Ngữ pháp 2 ngô quỳnh hoa

Preparatory subject:  Sometimes sentences beginning with it continue with an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause.. old is referred to as a predictive adjective  Functionally, the a

CONTENTS

COURSE OUTLINE

Suggested self- study 90 periods

Cell phone: 0983791306

The subject outline contains important information Please ensure that you read it carefully It is also strongly recommended that you keep this copy of your subject outline for future reference

Course Description: Understanding and utilizing the proper phrases and sentences in writing is often

difficult for students because there is less focus on it The purpose of this course is to focus on the basics of identifying, using with the correct phrases and sentences

Learning Goals: By the end of the course, students will be able to:

- Master their knowledge and understanding of phrases and sentences

- Identify, describe and explain the different phrases and sentences

- Identify, describe and explain the formation, functions and classification of each phrase and sentence

- Use phrases and sentences properly in writing and speaking

Assignments: Students will write exams, participate in small group activities, and give oral presentations

Grades will be assigned according to the following percentages:

Assessment for the subject will be on the basis of:

(a) Class attendance Required assessment

(> 2 absences in the tutorial sessions: FAIL)

Yes 10%

(b) Oral presentation Required assessment Yes 10%

(c) Participation/small group

activities

Required assessment Yes 15%

(d) Mid –term tests Required assessment Yes 15 %

(e) Final Exam Required assessment Yes 50%

Proposed schedule

Time Contents

Week 1 Course introduction

Week 2 Part 1: Principal part of a Sentence

Week 3 Part 1: Principal part of a Sentence (cont.)

Week 4 Part 2: Phrases

Week 5 Part 2: Phrases (cont.)

Week 6 Part 2: Phrases (cont.)

Week 7 Part 2: Phrases (cont.)

Week 8 Part 3: Clauses

Week 9 Part 3: Clauses (cont.)

Week 10 Part 3: Clauses (cont.)

Week 11 Part 3: Clauses (cont.)

Week 12 Part 3: Clauses (cont.)

Week 13 Part 4: Sentences

Week 14 Part 4: Sentences (cont.)

Week 15 Revision + End-of-unit test

Textbooks:

- Phrases, Clauses and Sentences (George Davidson)

Reference books:

- Exploring Grammar in Context (Ronald Carter, Rebecca Hughes and Michael McCathy)

- A Practical English Grammar (A.J.Thomson & A.V.Martinet)

- Developing grammar in context (Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins)

- Oxford Practice Grammar- Advanced (George Yule)

Part 1:

Principal Parts of a

Sentence

Principal Parts of a Sentence

A THE SUBJECT & PREDICATE

o is what is “predicated” (or said to be true) about the subject

• As these examples show, the subject is not necessarily a single word (a noun or a pronoun) – it can

be a noun phrase (NP), or even a clause

• In most statements, the verb is the first word (or word group) in the predicate Thus, the most important factor in expressing the predicate is the verb; and the verb must “agree” with the subject,

so the subject dictates the form of the verb

II The subject can be:

1 A noun:

a Speech is silver but Silence is gold

2 A pronoun

b She is intelligent but he is stupid

c My brother has gone but his hasn’t

d Who is there?

e The man who is talking with your mother is my father

3 An adjective used as a noun

f The rich must help the poor

 For examples:

o Time: It’s 3 o’clock It’s Thursday It’s November 23rd It’s time for us to leave

o Weather: It’s hot It’s raining

o Temperature: It’s 370C

o Distance: It’s 5 km from here to the university

o The tides: It’s high tides at 11.44

o Environment: It’s noisy here

o With since: It’s three years since we last met

o With says: It says here there was a big fire in Dong Xuan

o With take: It takes 20 minutes to get to work

2 Preparatory subject:

 Sometimes sentences beginning with it continue with an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause It is

possible to begin such sentences with an infinitive or gerund, but we generally prefer it The true

subject is the infinitive, gerund or noun clause, and it is preparatory to the subject

 For examples:

o It’s pleasant to lie in the sun

o It’s pleasant lying in the sun

o It’s a shame that Tom isn’t here

o It doesn’t matter when we arrive

3 Agent

 In the active, the subject expresses the agent, i.e., the “doer” – the person or thing that performs the

action indicated by the verb, whereas in the passive the agent stands after by

 For examples:

o The boy broke the window

o The window was broken by the boy

THE OBJECT

I Definition:

 What is an object?

o is the person or thing toward which the subject directs the process spoken of in the verb

