a nhiJng nUde dang phat trien, nhU Viet Nam t ^ nhieu may mdc cu, cdng nghe lac hau dang hoatdSnj, van de cdng suat, hieu suat, chf so kha nang san sang cdn thap, may mdc thUdng bj h[r]
Trang 1^ ^
4 THE HE
1.1 B a o t r i t C f x a x d a
Bao tri la cdng viec da xuat hien ke tU khi ngUdi t e n
sU biet sii' dung cae loai cong cij sd khai bang da de
phuc vy eho viec san bat, hai lUdm
Den khi con ngUdi phat minh ra banh xe (khoang
3500 nam trUdc cdng nguyen, tai viing LUdng Ha) thi
tam quan trpng ciia bao tri mdi dUde nhan thu'c day
dti hdn nham giiip con ngUdi di lai va van chuyen
hang hda
Den khoang nhfjhg nam 900 den 700 trUdc cdng
nguyen t h i cdng cy bang sat bat dau xuat hien, keo
theo la dd sU cai t e n ve cdng nghe ehe tao banh xe,
cac vanh banh xe lam bang sat, cac trye xe dUdc lam
bang sat rdi cd sii dyng bdi trdn trong cac vdng bi giCia
trye va banh xe hoat ddng em hdn
Cho mai den giUa the ky X V I I I , cudc each mang
cdng nghiep lan thU nhat d i l n ra tai Chau Au, may
mdc dddc con ngUdi sU dyng nhieu hdn trong boat
ddng san xuat thi bao trt bat dau hinh thanh mdt each
cd he thdng khi yeu cau ve stJa chiJa may mdc hU
hdng hdng ngay cang cap thiet Den nhiJng nam 1914
- 1918 cua the chien thU nhat va 1937-1945 o i a the
chien thU hai, bao tri khdng chi phuc VIJ boat ddng san
xuat niJa ma cdn tham gia tfeh cUc trong viec bao t r i
thiet b| quan sU
Vai thap nien gan day bao tri bat dau dUdc coi trpng
dung mUc hdn khi cd sU gia tang khdng Id ve sd lUiing
va chiing loai ctia cac tai san ed djnh nhU may mdc,
thiet bj, nha xUdng
1.2 Bon the he cua b a o t r i
Cac nha khoa hoc va cdng nghe cho rang lich sii"
phat trien cua bao tri da trai qua 4 the he, ey the la:
The he thdnhat:
Bat dau tu" xa xUa mai den nhu'ng nam bat dau
Chien tranh the gidi lan thU hai Trong giai doan nay
HUYNH PHAN T O N G , T R A N VAN NHAN
Vien nang suat vd Bdo tr), TrUdng Bgi hgc Bdch khoa TP H^ cdng nghiep chua dUdc phat trien, viec che tao va m xuat dddc thi/c hien bang cac thiet bi may mdc con itSi
gian, thdi gian ngUng may it anh hudng den san xuat
do dd cdng viec bao trt cung rat ddn gian Bao b-i khong anh hUdng Idn ve chat IUdng va nang suat Vi vayy
thi/c phdng ngCfa cac thiet bj hU hdng chUa diidc pfio
bien trong dpi ngu quan ly Do dd khdng can t i i e t phai
cd cac phUdng phap bao tri hi?p ly cho cac may moc Bao tri luc bay gid chu yeu la sUa chiia cac may m6c</a
thiet bi khi cd hU hdng xay ra Nhijhg mong ddi, hay
miJc tieu ctia bao tri trong thdi ky nay la "Siia chCia may
mdc khi bj hU hdng" Ky thuat bao tri thi ehi la "Cac ^
thuat siia chiJa cd ban"
The he thd hai:
Mpi thU da thay ddi sudt thdi ky Chien tranh the gifli
lan thU hai NhQhg ap lUc trong thdi gian chien tranli
da lam tang nhu rau ctia nhieu loai hang hda trong 1^ nguon nhan lUc cung cap cho cdng nghiep lai siit glair dang ke Do dd viec cd khf hda dUde phat trien manh
me de bii dap lai nguon nhan lUe bi thieu hut Vao nhiihg nam 1950, may mdc cac loai da duidc dua Vao san xuat nhieu hdn va phUe tap hdn Nen edng nglTi#
t r d nen phu thupc nhieu hdn vao may mdc, thiet bj Do
sU phu thupc nay ngay cang tang, thdi gian ngUng may
da ngay cang dUdc quan tam nhieu hdn Ddi Wii co mot cau hdi dUdc neu ra la "eon ngUdi kiem soat may moc hay may mdc dieu khien eon ngudi" Neu cdng tac bao tri dUde thUe hien tdt tnang nha may thi eon ngUcfi s6 kiem soat dUdc may mdc, nguUc lal may mdc hU hong
