Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle calm down calm down & calms down calming down calmed down calmed down 1.. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense pas
Trang 115 Bill was talking about moving to Florida or Hawaii, but I'm not sure where he finally
16 Someone told me that Sarah is in town, but I haven't _ her yet
36 FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs with the particle
down
The particle down is used in many phrasal verbs and has many meanings Down can be used to say that something literally moves from a higher position to a lower position or from north to south:
Bob went down the ladder.
His friends came down from Canada
Sit down; dinner is ready.
that something decreases in size, intensity, quantity, or quality:
Her fever has gone down to 100 degrees
The doctor gave her a sedative to calm her down
We've narrowed the list down to three choices
that something or someone is fought, defeated, or overpowered:
Hank backed down when he saw my shotgun
The police cracked down on street crime
that something falls to the ground:
The boy was running and fell down
The warehouse burned down
Open the door or I'll break it down!
or that a process or activity is ending or has ended:
My car broke down on the highway
The FBI tracked down the spy
The campaign is winding down
Infinitive
back
down back down & backs down backing down backed down backed down
1 backdown p.v When one side in a disagreement stops making threats and lets the other have what it wants or do what it wants, the side that stops making threats backs down
Trang 2The dictator didn't back down after the United Nations Security Council voted in favor of sending in troops
The police officer tried to force me to pay him a bribe, but when I said I would report him to the chief of police,
he backed down
Infinitive
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
calm down
calm down & calms down calming down calmed down calmed down
1 calm down p.v When you calm down, you become less active, nervous, or
upset When you calm other people down, you do something to make them less active, nervous, or upset Settle down is similar to calm down
I was very nervous about the test, but I calmed down when I saw how easy it was
Mike tried to calm his sister down after she had a fight with her husband
2 calm down p.v When a confused or violent situation becomes less confused or violent,
it calms down When you calm a confused or violent situation down, you make it less confused or violent and more calm Settle down is similar to calm down
The neighborhood where the riot occurred calmed down after the army started patrolling the streets
A conference between the two sides was organized to try to calm the situation down
fall down
fall down & falls down falling down fell down fallen down
1 fall down p.v When people or things fall to the ground from a higher position, they fall down
I slipped on some ice on the sidewalk and fell down
All the dishes on that shelf will fall down if there's another earthquake
go down
go down & goes down going down went down gone down
1 go down (to) p.v When you move to a lower level or position or from north to south, you go down or go down to that place Go up is the opposite of go down
Toronto is too cold, so we usually go down to Mexico in the winter
Going down the mountain was a lot easier than going up.
2 go down (to) p.v When the cost, rate, quality, quantity, or level of something
decreases, it goes down Go up is the opposite of go down
The temperature went down to zero last night
The crime rate in New York City has gone down
3 go down (to) p.v When something extends to a certain point that is farther south or at
a lower elevation, it goes down to that point Go up is the opposite of go down
How far south does this road go down?
Does this road go down to the south side of town?
After dinner we went down to the basement and played ping pong
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Trang 34 go down p.v When something goes down in a certain way, people react to or
perceive it in this way
The new no smoking policy didn't go down very well with the smokers in the office
The judge's decision went down well with the prosecutor
5 go down p.v When a computer or computer network stops working because of a
problem or because it has been disconnected, it goes down
Icouldn't withdraw any money at the bank because its computers had gone down
If your computer terminal goes down, you can use the one in the next office
6 go down p.v When the sun goes below the horizon, it goes down
After the sun goes down, it'll get a little cooler
The sun went down at 8:34 last night
Infinitive
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
lay down
lay down & lays down laying down laid down laid down
1 lay down (on) p.v When you lay something down, you put it on a horizontal
surface Put down is similar to lay down
Marsha laid the tray down
The police ordered Jake to lay down his gun and surrender
2 lay down p.v When you lay down a new law, policy, rule, and so on, you create and
announce it
The IRS laid down several new tax regulations
Congress decided against laying down any new campaign financing laws
put down
put down & puts down putting down put down put down
1 put down p.v When you put something down, you put something in your hand or
something that you are carrying on a horizontal surface
The suitcase was so heavy that I had to put it down and rest for a minute
Susie, put that knife down It's dangerous!
