đại đế)

- William the Silent (William người trầm lặng)

- Ivan the Terrible (Ivan kẻ khủng khiếp)

4 After an Indefinite Pronoun - I’ll tell you something important.

- He’ll provide everything necessary.

- There’s nothing new under the sun.

IV Adjective Order before Nouns : “DOC OpSASCOMP”

Article

Demonstrative

Possessive

Indefinite

Numeral ordinal cardinal

Opinion/

Quality Size Age Shape Color Form Origin/ Nationality Material Purpose(Noun/

Verbal)

Noun

a, an, the

this, that,

these,

his, her, my,

some

first second one two

old nice ugly terrible lovely good beautiful

big small/little large tiny, enormous, tall, big, wide, thin , thick

new old young ancient, six- month-old,

antique

round square triangle rectangle, flat, barrel-shaped

black brown red, blue, green

liquid solid French Vietnamese cottonplastic

lead cloth, leather, metal, glass, wooden

sports/

swimming watches

plastic souvenirs

V Adjective Equivalents: Words or groups of words that describe a Noun in the same way

as an Adjective.

Adjective Equivalents Example

Noun river fish(fish living in the river), sea winds(winds from the sea)

He found a broken watch yesterday.

Adverb (with some participle

understood)

the then (reigning) king, the down (going) lift

a mountain covered with snow; a person responsible for his actions

Heaven is the place where no hate (thù hận) and no lust (dục vọng) exist.

VI Formation

Adjectives formed from Nouns

like airy(thoáng khí), foggy, grassy(đầy cỏ), leafy(rậm lá, giống

lá)

N+









−

−

−

EOUS

IOUS

OUS having the quality named bythe base mountainous, dangerous, courageous, mysterious, studious

N + -ANT

-ENT

having the quality of distant, vacant(khuyết, trống), confident, frequent

N + -AL

-IAL

pertaining to, appropriate

to, having the character of

accidental, formal, cultural, colonial, industrial, musical

manner of nature; at intervals of (time)

friendly, childly, motherly, fatherly, manly weekly, hourly, monthly, daily

N + -ARY

-ORY

consisting of, pertaining to

(gắn liền, thuộc về, liên quan), like

congratulatory, honorary, necessary, satisfactory

possessing collegiate(thuộc, lien quan đến cao đẳng), fortunate,

proportionate(cân xứng với)

consisting

golden, silken, wooden, earthen(bằng đất)

N + -AN

-IAN

belonging to, pertaining to African, American, Canadian, Italian

Adjectives formed from other Adjectives

xanh)

Prefix + ADJ Meaning Example

A- + Adj

DIS-

IL-

IM-

IN-

IR-

UN-

disagreeable, disobedient, disloyal illegal, illogical, illegible

immortal, impossible, impolite invisible, inconvenient, independent irregular, irresponsible, irrational uneasy, unlucky, unsuccessful nonexistent, nonexclusive, nonpolitical

cộng)

INTRA- + Adj inside, within intracellular (nội bào), intrastate trong phạm vi 1 tiểu bang),

intraabdominal (trong bụng)

interdepartmental (liên bộ, liên vụ)

TRANS- + Adj across, through transcontinental (xuyên lục địa), transatlantic (vượt đại tây

dương)

chung giữa nam và nữ),

SEMI- + Adj

độc lập), semitropical (cận nhiệt đới),

hemispherical = hemispheric (thuộc/có hình bán cầu)

UNI- + Adj

unicellular (đơn bào), monolingual (đơn ngữ)

(2 lần 1 năm)

VII Compound Adjectives

N +

Adj water-resistant, snow-white

Ving heart-warming (chân tình, ấm lòng), heart-breaking (làm đau lòng)

Ved/3 home-made (làm ở nhà), man-made

N-ed dog-eared (quăn bìa, cuốn góc), lion-hearted (dũng cảm)

