FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs used as nouns, 2 As we saw in Section 5, two-word phrasal verbs are sometimes accented on the verb and sometimes on the particle.. Two-word nouns, however, are a
Trang 13 Get a paper towel and the grape juice you spilled
4 I'm not sure what I will do I have to it
5 I have a lot of work to do, so I probably won't until 4:00
6 The twins look exactly like each other How do you them ?
7 The walls of this fort are ten feet thick No one could
8 We finished our card game, and Sean the points
9 The new law is reducing air pollution
10 I need to fix this table It's
11 Rac|tiel suggested moving to the suburbs, and her husband _ the idea
12 That guy's a lunatic There's nothing I wouldn't him
13 We the old wood in the fireplace
14 My niece is thirteen years old, but she still Santa Claus
15 The sign in the store window said they open at 10:00, but we had to until 10:20 before they opened the doors
16 Would you like to to my house tonight and have dinner?
24 FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs used as nouns, 2
As we saw in Section 5, two-word phrasal verbs are sometimes accented on the verb and sometimes on the particle Two-word nouns, however, are always accented on the verb even if it is the particle of the two-word verb that is accented:
verb: SHOW off noun: SHOW-off verb: slow DOWN noun: SLOWdown
Infinitive
come down
come down & comes down coming down came down come down
1 come down (to) p.v When someone moves toward you to a lower level position, or from north
to south, that person comes down or comes down to where you are Come up is the opposite of come down
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Trang 2It's been raining for an hour! It's really coming down.
My friend from Canada comes down to visit us in New Mexico once in a while.
2 come down p.v When you move to a lower level socially or financially and receive less
respect from other people because of this change, you come down in life
Hank certainly has come down in life — he lost his job, house, and family because of his gambling problem Mark used to be so successful, but now he has so many problems He has really come down in life comedown n A comedown is a move to a lower level socially or financially that
causes you to receive less respect from other people
A few years ago he was the manager of this restaurant, but now he's only a waiter — what a
comedown
3 come down (to) p.v. When you lower the price you are asking for something, you come down or come down to a lower price
/ won't buy her car unless she comes down to $ 12,000.
The union won't come down a nickel in its salary demands.
Infinitive
Let up
1 let up (on) p.v. When something becomes less strong, less intense, or less severe, it lets up
The rain finally let up yesterday.
Mike's parents are very strict with him He's only a boy They should let up on him.
letup n A letup is a reduction in how strong, severe, or intense something is
There was no letup in terrorist bombings after the peace treaty was signed.
print out
print out & prints out printing out printed out printed out
1 print out p.v. When you make a computer write something on paper, you print it out
After I finished writing my letter, I printed it out and signed it.
I can't print this out — my printer is broken.
printout n. When you make a computer write something on paper, the paper is a printout
/ put the printout of the October sales report on the sales manager's desk
shake up
shake up & shakes up shaking up shook up shaken up
1 shake up p.v When something upsets, shocks, or frightens you badly, it shakes you up.
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Trang 3Seeing all those dead bodies sure shook me up.
I was really shaken up when I learned that my uncle had been killed.
shaken up part.adj When something upsets, shocks, or frightens you badly, you are
shaken up
Leave Frank atone He just got some bad news, and he's a bit shaken up about it.
2 shake up p.v. When you mix something by shaking it, you shake it up
You have to shake up Italian dressing before you open the bottle.
Did you shake this can of paint up?
3 shake up p.v. When you make major changes in an organization or business, you shake it up
The new CEO shook up management at my company, and a lot of people lost their jobs or were transferred People are getting a little lazy around here It's time to shake things up.
shake-up n A major change in an organization or business is a shake-up
There was a big shake-up at my company, and a lot of people lost their jobs or were transferred.
Infinitive
show off
1 show off p.v. When you show off, you let people see something you have or
something you can do in a very obvious and excessive way
Sally's boyfriend gave her a huge diamond engagement ring, and she showed it off to all her friends The boy was showing off by riding his bicycle with no hands when he fell and hurt himself.
show-off n. Someone who shows off is a show-off
Did you hear Alfonso speaking French at the party so everyone could hear?
What a show-off!
slow down
slow down & slows down slowing down slowed down slowed down
1 slow down p.v When something causes people or things to do something more
slowly, it slows them down
I was driving pretty fast, but I slowed down after I saw the police car Production at the
factory slowed down when half the workers got sick
slowdown n. When people or things do something more slowly, a slowdown occurs The snow caused a big slowdown on the highway this morning.
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Trang 4stop over
stop over & stops over stopping over stopped over stopped over
1 stop over p.v When you interrupt a journey (usually an airplane journey) for a short
stay somewhere, you stop over
David stopped over in London on his flight from New York to Moscow.
Stopping over in Dubai on the way to Bangkok wasn't any fun — we couldn't even leave the airport
stopover n When you interrupt a journey for a short stay somewhere, usually an airplane
journey, you make a stopover
/ flew from Istanbul to Philadelphia with a four-day stopover in Amsterdam.
2 stop over p.v. When you visit someone for a short time, you stop over
Would you like to stop over after dinner and see our vacation pictures?