 What are the positions of an object in the sentence?

o It usually goes after the verb in the active It can become the subject of a verb in the passive

II Classification:

 How many types of objects are there?

o Objects can be divided into two types: direct objects and indirect objects

1 Direct objects

 A direct object refers to the person or thing affected by the action of the verb It comes immediately after a transitive verb

 For example:

He kicked the dog The dog bit him

 A direct object can be:

a) A noun

He usually does his homework from 3 to 6

b) A pronoun

I don’t like it

These two sisters love each other

c) An adjective used as a noun

The rich must help the poor

He doesn’t know how to do this

She doesn’t know what to do

g) A clause

I don’t know where he goes

I don’t know why he came here

Mary threw me the ball My man bought me some flowers

 An indirect object can be:

Give whoever comes first the best tickets

 Indirect objects can stand either after the verb or after the direct object with a preposition in between In the latter case, another term that can be used for the indirect objects is

prepositional objects

I brought him a cup of tea

I brought a cup of tea to him

 Prepositional objects always stand after the prepositions A prepositional object can be:

II Forms of Complements:

 A complement can be:

a) A noun: They elected him President

b) A pronoun: It’s mine

c) An Adjective: Her husband has made her happy

d) A participle: I found my daughter lying near my wife

e) An infinitive: She made me laugh

f) An adverb: I saw his house afire

is becomes looks seems turn out

a doctor lazy tired easy to him red

His friends

called set elected named

his dog the prisoners him

him

“Spot”

free President Bob Note:

 The nouns and the adjectives are used as Complement when they are used after the link verbs such as be, get, go, turn, grow, look, smell, feel, taste etc

 Another term for the subject complement that follows a link-verb such as “to be” is

predicative E.g.: He is a doctor She got tired

THE ATTRIBUTIVE (Modifier of Noun, Adjunct to a noun, Attributive adjunct or Adjective modifier)

He is an old man (old is called attributive adjective)

He seems old (old is referred to as a predictive adjective)

 Functionally, the attributive adjective modifies the meaning of the noun it precedes while

the predicative adjective has the function of a complement in the sentence, and modifies the meaning to the subject

II Forms of the attributives

1 An adjective:

That ugly girl married a handsome man

2 A participle:

That well-known teacher is in the living room

The singing boy is my brother

3 An infinitive verb:

This house to rent is reserved to foreigners Water to drink is scarce in this place

4 A noun in the possessive case:

Her father’s friend was sentenced to ten-days’ imprisonment

5 A noun used as an adjective:

That school teacher sings love songs before going to bed

6 A noun used in the apposition (danh từ dùng đồng cách)

Abraham Lincoln, negroes’ liberators, was the 16th president of the US

7 A prepositional phrase:

The book on the desk is mine

8 A gerund used as an adjective:

A playing field is necessary for every school

These ranch dogs

Some of the little barking ranch dogs ran fast

2 The attributives stand after nouns

a) Using the prepositional phrase

The girl

The girl with long hair

The girl with long golden hair

The girl with long curled golden hair

The girl with long curled golden hair reaching below her knees is pretty

b) Using the relative clauses

The man

The man who is standing in the yard is my uncle

The man whose shirt is white is my uncle

c) Using the participle phrases

The man standing in the yard is my uncle

The picture taken by Jane is wonderful

Mary played the violin beautifully

 Adverbs are single words Nevertheless, many phrases and clauses can perform a similar function of the adverb in the sentence, that is, adding some extra, circumstantial information about the action expressed by the verb

 The term “adverbial” is used to describe any single words (adverbs), phrases or clauses that

function as the adverb in the sentence

She sang softly She sang in a soft voice She sang so softly that some people started to cry

II Kinds and Forms of the Adverbial Modifiers:

A Kinds of Adverbial Modifiers

because of the drought

for some money

5 Purpose She came here

He worked hard

to help us

for his living

6 Degree The door is large

She dances

enough

quite well

7 Interrogative Where are you going?

Why do you laugh so much?

8 Relative

I cannot forget the day This is the place

Do you know the reason

when she went away

where I was born

why she was absent?