Adj +

Adj dark blue, light green

Ving sweet-smelling (thơm), ill-looking (xấu xí), long-standing (lâu đời)

Ved/3 ill-dressed (ăn mặc luộm thuộm), ill-favoured (vô duyên, xấu, có mặt hãm tài), long-lived

(sống lâu), soft-spoken (thỏ thẻ), long-sighted (viễn thị, nhìn xa thấy rộng),

N-ed white-livered (nhát gan), white-lipped (môi tái vì sợ), four-legged (có 4 chân)

Adv + Ving hard-working, hard-hitting (bốp chát), ever-blooming (ra hoa quanh năm),

ever-changing (bấp bênh, luôn thay đổi)

Ved/3 hard-favoured = hard-featured (có nét mặt thô cứng), well-done, heart-hearted (nhẫn

tâm, long dạ sắt đá) miscellaneous (hỗn

hợp) well-to-do (thịnh vượng, giàu có), hard-of-hearing (nghễnh ngãng), up-to-date

I. Identification of Short and Long Adjectives

1. Short Adjectives:

a Monosyllable adjectives long, tall, big, small, cold,

b Two-syllable adjectives ending in -Y, -ER,

-ET, -LE & -OW

pretty, clever, quiet, gentle, narrow

c Two-syllable adjectives stressed on the

second syllable

políte, sevére, profoúnd

2. Long Adjectves:

a Adjectives with two or more syllables selfish, rapid, beautiful, wonderful

II Degrees of Comparison

1 Equal Degree (Comparison of Equality)

AS + ADJ./ADV + AS

- He is as strong as a bull.

- Tom ran as quickly as David (did).

- Your stories are as old as the hills.

- The exercise is as easy as ABC.

- The walls are as white as snow.

NOT + AS/SO +ADJ./ADV +AS - This room is not so/as large as that one.

2 Superior Degree (Comparison of Superiority)

short ADJ./ADV.-ER + THAN - Vietnam is bigger than Cambodia. - The rabbit runs faster than the tortoise.

more + long ADJ./ADV + THAN - Good health is more important than money.

- She drives more carefully than her husband.

3 Inferior Degree (Comparison of Inferiority)

LESS + ADJ/ADV + THAN - The notebook is less thick than the book.

- This car is less expensive than that one.

4 Superlative Degree (Comparison of Superlative )

THE + short ADJ-EST +







)

(

of

place

in - He is the tallest man in the class. - The "Prince" runs the fastest of the five.

(THE) +MOST+ long ADJ/ADV+







)

(

of

place in

- He is the most intelligent of the students.

- He came the earliest of the group.

- She smiles the most gracefully of all the girls

5 Superlative of Inferiority

THE LEAST + ADJ/ADV + in/of - It is said that donkeys are the least intelligent animals.

- She is the least tall of the models.

- He argues the least convincingly.

II. Some rules when adding -ER or -EST to Adjectives/Adverbs

1. If the Adjectives already ending in –E, only add –

R or –ST

large – larger – largest simple – simpler – simplest

2. If an Adjective ending in a Consonant + -Y,

change the –Y to –I before adding –ER or –EST happy – happier – happiest lucky – luckier – luckiest

3. If a one-syllable Adjective ending in 1 Vowel + 1

Consonant, double the final consonant before

adding –ER or –EST

big – bigger – biggest fat – fatter – fattest

4. Irregular Adjectives/Adverbs

good (adj)

old older elder oldest eldest (older in general)

(for members of the same family) little + Nuncount

few + Nplu, count

less fewer

least fewest much + Nuncount

late (adj, adv) later

latter (the 2 nd of the 2)

latest last (the previous one, the final one): last week, the last guest fore (adj, adv) former

(the 1 st of the 2) foremost (adj, adv) (đầu tiên, đứng đầu, trước nhất)

first (adj, adv)

further (addition)

farthest (more distant) furthest (more, more distant)

in (adj, adv) inner inmost = innermost (adj) (tận trong cùng, tận đáy lòng)

out (adj, adv) outer outmost = outermost (adj) (phía ngoài cùng, ngoài xa nhất)

up (adj, adv) upper uppermost (adj) (cao nhất, quan trọng nhất), (adv) (trước hết)

Notes

1 Some Adj can’t be compared. Square, right, perfect, supreme, true, wooden,…

2 Some Adj have Latin comparison Superior to, inferior to, anterior to, prior to, posterior to,

senior to, junior to, major to, minor to

- My friend is junior to me.