se gay khd khan eho con ngUdi Vi vay da ed y kien cl» rang nhiJng hU hdng eua thiet bi ed the va nen duW phdng ngiia de tranh lam mat thdi gian khi cd nhOtiS
sU cd hay tinh hudng khan cap xay ra TU dd da bat dau xuat hien khai niem "Bao tri phdng ngua" ma mgc tieu chii yeu ia giU eho Wiiet bj ludn boat ddng d trang thai on djnh ehU khdng phai siia chiia khi co h u h d ^
Trang 2hj thiet bj vao nhOhg khoang thdi gian nhat dinh Chi
phi bao tri cung da bat dau gia ^ n g iJang ke so vdi
nhiJng chi phf van hanh khac Dieu nay dan den viec
phat trien nhiJng he thdng kiem soat va lap ke hoach
bao bl Cuoi cung tong vdn dau tu dio tai san cd djnh
da gia tang dang ke do dd ngUdi ta da bat dau t m kiem
nhiJng giai phap de ed the tang tdi da tuoi thp eiia cae
tai san nay
NhiJng muc tieu mong d ^ ctia bao tri trong thcfi
ky nay la:
1- Kha nang sin sang eiia may rao hdn;
2- Tuoi Hip Clia may dai hdn;
3- Chi phi bao tri thap hdn
Quan diem ve hdhdng la:
May hU hdng theo dUcftig cong dang "bdn t^m" (3
giai doan: - giai doan ban dau, chay ra; - giai doan binh
thudng, dn djnh - giai doan khdc liet va pha huy)
Cac ky thuat bao tri da phong phu va phUe tap hdn,
bao gom:
1- Tieu tu va dai tu theo ke hoach;
2- Cac he thdng lap ke hoach va kiem soat cdng viec
bao tri (dung bleu do PERTH, Gantt, );
3- Cd sU hd trd eua may t'nh Idn va cham (so vdi
ngay nay)
The he thu* ba:
TU gitia nhuhg nam 1980, cdng nghiep the gidi da
cd nhiJng thay doi Idn lao, cac he thdng ed khf, td ddng
hda dan trd nen phd bien NhiJng thay ddi nay ddi hdi
va mong 6di d bao tri ngay cang nhieu hdn
Nhihig muc tieu mong ddi eua bao tri trong the
he nay la:
1- Kha nang san sang ctia may cao hdn;
2- Dd t n cay eiia may rao hdn;
3- An toan hdn;
4- Khdng tac hai den mdi trUdng;
5- Chat IUdng san pham tdt hdn;
6- Tudi thp may dai hdn;
7- Hieu qua kinh te Idn hdn
Quan diem vie hu" hong: nhan dang va thdng ke
cd sau dang hU hdng chfnh (hinh 2)
Trong thUe tien hoat dpng ciia may mdc, thiet bj chi
cd khoang 11% tn/dng hdp hU hdng la theo thdi gian
(theo tudi oia thiet bi), edn lai 89% hU hdng la ngiu
nhien Dieu dd cd nghTa la mdt thiet bj mdi mua, mdt
t)p phan hoac phu tung mdi 6ddc bao tri hoae tiay the
dpng
NhCihg ngUdi bao tri bj bat bude phai suy nghT lai, trong bao tri theo ke hoach d the he thU hai thi may moc, thiet bj van cd the bj hu hdng trUde thdi han bao tri lan sau, hoac la biet dau thiet bi, bd phan van cdn tdt, tai sao phai thao ra de bao tri hoac thay tie Can phai cd nhiJng ky thuat bao tri mdi
Cac ky thuat va phu'dng phap bao tri t'ong the
he nay la:
1- Giam sat tinh trang;
2- Thiet ke dam bao kha n§ng bao tri; 3- Thiet ke dam bao dp tin cay;
4- Thiet ke dam bao an toan;
5- Thiet ke dam bao ergonomics;
6- Nghien eUu va phan t'ch nil ro;
7- Phan t'ch dang va tae dpng hU hdng (FMEA); 8- Phan t'ch nguyen nhan goc re;
9- StJ dung may t'nh nhd va nhanh;
10 - Cae he chuyen gia;
11- l i m viec theo nhdm va uy quyen
Theo thdi gian = 1 1 %
Hinh 2: 6 dgng hif hdng chinh
The he thu'4:
Bat dau tU eudi nhiJng nam 1990, khi ma khoa hpc
ky thuat, cdng nghe da cd nhiJhg budc ten vUdt bac, con ngUdi da uhg dung t J ddng hda va cdng nghe eao trong nhieu ITnh vUc san xuat
Nhihig muc tieu mong ddi ddi vdi bao tri cung cao hdn:
1- Kha nang sSn sang cua may rao hpn nua;
Trang 33- An toan hdn nUa (OSHAS 18000),
4- Khdng tac hai den mdi trUdng (ISO 14000);
5- Chat IUdng san pham tot hdn (Sau Sigma);
6- Tudi tho may dai hdn;
7- Hieu qua kinh te Idn hdn (Bao tri t n h gpn);
8- Quan ly rtii ro;
9- NhiJng t d chuTc bao tri tin cay eao;