Can you vacuum the living room, please? The Youngs are stopping over tonight, and I want the place to
look nice
trade in
trade in & trades in trading in traded in traded in
1 trade in p.v When you give an old car or other piece of expensive equipment to
someone you are buying a new car or piece of equipment from in order to get a lower
price, you trade the old car or piece of equipment in
After the twins were born, Raul traded his pickup truck in for a station wagon.
We'll get a good price on our new photocopier if we trade in our old one.
in n An old car or piece of equipment that you trade in for a newer one is a
trade-in
Most of the used cars sold by dealers are trade-ins.
EXERCISE 24a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section Be
sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense
1 You're driving too fast Please
2 that bottle of salad dressing before you open it
3 The real estate agent says he thinks the sellers will a little in their asking price
4 My new car cost $24,000, but I my old car for $15,000
5 Jim is upstairs Ask him to here for a minute, okay?
6 in London for a few days on your way to India is a good way to get over jet lag
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Trang 57 I was pretty by the news, but now I'm okay
8 Luis his new car to his friends yesterday
9 The bombing continued for four days before it finally
10 Leticia used to be rich, but she lost all her money gambling, and now she can't even pay her bills She's really in life
11 When you finish writing that story, it and give it to me I want to read it
12 This company was losing money until the new owners came in and _ things
13 I have to clean the house because Pat and Mike might tonight
EXERCISE 24b — Complete the sentences with nouns from this section
1 I worked for my company for thirty-one years before I got fired in the big
2 I had a four-hour _ in Los Angeles on my way to Hawaii
3 Nicole used to have her own company, and now she's driving a taxi That's quite a
4 The wind blew all night without any
5 New car dealers usually have a lot of _ for sale at low prices
6 The snow caused a big on the interstate this morning
7 After the computer finished with the data, I took the upstairs to the sales department
8 He's lost a lot of weight, and now he wears really tight pants everyday What a _ he is
EXERCISE 24c — Write three sentences using the objects in parentheses Be sure to put the objects in the right place
1 The rain slowed down (traffic/it)
Trang 6EXERCISE 24d — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs, participle adjectives, and nouns from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the
correct tense
1 After the computer finished the calculations,! printed the answers on a piece of paper What did I do?
2 In Question 1,what would you call the paper with the answers?
3 Todd's friend in Minnesota is going to visit Todd in New Orleans What is Todd's friend going to do?
4 Ned walks around without a shirt so the girls can see his muscles What does Ned do?
5 In Question 4, what is Ned?
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Trang 76 When I buy my new car, I'll give the dealer my old car so that I can get a lower price on the new car What will I do with my old car?
7 In Question 6, what would you call my old car?
8 The new boss fired a lot of employees, hired new employees, and made a lot of changes What did the new boss do?
9 In Question 8, what would you call what the new boss did?
0 Sandra used to be married to a prince, but now she's divorced and broke What has
Sandra done?
1 In Question 10, what would you call what happened to Sandra?
12 It rained for two weeks straight before it stopped What did the rain do?
13 In Question 12, what would you call what the rain did?
4 There was a big accident on the highway yesterday morning, and traffic was awful What did the accident do to the traffic?
5 In Question 14, what would you call the traffic situation?
16 You flew from Denver to Miami, but you had to spend a few hours in Atlanta on the way What did you do in Atlanta?
17 In Question 16, what would you call my visit to Atlanta?
18 Mike saw a terrible accident this morning while he was driving, and it upset him a lot What did the accident do to Mike?
19 In Question 18, how would you describe Mike after he saw the accident?
EXERCISE 24e, Review — Complete the sentences with these nouns from
previous sections To check their meanings, review the section number
given after each one
backup, 11 drop-off, 11 follow-up, 11 tryout, 11 crackdown, 23
dropout, 23 lineup, 18 workout, 11
1 The doctor said I was cured, but he wants me to see him in a year for a
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Trang 82 Drugs are getting to be a big problem in my son's school I think it's time for a
3 When I was nineteen, I was a _ with no future, but then I got smart and finished school
4 After the accident, the human cannonball was dropped from the circus
5 The for the basketball team will be next Saturday at 10:00 A.M
6 Janice just got back from the gym, and she's really exhausted from her
7 I use the program on the hard disk, but I have a on a floppy
8 Business at the restaurant used to be good, but there was a big after that case of food poisoning
EXERCISE 24f, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from
previous sections Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense To check
their meanings, review the section number given after each one
bring over, 19 go beyond, 18 look around, 21 tell on, 15
cool off, 19 hang up, 9 settle down, 21 watch out, 23
count up, 22 hold out, 23 stay out, 23 wipe up, 22
figure on, 18 lift up, 19 step on, 21
1 Young man, if you don't of trouble at school, I'm going to send
you to military school!