2 put down p.v When you put people down, you criticize them
Jim hates his stepfather and puts him down constantly I'm not inviting Sam to any more parties I hate
the way he puts everyone down
put-down n, A put-down is an insult or critical remark
At the party Sam asked Nancy if she had made her dress from an old curtain
What a put-down!
3 put down (on) p.v When you put money down or put money down on something, you pay a
portion of the cost of something you want to buy to be sure that it will still be available to you when you are able to pay the rest of the cost
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Trang 4The real estate agent asked me how much money I want to put down on the house
I told her that I could put as much as $ 15,000 down
4 put down (on/for) p.v When you add something to a list or other written material, you put it down or put it down on the list When you add people to a list in order to
assign something to them, you put them down or put them down for that assignment Melanie's collecting money for charity, so I told her to put me down for $50
I'm making a list of volunteers to help reelect Senator Dolittle Can I put your name down on the
list?
5 put down (on) p.v When an airplane puts down or a pilot puts an airplane down, the airplane lands
After the engine quit, the pilot looked for a place to put down
Fortunately, the pilot was able to put the plane down on a frozen lake
Infinitive
run down
run down & runs down running down ran down run down
1 run down (to) p.v When you move quickly to a lower level or place, you run down or run down to that place
Mike was running down the stairs when he fell and broke his leg
I saw someone trying to steal my car, and I ran down to the street to try to stop him
2 run down p.v When vehicles or people driving vehicles hit and injure or kill someone, they run that person down
The man was run down and killed by a speeding taxi
Ali was arrested after he ran three people down
3 run down p.v When you discuss or review items on a list from the first to the last, you run down the list
Let's run down the Christmas list and decide what to give everyone
The teacher ran down the list of students and marked the ones who are failing
rundown n A rundown is a discussion or review of items on a list
The consultant gave the manager a rundown of the problems she had found
4 run down p.v When batteries or machines run down or are run down by someone, they
gradually lose power or energy
Don't leave the car lights on for too long when the car isn't running or the battery will run down
What time is it? My watch ran down last night
rundown part.adj A person or thing that is rundown is exhausted, without power or
energy
274
Trang 5Maybe I need to go to the doctor; I feel so rundown all the time.
rundown part.adj A rundown building or neighborhood is in poor condition because
it has not been maintained
I went back to my old neighborhood, and I was shocked to see how rundown it had become
Infinitive
sit down sit down & sits down sitting down sat down sat down
1 sit down p.v When you sit down, you change from a standing position to a
sitting position
The teacher told his students to sit down and open their books
I'm exhausted; I haven't sat down all day
2 sit down p.v When you sit people down, you order them to sit, usually so that you
can have a serious discussion
When I found marijuana in my daughter's purse, I sat her down and had a serious talk with her
The detective sat Hank down and began to interrogate him
EXERCISE 36a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section Be
sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense
1 Heather thinks she's so high-class She other people all the time
2 The situation after the cease-fire was declared
3 The sun comes up around 6:00, and it around 8:00
4 Here's the list of candidates for the promotion Let's the list and decide
5 The old water tower during the storm
6 You must be exhausted Why don't you and take it easy?
7 I saw a tow truck looking for illegally parked cars, so I to my car and moved it
8 My office is on the ninetieth floor, so sometimes it takes me fifteen minutes to to the lobby
9 It's hard to write sympathy notes I never know what to
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Trang 610 The company tried to reduce benefits, but they when the union threatened to go
on strike
11 The Appalachian Trail starts in Maine and _ all the way _ to Georgia
12 Don't the baby there — she might fall
13 I was furious about what Dan said, and I him and told him exactly what I thought about it
14 If you $ 100,000 on that house, you won't need a very large mortgage
15 What are you so worried about? Just — everything's going to be all right
16 The union's proposal to reduce the workweek to four days didn't well with the company
17 The Food and Drug Administration is expected to a new set of regulations regarding seafood inspection
18 The price of computers has _ _ dramatically in the last few years
19 Those boxes are too heavy for you them and let me carry them for you
20 A pedestrian was by a truck on Lincoln Avenue
21 The stock exchange had to stop trading when its computers _
22 a jet on an aircraft carrier at night is very difficult
23 Someone left this flashlight on all night, and the batteries have
EXERCISE 36b — Write three sentences using the objects in parentheses Be
sure to put the objects in the right place
1 The jockey calmed down (the horse, it)
276
Trang 72 The mechanic laid down (her tools, them)
3 I put down (my books, them)
4 The taxi ran down (the traffic cop, him)
EXERCISE 36c — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs, participle
adjectives, and nouns from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense
1 The car dealer reviewed the list of the car's options with me What did the car dealer do?
2 In Question 1,what did the car dealer give me?
3 The king visited the area where the two tribes were fighting, and the fighting stopped What did the king do to the area?
4 The houses in this part of town are in very bad condition How can you describe this part of
town?
5 Management's plan got a good reaction from the workers What impression did the plan make on the workers?
6 Frank told Nancy that she was low-class What did Frank do to Nancy?
7 In Question 6, what was Frank's comment?
8 Sam sat in a chair What did Sam do?
277
Trang 89 The company's management stopped threatening to fire the workers and agreed to raise their wages What did the company do?
10 The dentist's secretary wrote my name in her appointment book What did the secretary do?
11 The soldiers stopped fighting and put their rifles on the ground What did the soldiers do with their rifles?
12 You slipped and landed on the ground What did you do?
EXERCISE 36d, Review — Complete the sentences with these participle adjectives from previous sections To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one
burned up, 22 locked in, 30 punched in,30 spaced-out, 30
cleaned out, 32 locked out, 30 punched out, 30 sorted out, 30
emptied out, 32 paid up, 22 put out, 30 torn off, 27
left out, 32 plugged up, 22 shaken up, 24
1 David's totally today He has even forgotten his girlfriend's name
2 I like this coat, but I don't know what size it is because the tag's _,
3 I don't know why that guy from the collection agency called me — all my bills are
4 Nicole hasn't yet Either she's late for work or she forgot
5 Mark borrowed Bob's car and had an accident, and Mark's really about it
6 The manager wondered why I wasn't working, but after I told her I was , she said it was okay
7 Take this medicine It's great for noses
8 Do you have a key? I'm and can't get out
9 Do you have a key? I'm and can't get in
10 Jane's really She just found out that her brother was murdered
11 Jim's socks are mixed with his brother's socks They're not
278
Trang 912 No one wants to sit with me in the school lunchroom, and it makes me feel
13 My mother was really when Aunt Kathy said our house wasn't very clean
14 Why isn't the basement yet? I told you I'm tired of looking at this junk!
15 There's nothing in the room It's all
EXERCISE 36e, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from
previous sections Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense To check their
meanings, review the section number given after each one
blow up, 33 come about, 33 make of, 35 pull off, 33
care for, 31 do without, 31 make out, 29 put off, 31
catch on, 33 go out, 32 narrow down, 35 stick to, 34
clean out, 32 lock out, 30 plan on, 31 wash up, 30
1 Several bodies from the crashed plane the day after the crash
2 After mother had a stroke, we had to hire nurses to her
3 My father was seventy-two years old when he got his first computer, but he _ right away, and now he uses it all the time