10- Cac giai phap bao tri hieu qua hdn
Quan diem ve hu* hong toan dien hdn
Cd sau dang hU hdng chfnh (hinh 2)
Nguon gde gay ra cac hU hdng cung dUdc chi ra:
1- Sai loi do con ngUdi van hanh, sU dyng, bao t r i ;
2- Sai loi do he thdng;
3- Sai loi do thiet ke;
4- Sai loi do thi cdng, che tao, lap rap;
5- Sai loi do ehi tiet, bp phan
Cac k y t h u a t b a o tri phong phti, hien dai dddc tfeh
hdp, ket ndi, chia se va phat trien hdn nhU:
1- Phan tfeh nguyen nhan gdc re (RCA);
2- Bao tri chfnh xac;
3- Lap ngan sach bao tri tren ed sd Zero (ZBB);
4- Bao tri nang suat toan dien (TPM);
5- Tdi Uu hda bao tri phdng ngUa (PMO);
6- Bao tri tap trung vao dp t n eay (RCM);
7- Nhdm lam viec djnh hUdng vao sU menh (MDW);
8- Md hinh hda dp t n e§y;
9- Tdi uli hda phy tiing;
10- Thue ben ngoai;
1 1 - Cae he thdng hoach djnh ngudn lUc doanh
nghiep (ERP);
12- He thdng quan ly bao t"! bSng may tfnh (CMMS)
va He thdng quan ly tai san doanh nghiep (EAM);
13- e-Maintenance, bao g o m : thiet bj di ddng
(dien thoai thdng minh, tablet) va cdng nghe di dpng;
cam bien khdng day va thdng minh Mang khdng day;
Internet of Things; mang xa hdi (Facebook, Twitter,
),
2 T U D U Y LAI VE BAO TRI
Ngay nay bao tri ddng mpt vai trd rat quan trpng
trong mpi hoat ddng san xuat, cd the so sanh nhU mdt
dpi cUu hda Dam chay mdt khi da xay ra phai dddc
dap tat cang nhanh cang tdt de tranh nhiihg thiet hai
Idn Tuy nhien, dap tat liJa khdng phai la nhiem vu chfnh
ctia dpi cUu hda ma cdng viec chfnh ctia hp la phdng
ctia bao tri la:
1- Phdng ngUa de tranh cho may moc khdng bihi hdng, dam bao boat dpng diing yeu cau va lien tu tUdng Ung vdi tudi thp ciia may dai hdn; 2- Ci/c dai hda nang suat nhd chi sd kha nang sai sang ctia may cao nhat va thdi gian ngUng may de ba tri la nhd nhat;
3- Tdi uli hda hieu suat eua may;
4- May mdc van hanh cd hieu qua va on djnh ehi phf van hanh ft hdn, dong thcfi lam ra san phamj chat IUdng hdn;
5- Tao ra mdi trUdng lam viee an toan, phattrieo ben vUng hdn
a nhiJng nUde dang phat trien, nhU Viet Nam t ^
nhieu may mdc cu, cdng nghe lac hau dang hoatdSnj, van de cdng suat, hieu suat, chf so kha nang san sang cdn thap, may mdc thUdng bj hU hdng, van de phu tui^
t i a y the cung la nhuhg yeu to can het siJc quan tain Ngay nhiJhg nha may cd trang thiet bj may moc I M dai nhiJng cung ehUa phai la da dat cac t e u diuanw cdng suat, chat IUdng, hieu qua nhU cac nUde ten t"5i Neu edng tac bao t r i tdt, hau qua ciia cae hU hongS
6iidc de phdng thi nhOhg khiem khuyet nay chacdBn
cd the giai quyet dUdc
6 bat ky ndi nao tren the gidi ngUdi ta cung da ti'nh
trung binh rang mdt khoan chi phf bang tU 4 den 40So
gia mua thiet bj ban dau 6ddc dung de duy tri chung
van hanh dat yeu eau bang eae boat ddng bao tri frtiaig ngua va phuc hoi trong sudt tudi ddi (chu ky song) dia
chiing Khoan chi phf nay dUdc gpi la chi phf drm^
sdng (Life Cycle Cost, viet tat la LCC)
NhU vay, khi mua thiet bi, chiing ta can quan tai den LCC la bao nhieu chU khdng phai la gia mua thiei
bi ban dau la bao nhieu
Trong doanh nghiep, tU ngUdi lanh dao dSn 1 ^ nhan vien can thay doi tU duy va nhan thUe ve bao tri;
• Bao trt la van de kinh te mang tfnh chign luWccar
6ddc quan tam dung mUc, bat dau tiJ lanh dao ca
nhat cua doanh nghiep
• Bao tri la mdt nganh kinh doanh, la con ga i^
diing vang ctia doanh nghiep
• Bao tri la trung 1am eua ldi nhuan dang cdn bj lam quen
• Bao tri can cd sUtham gia trt/c tiep he z gianfii
Clia mpi ngUdi trong doanh nghiep.a