2 These suitcases are so heavy I can barely them
3 A good history book doesn't simply tell you what happened, it
that and tells you why
4 Todd got in trouble with his mother after he broke a window and his sister him
5 If you're going to that bad neighborhood late at night, please be careful and for muggers
6 That museum is huge If you want to see everything, you should _ spending the entire day there
7 This coffee's way too hot Can you get me an ice cube so I can _ it _?
187
Trang 98 That company wants to hire me, but I'm for more money
9 My brother is going to visit tonight, and he's his fiancee
10 I've never been to this store before; I want to _ _ and see what they have
11 My husband was very angry when our thirteen-year-old daughter came home at 4:00 in the morning, so I told him to and let me talk to her
12 We had only twenty minutes to get to the airport, so we told the taxi driver to _
it
13 After the votes were _, Senator Dolittle was declared the winner
14 Timmy, get a paper towel and this juice you spilled on the floor
15 Leticia said good-bye and the telephone
got to, and must
Have to, have got to, and must have two important uses in English One is familiar to
most students, the other is not
But before discussing that, let's pay special attention to have got to Have to and have got to mean exactly the same thing Both are commonly used, and both are acceptable standard English Have to derives from have, and have got to derives from have got So why the got in have got to? A good question Got in have got to means nothing and serves no purpose whatever Have got to is a unique, idiomatic variation of have to.There is no point in trying to understand the grammar of have got to because there isn't any Like other idioms, it must simply be memorized Though have to and have got tomean the same thing, their forms are different, especially in questions and negative sentences In the examples below, the contracted forms are the most common in everyday spoken English:
statemen You have to come down You have got to come down.
question: Do you have to come down? Have you got to come down?
negative: You do not have to come down You have not got to come
down.
Requirement
Have to, have got to, and must are both used to say that something is required,
necessary, mandatory — there is no choice in the matter:
188
Trang 10You have to make up the test.
You've got to make up the test.
You must make up the test.
Although most students learn this use of must early in their studies, it is actually the
least common way to use must Both have to and have got to are much more
commonly used for this purpose
Near certainty
The other important use of have to, have got to, and must is to say that something is 99 percent certain — that based on the facts and based on what we see and know, no
other conclusion is possible about something We are 99 percent certain, and all we
need is confirmation to be 100 percent certain:
Janice, you have been working for 12 hours without a break You have to be tired (A logical assumption, but until Janice confirms that she is tired, the speaker cannot be 100 percent certain.)
/ would never take that book out of this room It's got to be here somewhere (A logical assumption, but until the speaker finds the book, he cannot be 100 percent certain that it is in the room.) That man is from Japan I've never spoken with him, but he must speak Japanese (A logical assumption, but until the speaker hears the man speaking Japanese, he cannot be 100 percent certain.)
When have to, have got to, and must are used in this way, it is must that is more common than the others Have to and have got to, when used for this purpose, have greater emphasis and are used for dramatic
effect:
Mark has to be the biggest idiot in the entire world
Where is Lydia? She's got to be here somewhere
Infinitive
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
do with
1 do with p.v [used only in the infinitive form] When you say that one thing has
something to do with another, you mean there is a connection between the two
Don't blame me for what happened; I had nothing to do with it.
I'm not sure what this part does, but I think it must have something to do with the transmission.
have on
have on & has on having on had on had on
1 have on p.v When you wear something, such as an item of clothing, perfume, or
cosmetics, you have it on
Sally had red pants and a blue shirt on.
I didn't have a raincoat on, and I got all wet.
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Trang 112 have on p.v. When you have an electrical device on, you are using it
Last summer was so cool that we had the air conditioner on only two or three times.
What's that sound? Dan must have the radio on.
Infinitive
hurry up
hurry up & hurries up hurrying up hurried up hurried up
1 hurry up p.v. When you hurry up, you do something quickly
Nicole has to hurry up if she's going to finish her work before 5:00.
If we don't hurry up, we're going to miss the beginning of the movie.
2 hurry up p.v. When you hurry something up, you do it more quickly When you hurry people up, you urge them to do something more quickly When you say "Hurry up," to people,
you are telling them to do something more quickly
Everyone was really hungry, so I asked our cook to hurry dinner up.
There were only five minutes left to finish the test, so the teacher hurried the students up Hurry
up! I'm not going to wait for you all day
knock over
knock over & knocks over knocking over knocked over knocked over
1 knock over p.v. When you knock people or things over, you use force to make them fall
to a horizontal position
The force of the explosion knocked me over.
The children were playing, and they knocked the lamp over.
lighten up
lighten up & lightens up lightening up lightened up lightened up
1 lighten up (on) p.v [informal] When you lighten up or lighten up on people, you become
less harsh or less strict in your treatment of them
You're awfully hard on your daughter Maybe you ought to lighten up on her.
You've been criticizing me all day Will you please lighten up?
2 lighten up p.v. When you lighten up, you change the subject of conversation from
something serious to something more cheerful and pleasant
Enough talk about business Let's lighten things up around here Lighten it up — you've
been talking about death and taxes all night
plan ahead
plan ahead & plans ahead planning ahead planned ahead planned ahead
1 plan ahead p.v. When you plan ahead, you plan for a future situation or activity so that you will not have a problem then Plan ahead is similar to think ahead
Janice is a good manager She always plans ahead in case there's a problem.
190