4 The President had a lot of big plans when he took office, but few of them ever
5 Mark wasn't successful as a singer He should have songwriting — that's what
he does best
6 How did you on your final exam?
7 I had to crawl in through the window after my daughter closed the door and me
of the house
8 This situation is very strange I don't know what to it
9.1 have to finish my project tonight, and I haven't even started it I it _ until the last minute
10.No one thought Frank could run a mile in less than four minutes, but he it
Trang 1011 I really depend on my laptop computer when I travel on business I don't know how I ever _ _it
12 George and Linda for three years before they got married
13 Several people were killed when the bomb
14 Bob and Marsha aren't spending more than $250,000 for their
new house
15 My divorce settlement cost me a lot of money It almost _ me _
16 The FBI started with a list of six suspects, but they _ it to two
37 FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs used as nouns, 3
When phrasal verbs are used as nouns, the verb is usually in the infinitive form; however, a small number use a different form of the verb
For example, left over and grow up use the past participle:
We ate leftovers the day after Thanksgiving
The grown-ups sat at one table, and the children sat at another
talk to and go over use the -ing form:
Mr Young gave his son a good talking-to
Before I buy this car, I'm going to give it a good going-over
and grown-up uses the past participle:
Only grown-ups are allowed to drive
Infinitive
brush off brush off & brushes off brushing off brushed off brushed off
1 brush off p.v When you brush people off, you ignore them or refuse to listen to them
because you are not interested in or do not like what they are saying
My boss just brushes me off when I try to tell her how to increase our profits
The reporters tried to ask him some questions, but he brushed them off
brush-off n When you give people the brush-off, you ignore them or refuse to listen to
them because you are not interested in or do not like what they are saying
The boss just gave me the brush-off when I tried to give him some advice 2 brush off p.v
When you brush off a critical remark or problem, you ignore it
Trang 11and continue as before without letting it affect you
I told Dr Smith that he had made a mistake, but he brushed it off
My father's cholesterol is very high, but he just brushes it off
Infinitive
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
come on come on & comes on coming on came on come on
1 come on p.v When an electrical device or machine comes on, it begins to
operate, usually automatically Go off is the opposite of come on
It was so cold that the heat came on last night
When you open the refrigerator door, the light comes on automatically
2 come on p.v When a television or radio program comes on, it begins
Do you know when the news will come on?
The late movie comes on at 1:00 A.M
3 come on p.v When you want to encourage people to do something or when you want
them to do something quickly, you say "Come on!"
Believe me, you're going to love this garlic ice cream Come on, try it!
Come on! I can't wait all day.
4 come on p.v [informal] When you think that people have done or said something
improper or unreasonable, you say "Come on."
Tom didn't study for one minute, and you're telling me he got 100 on the test? Oh, come on
Hey, come on! I told you not to do that again
5 come on p.v [always continuous] When you begin to feel a headache or an illness
developing, you feel the headache or illness coming on
Imight be sick tomorrow; I feel something coming on
I feel a headache coming on Do you have any aspirin?
6 come on p.v When you come on a certain way, you speak or deal with people in that
way
Paul needs to learn to be more of a gentleman He comes on too strong, and women don't like that
Bob comes on kind of arrogant, but he's actually a nice guy
7 come on (to) p.v [informal] When you come on to people, you approach them and try
to interest them in romance or sex
Toad came on to Judy at the party, and she told him to get lost
I can't stand that guy Ned He's always coming on to me
come-on n [informal] A provocative comment or action intended to interest a person in romance or sex is a come-on
Trang 12Todd uses the same come-on with all the girls, and it never works
come-on n A discount or special offer designed to get people to buy something is a come-on
The bank is offering a free VCR as a come-on if you open an account with them
Infinitive
cover up cover up & covers up covering up covered up covered u
1 cover up p.v When you cover something completely, you cover it up
Icovered the cake up so no bugs would land on it.
Cover this stuff up — I don't want anyone to see it.
covered up part.adj After something has been completely covered, it is covered up Is the meat covered up? I don't want flies to land on it
2 cover up p.v When you cover up a crime, you do something to try to prevent other
people from learning of it
There's no point in trying to cover up the crime Too many people already know about it
The mayor was accused of covering up his ties to organized crime
cover-up n Something you do in order to prevent a crime from becoming known is a cover-up
The mayor denied being part of a cover-up and claimed he was innocent
hang out
hang out & hangs out hanging out hung out hung out
1 hang out p.v [informal] When you hang out at a place, you spend time there
without any important purpose Hang around is similar to hang out
Doesn't Nancy have a job? It seems as if she hangs out at the beach every day
I don't have anyplace to go Do you mind if I hang out here for a while?
hangout n [informal] A hangout is a place where you spend time without any
important purpose
The police closed the bar, saying it was a hangout for crooks and gang members
leave over left over
1 leave over p.v [always passive] When something is left over, it remains after
people have used or taken as much of it as they need or want
Iguess I made too much food; look how much is left over
I paid all my bills and had only $ 17 left over.
282