- His capacity is inferior to ours.

3 Some Adj are also used as Adv. A further place/We can’t go further.

The fastest car/ He drives fastest.

4 Superior degree is used between 2

items only.

- I have bought two shirts Which one is more beautiful?

NOT: Which one is the most beautiful?

5 When reffering to the first and

second of Two things mentioned,

use “Former/ Latter”.

-He studied French and German The former language he speaks very well, but the latter one only imperfectly.

slightly” to increase or reduce the degree.

• My mother's hair is slightly longer than mine.

• I'm nearly the oldest in the class.

IV Double Comparison

short Adj/ Adv-ER and short Adj/Adv-ER

càng ngày càng, càng lúc càng

- The days are shorter and shorter in winter.

more and more + long Adj/Adv

less and less + long Adj/Adv

- Our lessons become more and more difficult.

- Doris is less and less attentive in class.

The short Adj/Adv-ER + S + V,

The more + long Adj + S + V,

- The more + S + V,

- The less + S + V,

the short Adj-ER + S + V./

the more long Adj + S + V./

the more + S + V./

the less + S + V /

Càng …, càng …

- The higher the sun is, the shorter the shadow is.

- The more he drank, the thirstier he was.

- The harder he tries, the less progress he seems

to make.

- The more he works, the more he earns.

- The less he works, the less he will be paid.

Expressions

- The more the merrier (càng đông càng vui)

- The sooner, the better (càng sớm càng tốt)

- The higher up, the greater fall (trèo cao té đau)

- The least said, the soonest mended

- the highest heads are the most exposed; noblesse oblige (càng cao danh vọng càng dày gian nan)

- As little as possible/As few as possible (càng ít càng tốt)

The less the better/The fewer the better

As infrequently as possible

- More haste, less speed (dục tốc bất đạt)

Expressions

as alike as 2 peas

as alike as peas in a pod

giống nhau như đúc, giống nhau như 2 giọt nước

as bold as an egg/a coot(sư)/a billiard ball đầu trọc lóc như cái sọ dừa/trọc lóc bình vôi

as bold as brass(đồng thao, kèn đồng, sự vô liêm sỉ) trơ tráo như gáo múc dầu, mặt dày mày dạn

as clean as a new pin(đinh/kim/kẹp)/a whistle (tiếng

huýt/còi/hót)

sạch như chùi

as clear as a bell(tiếng chuông)/crystal

as clear as day

as clear as the sun at noonday

as clear as that two and two make four

trong như pha lê

rõ như ban ngày

rõ như 2 với 2 là 4

as dark as coal

as dark as midmight

đen như than tối như mực

as dead as a dodo(chim cưu đã tuyệt chủng)

as dead as a doornail(đinh cửa)/a herring(cá trích)/a

nit(trứng chí/rận)/mutton (thịt cừu)/JuliusCeasar

hết hiệu lực/giá trị chết thật rồi, chết cứng đơ

as deaf as a doornail/an adder(rắn vipe)/a beetle/a

stone/a doorpost

điếc đặc

as drunk as a sow(lợn nái, mọt gỗ, kim loại cứng lại ở

rãnh)

say bí tỉ, say túy lúy

as dry as dust

as dry as a bone

as dry as a chip

tẻ nhạt khô như ngói nhạt như nước ốc

as easy as anything/pie/ABC/falling off a

log/winking(nháy mắt)

dễ như trở bàn tay, quá dễ

quan hoặc chịu ảnh hưởng

as happy as a clam(con trai)(at high tide)

as happy as a sand-boy

sướng rơn rất sung sướng

as keen(sắc bén, chua cay) as mustard (mù tạc, hăng hái) hăng say, hớn hở

as large as life

e.g, There she was as large as life (cô ta đã xuất hiện,

đích thực là cô ta.)

