The big, fat, ugly bear ate the lunch basket.The big, fat, ugly bear = the complete subject Bear = the simple subject We basically have two phrases together in the subject’s position: an
Trang 1The big, fat, ugly bear ate the lunch basket.
The big, fat, ugly bear = the complete subject Bear = the simple subject
We basically have two phrases together in the subject’s position: an adjective phrase and a noun phrase The adjective phrase is underlined, and the noun phrase is bolded However, the complete noun phrase is the same as the complete subject, because all of the adjectives are pointing to
the noun as their leader They describe the bear Although we could
pos-sibly stretch the availability of some constructions in certain positions syn-tactically, at times, some of these are not widely used As a result, many possible constructions will be omitted, or, if a certain phrase acts in a sub-ordinate position to the complete phrase in which it is included, the con-struction most typically used in the same manner will be demonstrated There are many included in these diagrams We will point out the gram-matical peculiarities in addition to other features, which should be taken into account
Noun Phrase as Complement: Subject Complement
Noun Phrase Realized by a Noun
My friend is the baker
Det SC/N
He is my friend
Poss pro SC/N
Noun Phrase Realized by a Verbal
They are the beaten
Det SC/V3 The subservient are whipped
SC/V3
Trang 2Noun Phrase Realized by an Adjective
He is the first
Det SC/adj
They are the last
Det SC/adj
Noun Phrase Realized by an Adverb
The synonym is atrociously
SC/Adv
The adverb is stunningly
SC/Adv
Noun Phrases Realized by Prepositions
This is at the bottom
Det SC/ Prep (N)
Noun Phrases as Complement of Direct Object (DOc)
Noun Phrase Realized by Noun
They appointed him the chief
Det DOc/N
He named him the leader
Det DOc/N
Noun Phrase Realized by Verbal
They killed the worst, the bludgeoned
Det DOc/V3
Trang 3They expelled the men, the disgraced.
Det DOc/V3
Noun Phrase Realized by an Adjective
He thought her beautiful
DOc/adj
He considered it awful
DOc/adj
He called him ugly
DOc/adj
Noun Phrase Realized by Adverb
He termed the approach as cautiously
Det/adv DOc/adv (It was the term/definition he gave to describe the approach.)
He redescribed it as surprisingly
Adv DOc/Adv
Noun Phrase Realized by Preposition
He defined his life as being at the very top
Det/Adv; pres part
Prep + det + adj/adv + prep/n = DOc
This construction seems complicated, but it is very common, especially in speech However, we can view the entire com-plement as an adjectival, one that acts as an adjective when
it is not realized by an adjective, much like the verbal, a form of a verb that functions as an adjective.
NOTE:
Trang 4Noun Phrases as Complement of Indirect Object (IOc)
Noun Phrase Realized by Noun
He gave her, the girl, his coat
Det loc/N
He handed it to her, his friend
Poss pro IOc/N
Noun Phrase Realized by Verbal
I gave respect to her, the dethroned
Det IOc/V3
We gave honor to the men, the fallen
Det IOc/V3
Noun Phrase Realized by Adjective
We give respect to the marines, the bold
Det IOc/Adj
We give a high place to ourselves, the free
Det IOc/Adj
Noun Phrase Realized by Adverb
We looked at the DOc realized by an adverb phrase, but this is highly uncommon as an IOc Usually this construction requires a headword formed from a different part of speech
Noun Phrase Realized by Preposition
He gave his time for/to the underprivileged
Prep + det + N = IOc (Not common = under [prep] + adj = N
Trang 5Up until this point, we have examined how noun phrases can be real-ized by (1) noun, (2) verbal, (3) adjectival, (4) adverbial, and (5) preposi-tional phrases Also, we have seen how they function syntactically as (a) subjects, (b) IOs, (c) DOs, and (d) complements that rename a, b, and c
in a sentence Instead of taking this same approach with verb phrases, I will set forth some of the ways in which the verb phrase may function Here, verbal is usually v3
Noun Phrase Realized by a Verbal
Subject
The best written (paper) will receive the prize
Adv + V3 S
Best is part of the compound subject (two words that form
one; therefore, it is hyphenated , which is very common when
a word does not function as its normal part of speech syntac-tically) Here, the noun that acts as the headword in this phrase is omitted; this omission is termed ellipsis The omit-ted word is shown in parentheses Without the word paper, the underlined word becomes the subject of the sentence.