B Forms of Adverbial Modifiers

He came because he had nothing to do

III Grammatical Functions of an Adverbial Modifier

An adverb can modify:

1 A verb

They dance beautifully

She left yesterday morning

2 An adjective

It is very cold today

She is exceedingly sorry

3 A participle

Talking noisily, they left the room

He is badly injured

4 Another adverb

She sang extremely well

She can speak French very fluently

PART 2 PHRASES

PHRASES

 A noun phrase has a function of a noun

A noun phrase can be used as a subject to a verb

Collecting stamps is my hobby

To become a footballer is my dream

A noun phrase can be used as a direct object to a verb

I like studying English

She enjoys watching action films

A noun phrase can be used as an object to a preposition

She is fond of swimming in the sea

He succeeded in winning her heart

A noun phrase can be used as a complement

His ambition is to become a famous scientist

His favorite activity is collecting stamps

A noun phrase can be used as an appositive to a noun

Her duty, taking care of her children, makes her miserable

2 Adjective phrases

 An adjective phrase has a function of an adjective It modifies a noun

Prepositional phrases are used as adjective phrases

The pencil on the table is mine

(prepositional phrase) Participial phrases are used as adjective phrases

The girl sitting in the library is my girlfriend

(present participle)

These are the pictures taken from a satellite

(past participle) Infinitive phrases are used as adjective phrases

Jane is the first to come

3 Adverb phrases

 An adverb phrase has a function of an adverb It modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

 An adverb phrase answers the questions “How?, When?, Why?, Where?”

Prepositional phrases are used as adverb phrases

They live near the church

“near the church” = prepositional phrase, is used as an adverb phrase, answer the question “Where?”, and modifies the verb “live”

We were ready at the station

“at the station” = prepositional phrase, is used as an adverb phrase, and modifies the adjective

“ready”

Infinitive phrases are used as adverb phrases

He hurried to take a seat

We stopped to have a rest

B According to part of speech, there are 4 kinds of phrases: Infinitive phrases, Gerund phrases, Prepositional phrases, and Participial phrases

To turn back now would be foolish

To speak English well requires much practice

b) Subjective complement

His intention is to give a party next month

c) Direct object to a verb

He offered to pay for the broken window

An adjective phrase

She’s the first to arrive

He’s not a man to be able to keep secret

 A gerund phrase is a phrase beginning with a gerund It has a function of a noun

 A gerund phrase is used as:

 A prepositional phrase is a phrase beginning with a preposition and then is a noun or a pronoun (used as

an object to the preposition)

 A prepositional phrase is used as

An adjective that modifies a noun

The boy with books under his arms is an excellent student

Birds of a feather flock together

A friend in need is a friend indeed

An adverb that modifies a verb or an adjective

She saw a butterfly through the window

(verb)

Aren’t you curious about them?

(adj.)

4 Participial phrases

 A participial phrase is a phrase beginning with present participle or past participle It has the function of

the adjective clauses that modify a noun or a pronoun

 A participial phrase beginning with present participle has the active meaning

Eating lunch on the lawn, the children were amused by their father’s stories

Saying nothing, she walked out of the room quietly

 A participial phrase beginning with past participle has the passive meaning

The dog found in the street was homeless

Punished by the teacher, the boy wept bitterly

 A participial phrase also has the function of the adverbial clauses of time, the adverbial clauses of reason

(cause), the adverbial clauses of condition, and the adverbial clauses of concession (contrast)

Walking along the street, I saw an accident (the adverbial clause of time)

= While I was walking along the street, I saw an accident

Having finished my work, I went home (time)

= When I had finished my work, I went home

My brother, being ill, could not come (reason)

= Because my brother was ill, he could not come

Getting the permission, we shall go at once (condition)

= If we get the permission, we shall go at once

Admitting he is right, I do not like it (concession)

= Although I admit he is right, I do not like it

PART 3 CLAUSES

CLAUSES

Clauses come in two types: main [or independent], subordinate [or dependent] Every clause has at least a subject and

a verb Other characteristics will help you distinguish one type of clause from another

Every main clause will follow this pattern:

subject + verb = complete thought

- A subordinate clause will follow this pattern:

- Examples:

Whenever lazy students whine

(Whenever = subordinate conjunction; students = subject; whine = verb.)

As cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter

(As = subordinate conjunction; cola = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.)

Because my dog loves pizza crusts

(Because = subordinate conjunction; dog = subject; loves = verb.)

- The important point to remember about subordinate clauses is that they can never stand

alone as complete sentences To complete the thought, you must attach each subordinate clause to a main clause Generally, the punctuation looks like this:

main clause + Ø + subordinate clause

subordinate clause + , + main clause

- Check out these revisions to the subordinate clauses above:

Whenever lazy students whine, Mrs Russell throws chalk erasers at their heads

Because my dog loves pizza crusts, he never barks at the deliveryman