xuất hiện bằng xương bằng thịt, không nhầm lẫn, nghi ngờ

He’ll be at home now, as likely as not (hẳn là bây

giờ nó đang ở nhà.)

as mad as a hatter(người làm/bán mũ; điên cuồng) điên cuồng, rồ dại

as near as a toucher

He was as near as a toucher falling in the stream

(Suýt nữa nó ngã xuống dòng suối.)

suýt nữa, chỉ một ly nữa

as near as dammit

as near as make no difference

It’s going to cost 200 francs or as near as dammit.

(Cái đó giá 200 f hoặc suýt soát thế.)

xê xích, suýt soát

as nutty(hấp dẫn, đậm đà, có mùi vị hạt phỉ) as afruitcake gàn bướng, quái gỡ

as often as not/more often than not

When it’s foggy, the trains are late more often

than not.(Khi trời sương mù, tàu hỏa hay đến chậm lắm.)

luôn luôn, rất hay

as pale as a ghost (xanh như tàu lá chuối)

as pissed(say, xỉn) as a newt(con sa going) say túy lúy, say hết biết gì

as plain as the nose in one’s face

as plain as a pikestaff(cán giáo)

rõ như ban ngày

as pleased as Punch(nhân vật gù lưng, lố bịch trong vở rối

truyền thống Punch and Judy)

rất hài lòng

as pretty as a picture

as pretty as paint

đẹp như tranh đẹp như vẽ

as proud as a cock on his own dunghill(đống phân) chó cậy gần nhà, gà cậy gần chuồng

as proud as a peacock

as proud as Punch

hách như ông nghè, cực kỳ kiêu hãnh dương dương tự đắc

as quick as a lightning

as quich as flash

as quich as thought

nhanh như chớp

as red as a beetroot

as red as a boiled lobster

as red as blood

as red as fire

đỏ như gấc/đỏ như gạch/đỏ như máu/ đỏ như tôm luộc

as regular as a clockwork

as regular as time

đều như cái đồng hồ đang chạy

as rich as Croesus(nhà triệu phú)

as rich as a Jew (người cho vay nặng lãi)

rất giàu, giàu như Thạch Sùng Vương Khải

as snug(ấm, kín gió) as a bug in a rug(chăn, thảm) ấm cúng, đầm ấm

đứng đắn, nghiêm trang, không thiên vị

as soft as silk

as sound as a roach(con gián = cockroach) mạnh như trâu, khỏe mạnh

as stiff (cứng) as a poker(que cời lửa, dùi khắc nung) cứng như gỗ, thẳng đuồn đuộc

as stiff/straight as a ramrod(cái thông nòng súng) (người) đứng rất thẳng

as sure as a gun

as sure as egg is egg

as sure as eggs is eggs

chắc như đinh đóng cột, chắc như 2 với 2 là 4

as ugly as home-made soap

as ugly as sin

xấu như ma

ASSIGNMENT 7 for “ADVERBS” LESSON

1 How many categories of adverbs are there in English? What are they? Give some examples for

each type.

2 What are functions of Adverbs (What parts of speech does an Adverb modify?)? Give One

example for each function.

3 List all possible positions of ADVERB in sentences as you know Give one example for each

position.

4 Compare the positions of ADJECTIVES with those of ADVERBS.

5 How can we Inverse Subject and Verb when putting an Adverb at the beginning of a sentence?

Give the Structure of Inversion and One example for each case.

6 List some Confused Adverbs and Give short explanation to distinguish them.