The well-refined have a presence about them
Adv Adj/Verbal
Adjective
The acclaimed man won the admiration of many
Adj/Verbal
She is a censured woman
Adj/V3
NOTE:
Trang 6He wrote fast-paced
Adv/adv + V3 = Adv
Things went swimmingly
Pres prog verb + ly = adv
Adjective Phrase
Adjective Phrases as Subject
Adjective Phrase Realized by Noun
The Mercedes (car) is well built
S/N-adj (S/N)
The American (man) is strong
S/N-adj (S/N)
A (stucco) house is cheap Or: A house of stucco Adj/N S/N
We cannot write A stucco is cheap So, stucco is the complete adjective phrase that modifies the headword of the noun phrase stucco house Stucco
is a noun, but it functions as an adjective when it precedes another noun
Most often, a noun that functions as an adjective cannot do so unless it is positioned before the noun it describes or immediately thereafter
Sometimes, the two nouns are interchangeable At times, we make it pos-sessive Examples: house frame
The doorknob, the door’s knob (Not: the knobdoor or the knob’s door), the paper shredder, the paper’s shredder, the cement mix, the mix
of cement, the boy wonder, the wonder boy
Trang 7Adjective Phrases Realized by Verbals
A blurted word has consequences
Adj/v3 S
The blurted has consequences
S/v3
Notice how the word changed functions when we took out the noun
word.
Adjective Phrases Realized by Adjectives
Being popular is not a bad thing
Verbal + adj = S
Some adjectives are somewhat active in the sense that a per-son, or a living thing with a will, can change behavior when the adjective is used to describe the noun in question For example: He is being nice She is being courteous.
I would not, on the other hand, write The storm is being
bad The storm has no ability to will or desire itself to
change Therefore, we write The storm is bad.
Being the best is not that important
Verbal Det Adj = S
(Being) Sweet is a wonderful attribute
S/Adj
Sweets will rot one’s teeth
S/Adj + s = plural
NOTE:
Trang 8Some adjectives as nouns are commonly declined in terms of singular and plural This is true in colloquial usage.
Adjective Phrases Realized by Adverbs
The smartly run race is the best
Adj/adv adj/V3 = adj with verbal as headword
The well-behaved child is a blessing
Adv adj/V3 = adj
Adjective Phrase Realized by a Preposition
Under-the-table dealings are not tolerated
Prep det obj = PP
Pp = adj Describing the S/gerund
He is a behind-the-back operator
Prep-det-obj = PP = adj desc SC Adjective Phrases as DO:
Adjective Phrases Realized by Noun N = Adj (compound)
I hate surprise parties
Adj/n DO/n _DO _
I bought a pretty ashtray Adj/N DO/N
It is common to compound a noun and the noun it describes.
N OTE :
THE RE :
NOTE:
Trang 9Adjective Phrases Realized by Verbals
I detest the unreserved stranger
Adj/verbal
If we take out the headword stranger, unreserved can function as the DO.
I use only distilled (water)
Adj/Verbal: Can be DO without water
Adjective Phrases Realized by Adjectives
I took in the old (people)
DO/adj
We help the meek (animals)
DO/adj
Adjective Phrase Realized by Adverb
I caught the furtively thrown (glance)
Adj/adv + V3 or DO/adv + V3
I shunned the previously embraced (ideals)
Adj/adv + V3 or DO/adv + V3
With most of the constructions we have seen involving an Adv + V3, the function can be twofold:
N OTE :
THE RE :
NOTE:
Trang 101 The Adv + V3 without noun = DO (nominal function regardless of syntactic positioning)
2 The Adv + V3 + N = (Adv + V3 = adjectival function)
It is important to notice the function a phrase takes on in its place in the sentence, because the presence of an additional word or the loss
there-of changes meanings and functions, not to mention punctuation in certain structures
Adjective Phrase Realized by Prepositional Phrase
I always assist the down-and-out (people)
Adj/prep + prep or DO/prep + prep
He employs the over and under (style)
Adj/prep + prep or DO/prep + prep
Adjective Phrases as IO
Adjective Phrases Realized by Nouns
I traded John to the ball (team)
Adj/N
I saved some cake for the baseball players
Adj/N
Adjective Phrases Realized by Verbals
The money is also given to the undeserving (population)
IO/verbal or adj/verbal
The manager gave the position to the best-suited (applicant)
IO/verbal or adj/verbal Both examples can be the IO without the inclusion of the final noun